Zhian Zhao: Talk about the "tune" in the singing of Beijing Opera in detail.

Tone, also called tone. The tones used in traditional Peking Opera Huqin accompaniment are not only the above-mentioned ruler tone (C tone), minor tone (D tone) and ordinary tone (? E key), six-character key (F key), orthodox key (G key), B key (A key) and Shang key (? B) wait for seven tones. In the performance practice, the "semitone" between two sounds is often used, such as "play talk":

"The judgment of a person's voice is called tone in the world of music: it is divided into six-character tone, orthographic tone, B-character tone, upper-character tone and ruler tone. People who hear these two words are six-and-a-half-job, half-b-half." The meaning of "six and a half" here is equivalent to the meaning of modern music theory. The meaning of b key. This shows that the actual number of tones used in traditional Beijing Opera Huqin accompaniment can be changed according to the needs of actors and performances. But the formation of this phenomenon is also the result of a diachronic development.

At the beginning of the formation of traditional Peking Opera, the tones used by Hu Qin had unified and strict regulations. Chen Yanheng, a famous pianist, once said, "In the past, all the scenes were rented by the class for public use, although there were no performers for famous characters. Every corner of the change, the voice is based on the official tone, too high and too low. So no matter who plays together, there is no need to bring their own huqin. " Mr Ma Xiang Yan once recalled: "When I went to the opera more than 60 years ago, Hu Qin must have brought a flute to pluck the strings. Because at that time, singing still had to reach the official tone. To set this tone, you have to use a flute. "

This shows that in the "centralized system" period, the traditional Peking Opera was at the beginning of its development. The role of all walks of life on the stage "opening your mouth is the official tone" means that the tone of Beijing-Hu accompaniment is also strictly regulated. There are two main reasons for this phenomenon. One is the influence of Kunqu Opera. The formation of Peking Opera absorbed the essence of Xue Kun art .. The "martial arts field" of the traditional Peking Opera scene was born out of Kunqu Opera, and the literary field was deeply influenced by it. During the gestation and formation of Peking Opera, it even went through the stage of playing flute as the main instrument. Like other "elegant music", Kunqu Opera, with the flute as its main instrument, is characterized by strict restrictions on Gongdiao. For example, the existing "living fossil of music"-Fujian Nanyin Gongdiao has strict regulations on the level of "closing the door". Therefore, it influenced the establishment of the standard of "Gong Zheng Opera" in traditional Peking Opera. The second is aesthetic pursuit. The initial stage of the formation of traditional Peking Opera is the period of "the older generation, the top three" represented by Cheng Changgeng, and its aesthetic style is "the fashionable yellow accent shouts like thunder". At that time, the old students' singing structure was neat, the tone was gentle and there were few twists and turns. The singing method is vigorous and straightforward, paying attention to four tones and five tones, enunciating sonorous words and high tones. The so-called real sonorous, very sonorous, let us see the kung fu. Therefore, the "official palace tune" is the "official tune" on the stage.