What is the psychological defense mechanism and how is it established? Why can't you find a detailed explanation of how it was established? In a hurry.

Psychological defense mechanism refers to the self's suppression of the id, which is the self-defense function of the self's complete subconscious.

It is a variety of psychological adjustment means that human beings use intentionally or unintentionally to avoid mental pain, tension, anxiety, embarrassment and guilt. The more primitive the psychological defense mechanism itself is (the primitive defense mechanism refers to the defense mechanism formed by childhood life experience, and protecting oneself can be said to be the essence of the primitive defense mechanism. )

Everyone has a psychological defense mechanism, but the forms of expression are different and the reasons for its formation are different.

deny

Denial (English noun Denial): refers to the unconscious refusal to admit those unpleasant realities to protect yourself. It is the most primitive and simple psychological defense mechanism. People with weak will and simple knowledge structure often can't help using the negative mechanism.

For example, children who fall into trouble often cover their eyes with their hands; Cancer patients deny that they have cancer; The wife does not believe that her husband died suddenly and unexpectedly; After some girls are raped, their memory of the rape process will be blank or unclear, which is an unintentional denial.

distort

Distortion (English terminology) is a psychological defense mechanism that satisfies internal needs by distorting and changing external facts. It is a special case of distortion to protect your frustrated self-esteem with exaggerated ideas. Delusion or hallucination is the most common psychiatric phenomenon through distortion. Delusion is to misinterpret the facts and firmly believe the facts, such as stubbornly believing that your spouse is unfaithful to him. Illusion is the sound, image or tactile response that the brain feels out of thin air without external stimulation, which is divorced from reality and seriously distorts reality.

Reaction structure

Reaction formation (English term reaction formation), also known as reverse reaction, refers to consciously taking some completely opposite views and actions on the subconscious mind, because the realistic consciousness shows that it does not conform to social ethics or causes inner anxiety, so it is released in the opposite way.

For example, a stepmother who is hostile to the children left by her husband's ex-wife often dotes on her children in an attempt to prove that she is not hostile to them; For another example, excessive enthusiasm or boasting behavior is a response to the strong impulse of being suppressed in the unconscious and unable to communicate with others or feel inferior. When a person wants to take care of himself but obviously takes care of others, he "hates" people or things he really likes, or "loves" competitors or positions he hates.

For example, some people find that they have homosexual tendencies and cannot accept them, and as a result, they become strongly anti-homosexual.

transfer

Transfer or Displacement (English term displacement): Emotions or actions that are dangerous in one situation are released when they are transferred to another safer situation. Usually, the emotions and desires of the strong will be transferred to the weak.

For example, anger and dissatisfaction with superiors are vented to relatives at home.

Suppress/restrain

Repression (English term): "Repression" means that when a person's certain idea, emotion or impulse can't be accepted by the superego, the extremely painful experience or desire is subconsciously suppressed into the unconscious, so that the individual will no longer have anxiety and pain because of it. This is an unconscious active forgetting (not denying the facts), sometimes manifested as a slip of the tongue and a slip of the pen. "Suppression" means doing the same work consciously. However, it should be noted that these desires suppressed in the subconscious may still unconsciously affect people's behavior.

For example, the only daughter of a middle-aged woman died in a car accident when she was eighteen, which happened in October. At that time, she was in great pain. After a period of time, she stored this unbearable emotional repression in her subconscious and "forgot". It can be said that feelings stay in consciousness and ideas are ignored. These subconscious emotions unconsciously affect her mood. Sure enough, she suffers from spontaneous depression every October. I don't know why, drug treatment is ineffective.

throw

Projection (English term projection): Also known as projection, it is a subjective way to give some of your own bad thoughts, motives, desires or emotions to others or other things, shirk responsibility or blame others for your mistakes, so as to get a kind of relief. Including serious prejudice, refusing to be intimate with others because of suspicion, and being overly alert to external dangers.

For example, a student who usually doesn't study hard and cheats in exams thinks that other students don't study hard and cheat badly in exams, which is worse than himself. The same is true of "the belly of a gentleman, the heart of a villain"

For example, a rapist thinks that the victim's clothes are exposed, which leads him to commit a crime.

suck up

Inward projection: or inward projection, as opposed to projection. Refers to absorbing things from the outside world extensively and indiscriminately, and turning them into a part of one's personality. Because of intake, sometimes objects that people love and hate symbolically become a part of themselves. For example, when people lose their loved ones, they often imitate the characteristics of the lost people, so that their behaviors or preferences appear on themselves, so as to comfort the pain caused by the loss of their loved ones. On the contrary, dissatisfaction with the outside world and others, in extreme cases, becomes self-hatred and suicide. Internal projection may also be a manifestation of self-guilt, and they often imitate some personality characteristics of the deceased to alleviate their guilt. The objects of internal projection or imitation are often people they love, hate and fear, especially their parents.

