Customs and customs of the Yi people

Please tell us about the areas where the Yi people live, their customs and national habits. The clothing of the Yi people varies from place to place. In Liangshan and Qianxi areas, men usually wear black narrow-sleeved right-slanted tops and multi-pleat trousers with wide trousers. In some areas, they wear trousers with small trousers and a long hair bandana with a small lock in the middle of the front of the head, tied on the right side. A pincer knot. Women mostly retain ethnic characteristics, usually wearing a bun on their head, aprons and belts; women in some places have the habit of wearing long skirts. Men and women wear Tsarwa when going out. Jewelry includes earrings, bracelets, rings, collar flowers, etc., mostly made of gold, silver and jade. The clothing of the Yi people comes in many varieties and colors, and is a concrete manifestation of the traditional culture and aesthetic consciousness of the Yi people. In the long process of historical development, the Yi people living in different regions have created and formed different clothing customs, which occupy an important position in the material folk customs of the Yi people. According to the regional and branch expressions of Yi costume folk customs, Yi costumes can be divided into six types: Liangshan, Wumengshan, Honghe, Southeast Yunnan, West Yunnan, and Chuxiong. Each type can be divided into several styles. Here are some of them. Some Yi people in Napo, Guangxi and Malipo, Yunnan still retain the ancient style of the square robe, which is only worn by women during festivals or ceremonies. This type of clothing is mostly based on white, blue, and black colors, and is often decorated with animal, plant, and geometric patterns. The crafts include embroidery, patchwork, batik and other techniques. Divided into three styles: Lunan, Maitreya, and Wenxi. Generally speaking, the clothing of the Yi people has the following four characteristics: (1) reflects the aesthetics of black respect and yellow beauty; (2) reflects the Yi people’s "head-conscious" living habits and honor consciousness; (3) men’s clothing has many It reflects their heroic and fighting spirit; (4) The clothing patterns reflect the Yi people's understanding and respect for nature.

The main food of the Yi people in most areas is corn, followed by buckwheat, rice, potatoes, wheat and oats. Meat mainly includes beef, pork, mutton, chicken, etc., and they like to be cut into large pieces (fist-sized) for cooking. The Han people call it "mound meat". Most of the Yi people in Daliangshan and Xiaoliangshan do not eat dog meat, horse meat, frogs and snakes. The Yi people like to eat sour and spicy food, and are addicted to wine, so they have the etiquette of entertaining guests with wine. Wine is indispensable for resolving various disputes, making friends, weddings and funerals, and other occasions.

The Yi people are good at singing and dancing. There are various traditional tunes among the Yi people, such as mountain-climbing tune, door-entry tune, welcome tune, wine-eating tune, wedding tune, mourning tune, etc. Some tunes have fixed words, while others do not and are improvised lyrics. Folk songs are divided into male and female tones, and folk songs from various regions have their own unique styles. Yi musical instruments include gourd sheng, mabu, bawu, kouxian, yueqin, flute, sanxian, bells, bronze drums, large flat drums, etc. The dances of the Yi people are also quite distinctive and can be divided into group dances and solo dances. Most of them are group dances, such as "Dance to Song", "Dance to Music", "Dance to the Moon", "Dance to Dance" and "Guozhuang Dance". The movements are cheerful and the rhythm is strong, usually accompanied by flute, yueqin and three-stringed lute.

The Yi Nationality’s ten-month solar calendar is comparable to the Mayan civilization: The calendar is a symbol of human civilization. One of the essences of the world-famous Mayan culture is the calendar. In the past, most parts of China followed the lunar calendar. However, the Yi people in my country still retain a little-known ancient calendar - the Yi October Solar Calendar. It is speculated that this kind of calendar originated from Fuxi in ancient times and has a history of about tens of thousands of years. It traces the history of Chinese civilization back to the three ancient civilizations of Egypt, India, and Babylon.

