Etiology of diabetes How is diabetes caused?

Professionally speaking, diabetes is a metabolic disorder disease caused by various reasons, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin secretion or action defects.

It is generally believed that diabetes is related to many factors, such as heredity, environment, living habits, diet structure, activities and so on.

I know it's too professional. Let me explain the medical knowledge to you slowly.

1. Several prerequisites to understand

① The relationship between glucose, glycogen, blood and cells.

As we all know, carbon hydrate is the main energy source of human body. Part of it is digested and decomposed into glucose to provide body energy, and part of it is stored in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen in case of insufficient energy.

So how exactly does sugar move in our bodies?

Under normal circumstances, carbohydrates and glycogen in the diet will be broken down into glucose, and then transported to all parts of the body by blood to maintain the normal operation of all aspects of the human body.

Blood will walk around the street with glucose and enter every cell. Glucose is an important energy source for cells, and most of the energy needed for all cell activities comes from glucose.

Cells are also good at living. They will consume some sugar in their daily life (food supplies sugar), and the inexhaustible part will become fat (non-sugar substances), and they will eat or gain weight when they are hungry.

② the effect of insulin

Then how does our body know when to use glucose and when to use glycogen and non-sugar substances? It all depends on the pancreas.

The pancreas mainly secretes two hormones, one is glucagon and the other is insulin. Glucagon can promote the conversion of non-sugar substances into glucose, and insulin can regulate glucose to provide energy for cells.

One lowers blood sugar and the other raises sugar, and the effect is just the opposite. This is a good way to keep our blood sugar level stable.

Today we mainly discuss insulin.

If cells are compared to cells, then insulin and glucose are so coordinated.

Therefore, this further shows that cells are exquisite gourmets, and if glucose wants to enter cells, it needs insulin as a security guard to help open the door.

Insulin is the only hormone that can lower blood sugar. If sugar cannot enter cells, it will stay in the blood, and the sugar in the blood will exceed the standard. This is diabetes.

On the other hand, people get diabetes because there is too little insulin in their bodies?

Well, it's a condition of diabetes, but usually, it's not that simple. I'm going to teach more knowledge next, so please get ready.

2. Two main types of diabetes.

(1) Type I diabetes-onset in childhood.

Some people absolutely lack or lack insulin secretion because of immune system defects and genetic factors, so sugar can't enter cells smoothly, and blood sugar will always exceed the standard.

This is what we call type I diabetes. Such people need to rely on foreign aid to live-injecting insulin to help sugar enter cells to complete metabolism.

Type I diabetes is relatively small, accounting for about 5%- 10% of the total number of diabetic patients. Its obvious feature is early onset, mostly in children or adolescents.

② Type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus

This type of diabetes accounts for the largest proportion, the most complicated condition, and it is also deeply hidden.

There are three main protagonists that cause type II diabetes: glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (hereinafter referred to as polypeptide-1), islet and insulin receptor. Let's introduce them one by one.

Although the name is difficult to understand, dogs will use metaphors to popularize science. Please rest assured.

Situation 1: Polypeptide 1 doesn't work.

The pancreas produces insulin, which is arranged by the regulation of hormone levels in the body. This hormone is polypeptide 1, which is produced in our small intestine. If the blood sugar level rises, it will tell the pancreas to start secreting insulin.

Unfortunately, if the small intestine does not secrete polypeptide-messenger, no one will report the high blood sugar, and the pancreas will not inform the islet to produce insulin, and blood sugar will naturally appear.

Of course, this is a very absolute situation, which is relatively rare, and more often it is the following:

Case 2: peptide 1 goes slowly.

The small intestine secretes polypeptide-hormone as usual, but the messenger is absent-minded, neglects his duty and slowly reports the good news. This bad habit was infected at once.

Next, each role will play a role slowly. After the pancreas receives the instruction, it also orders the islet to secrete slowly, and the secreted insulin slowly decomposes glucose.

That's great, because of their procrastination, their blood sugar didn't arrive in time when they needed insulin, and they missed the best time when they arrived, so their blood sugar was like riding a roller coaster, either super high or ultra low.

Situation 3: There is something wrong with the islet.

If the polypeptide is notified to the pancreas in time during glucose metabolism, the pancreas will start to inform the islets to secrete insulin after receiving it. However, the productivity of islets is limited and the number is not up to standard.

Insulin is less safe, and some sugar can't enter cells smoothly and stay in the blood, which leads to hyperglycemia, which is also a condition of type II diabetes.

Situation 4: There is something wrong with the insulin receptor.

Figuratively speaking, this insulin receptor is the wife of the insulin security guard. In order to make insulin work normally, the cooperation of insulin receptor is needed. They are like a loving couple. You have me and I have you.

If the polypeptide-hormone works normally in the process of glucose metabolism, the islet also secretes insulin normally, but there is something wrong with the insulin wife and insulin receptor. This is a great influence.

In this way, insulin loses its proper function, and a large amount of glucose remains in the blood, which naturally leads to hyperglycemia.

The above protagonists either failed themselves or failed to match, which is the basic pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

The choice of drugs is different according to different situations, so diabetics can't choose their own drugs at will, nor can they increase or decrease the dosage of drugs at will.

For some people, if the above-mentioned protagonists collectively slack off, they may also need to take drugs together.

I think there is another reason left out. It is said that obesity can also lead to diabetes. Why?

Yes, obesity does lead to diabetes. If it is diabetes caused by obesity in adulthood, it also belongs to type II diabetes. Next, the dog will tell you how obesity causes diabetes.

3. The relationship between obesity and diabetes.

In normal people, insulin and insulin receptor can easily combine, and then exert their powerful decomposition ability.

There are thick fat cells in obese people, which will hinder the combination of insulin and insulin receptor, thus affecting work.

In technical terms, this is called insulin insensitivity (insulin resistance)

However, our human body also adheres to the principle that men should take responsibility for something, and all the responsibilities are attributed to the weak security of insulin. (Insulin: Blame me)

Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of metabolism, the islets in the pancreas must secrete insulin many times higher than the normal value.

In other words, obese people need more insulin than normal people to use glucose normally.

In order to overcome insulin insensitivity (insulin resistance), the islets in the pancreas secrete a lot of insulin, which leads to the blood insulin level of obese people being much higher than that of ordinary people. This is called hyperinsulinemia.

In the early stage of obesity, hyperinsulinemia can barely maintain blood sugar in the normal range, and then it is possible that due to overwork, the function of synthesizing insulin in the pancreas gradually fails, and the amount of insulin produced is limited, so that blood sugar cannot be reduced to the normal range.

Over time, the pancreas is tired, and finally insulin is not fully produced, which forms diabetes.

Diabetes caused by obesity after middle age is very common in clinic.

It can be seen that it is very important to stay away from diabetes and maintain a healthy weight.

What's so hard about that? Why don't you lose weight? So that insulin and insulin receptor can be combined normally!

This is true in theory, but if this process is too long, the pancreas always needs to produce insulin with high intensity until our body loses weight successfully, which is also a great harm in itself!

To sum up, the relationship between obesity and diabetes is as follows:

Well, that explains the cause of diabetes. I hope I can help you.