"It's dark near Zhu Zhechi and Mexico" is a phenomenon of ingestion.

For example, a student has feelings for a diligent female classmate but doesn't express them, and secretly begins to work harder than her.

copy

Identification: refers to an unconscious tendency to selectively absorb, imitate or obey the attitude or behavior of another person or group, which is generally respected and respected by oneself, and classifies the other person as one's own and expresses it as a part of one's own behavior, thus absorbing the advantages of others to enhance one's sense of ability, security and acceptance, and covering up one's own shortcomings. Generally speaking, parody is motivated by admiration, which is a normal psychological phenomenon, a psychological defense mechanism for children in their early years and an immature psychological activity. For example, some people are proud to meet a rich man.

There are two kinds of parody, one is approximate imitation. The other is to use the strengths of others to satisfy their own wishes and desires. For example, an ugly girl likes to be friends with a beautiful girl, and she can be proud that her girlfriend is praised by others. Imitation can also be divided into "aggressive imitation", "imitation of rapists" and "imitation of losers".

Aversive imitation: on the one hand, I feel disgusted, on the other hand, I imitate the same.

Imitate the rapist: imitate the intimidator, and you will become exactly the same, threatening or bullying people who are weaker than yourself.

Imitate the lost: Sometimes when a person loses a loved one, he or she will imitate the characteristics of the lost person and make it appear on himself in whole or in part, so as to comfort the pain caused by losing the loved one.

sublimate

Sublimation (English terminology): repressed primitive impulses or desires that do not conform to social norms are expressed in a constructive way that conforms to social identity and are instinctively satisfied.

Such as dance, painting, literature and other forms to replace the venting of sexual instinct. Another example is the fire investigator of the insurance company. Every time he heard that there was a fire, he immediately ran to see it, so as to investigate the cause of the fire and help the company identify whether it needed compensation. Every time the shop assistant goes to the fire scene, there is always an indescribable excitement. Because he has this desire to play with fire since he was a child, he will not set fire casually and become an arsonist. On the contrary, he is good at using it. Being a fire investigator and serving the company can be said to be a typical sublimation.

For example, if I was bullied at school, I would try to get into the police school and safeguard social justice.

Degenerate feelings

Degenerate emotion (English term regression): also called retrogression. When people feel serious setbacks, they don't have to give up adulthood, but retreat to a less difficult and safer period-childhood, and cope with difficulties and satisfy their desires in the original naive way. Give up your efforts completely, let yourself regain dependence on others, and thus completely evade the responsibility of adults. This retrogressive behavior is common in clinical hysteria and hypochondria. Short-term and temporary return is not only normal, but also extremely necessary.

For example, when an adult encounters difficulties and can't cope, he feels that his "illness" has worsened and he needs to rest, thus returning to the life that was taken care of in childhood. This is the retrogressive mechanism of unconscious use of mental defense.

Humorous

Humor (English term): refers to the use of humorous language or behavior to deal with tense situations or express subconscious desires. Express aggression or sexual desire through humor, without worrying about self or superego resistance. Among human humor (jokes), topics such as sex, death, extermination and attack are the most popular, and they contain a lot of repressed thoughts.

selflessly

Altruism: Serve others in an alternative and constructive way and satisfy yourself instinctively. It includes the reverse formation of benign construction, charitable behavior and returning services to others. The difference between altruism and projection and venting is that it provides real rather than imaginary benefits for others. The difference between it and the other way around is that it at least partially satisfies the users.

restrain

Inhibition (English term): Although there is an impulse to solve contradictions and conflicts in consciousness, a decision to postpone is made in consciousness or semi-consciousness. This mechanism includes looking for a glimmer of hope in the face of difficulties, minimizing the uncomfortable feeling that has been recognized, delaying as much as possible in the face of difficulties, and not avoiding it. People who use repression will say, "I'll think about it tomorrow." I do remember thinking about it the next day.

Expectations

Anticipation (English term): to make realistic expectations or plans for future inner discomfort.

rationalize

Intellectualization (English term): In order to get rid of emotional stress events, intellectualization usually justifies one's behavior or situation by explaining oneself with favorable reasons, and in this way rationalizes one's behavior or situation and conceals one's real motivation or situation. Rationalization includes paying too much attention to inanimate things to avoid intimate feelings with people, or paying attention to external reality to avoid expressing inner feelings, or paying attention to irrelevant details to avoid perceiving the whole. Forced thinking and behavior are also included, although they can also be considered as some form of internal substitution. Rationalization includes the following mechanisms: isolation, rationalization, ceremony, cancellation, compensation and magical thinking.

Rationalize

Rationalization (English terminology): also known as literary decoration, refers to unconsciously defending unacceptable emotions, behaviors or motives with a seemingly reasonable explanation or actually untenable reasons to make them acceptable. Rationalization has three manifestations: first, sour grape psychology, that is, what you can't get is bad; The second is the psychology of sweet lemon, that is, when there are no grapes but lemons, lemons are said to be sweet. The third is projection. This self-defense mechanism refers to blaming other reasons for personal shortcomings or failures, and finding someone to take responsibility. All three are to cover up their mistakes or failures, so as to maintain inner peace.

compensation

Compensation (English term compensation): When an individual is unable to achieve a certain goal due to mental and physical defects, he consciously takes other successful activities to make up for a certain ability defect and make up for the inferiority caused by failure. For example, a woman studies hard because of physical development defects and wins the respect of others with excellent results.

offset

Offset (English name undo): This refers to a psychological defense technique that uses symbolic things to offset unpleasant things that have happened to remedy one's psychological discomfort. Healthy people often use this method to reduce their guilt and maintain good interpersonal relationships.

If the husband plays too late in the casino and comes home late, he may bring back more expensive gifts for his wife to offset his guilt.

Sometimes, offset is not used to make up for what has happened, but to offset one's inner guilt or one's own evil thoughts. For example, when a mother was taking care of her child, she accidentally let the child hit the door and the corner of the table and cried. Mothers often coax their children by knocking at the door and knocking on the table. In fact, it is not that adults believe that doors or tables will really hit people, nor that knocking on doors or tables will help children get angry. Just because they are uneasy and feel that they have not taken good care of their children, they should do something that symbolizes "I tried my best" to offset their guilt.

There was once a patient who made a mistake because he accidentally said the wrong thing. Every time he said something later, he took a breath and said that he would take back what he had just said and not count. Or put your hand over your mouth to show that I didn't say anything, so that your heart will be much more practical.

If you accidentally sneeze and meet someone else, say sorry to offset your guilt.

Isolation; isolation;quarantine

Isolation (English term): to isolate some facts from the field of consciousness so as not to be realized, so as not to cause mental unhappiness. The partial facts mentioned here refer to a part of the whole thing, and the most isolated part is the feeling part related to the facts.

For example, don't say that people are dead, but that they are dead or buried, so that they won't feel too sad or ominous.

illusion

Fantasy (English term fantasy): It means that when a person encounters practical difficulties, because he can't actually deal with the problem, he uses fantasy methods to imagine how to deal with the difficulties at will, so as to make himself exist in the fantasy world and obtain psychological balance, which is also a manifestation of backward thinking. Idealization contributes to a person's sense of security, but it will lead to illusory self-esteem, because idealization has a strong narcissistic color. This protection mechanism is often used by the weak. Idealization is one of the manifestations of fantasy, which refers to the phenomenon of overestimating another person's personality traits or abilities in order to gain a sense of security.

For example, the fantasy of "Cinderella", that is, a girl who is bullied in the real world, firmly believes that she can meet someone like a handsome prince one day and help her out of trouble.

For example, after being beaten, because you can't resist, you fantasize about hitting the enemy to satisfy revenge.

change

Transformation (English term hypochondriasis): refers to mental pain, and anxiety is transformed into physical symptoms, thus avoiding psychological anxiety and pain. For example, the inner anxiety or psychological conflict of hysteria patients often manifests as physical symptoms, such as paralysis, aphonia, convulsion, syncope, spasmodic torticollis and so on. The patient is completely unconscious about it, and the motivation for transformation is completely subconscious, and the patient's consciousness cannot be admitted.

[edit] color separation

Dissociation (English term): To change one's personality or certain feelings temporarily and violently in order to avoid emotional distress. Synonymous with neurotic denial. It may include fugue, hysterical conversion reaction, sudden unfounded superiority or careless attitude, and short-term denial of one's actions or feelings. It also includes busy behaviors to eliminate anxiety or distress, expressing instinctive desires "safely" by performing on the stage, and temporarily abusing certain drugs or taking advantage of religious "joy" in order to numb one's unpleasant feelings. Separation is easier for others to understand than distortion, and more considerate and shorter than venting.