Who can tell me some customs and customs of the Yi people in Liangshan...? (1) Ethnic name: Most of the Yi people call themselves "Nuosu", "Nasu", and "Niesu" (or add "Po" after it, which means "people" in Yi language) because the Yi people are widely distributed. There are many different self-claims and claims in history. According to incomplete statistics, until the eve of liberation, there were also: "Naluopu", "Misapo", "Pulapo", "Puwapo", "Axipo" ”, “Sannipo”, “Lipo”, “Gepo”, “Luopo”, “Luowupo”, “Azhepo”, “Liumi”, “Lesupo”, “Shansu” , "Azupo", "Gepu", "Awu", "Talusu", "Samado", "Liudepu", "Nacha", "Lawusu", "Naruo", "Mixisu", "Luoluo", "White Luoluo", "Black Luoluo" and dozens more. "Nuosu", "Nasu" and "Niesu" are all from the Yi language. "Nuo", "Na" and "Nie" are caused by phonetic differences in local dialects. They all mean "black" (also "tiger"). meaning).

In the concepts of the Yi people, black contains meanings such as deep, wide, high, large, strong, numerous, noble, and subjective. "Su" means groups, people, and families, and "Nuosu" (or "Nasu", "Niesu") means "the nation of Juche" and "the nation of black people". Beginning in 1950, the Yi people chose "Yi" from Ding Yi as their unique ethnic name, replacing the word "Yi" in old historical documents. (2) Ethnic origin: The Yi ethnic origin is derived from the ancient Qiang people. Since there are very few historical records in Chinese, there have been various theories in the academic world for a long time: from the south, that is, the theory of ancient Yue and Malay races; From the east, the Chu people say; from the west, the *** or Tibetan-Burmese junction theory; the Yunnan indigenous theory; the Hehuang ancient Qiang people coming from the north theory; in addition, there are the Pu people theory, the Lu people theory and the Yunnan indigenous theory . 6,000-7,000 years ago, the ancient Qiang people living in the Hehuang area in northwest my country began to develop in all directions, with one group traveling to the southwest of the motherland. More than 3,000 years ago, this group of ancient Qiang people who traveled southwest settled along the Jinsha River in Qiongdu in the Anning River Basin and Dianchi Lake in the Pudu River Basin. The residents of Dianchi Lake and Qiongdu were called "Yue Qiang", "Qing Qiang", "Barbarians", "Jun Yi", "Sou", etc. in history, and they continued to integrate with the local (Pu) people, Liao, and Taoists. , became the ancestors of the Yi people. Based on the integration of the ancient Qiang people and the indigenous tribes in southwest China, the integration of Kunming people and (Pu) people is a new development in the process of forming the Yi people. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the integration of Kunming people and (Pu) people developed into the integration of Liao people. From the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, Chinese historical records referred to the main residents of eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou, and southern Sichuan as Sou people, and sometimes Sou and Pu were juxtaposed. . Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there has been a differentiation between Wuman and Baiman in the area where the ancestors of the Yi people lived. The Wuman tribe was developed from the Kunming tribe, and the Baiman tribe was mainly composed of Sou and Pu and merged with other ethnic groups. During the long-term formation and development, the activities of the ancestors of the Yi people once covered the heartland of Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou provinces and part of Guangxi. Their core area should be the vast area adjacent to the three provinces. The Yi people from all over the country have the same legend originating from Zhong Mouyou. According to the more complete Shuixi'an genealogy handed down from generation to generation, it has been passed down for 85 generations by the early years of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty, which can be traced back to the early Warring States period. The six sons born to him developed into the "Sixth Ancestor". "tribe. The origin and formation of the Yi people. The ancestors of the Yi people have a close relationship with the ancient clan and Qiang people distributed in western my country. During the Western Han Dynasty, an ancestor of the Yi ethnic group was named "Kunming". "Sou" in the Eastern Han Dynasty was also the name given to the ancestors of the Yi people at that time. The Wuman people (called "Luoluo" after the Yuan Dynasty) during the Tang and Song Dynasties were the direct predecessors of the Yi people. Due to different historical conditions caused by various reasons, the formation process of the Yi people has become a dual phenomenon. One branch is represented by the Yi people in Yunnan and was formed on the basis of the birth of the country. The establishment of the Nanzhao Kingdom in the Tang Dynasty marked the true formation of this Yi ethnic group. The other branch is represented by the Yi ethnic group of the Wuman people in the northern Liangshan area of ??Sichuan. They did not establish a country, but first united into tribes, and then developed from tribes into nations. The historical evolution of the geographical distribution of the Yi people. The Yi people are mainly distributed in the four provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi, namely the Daliangshan area south of the Dadu River in Sichuan and the tributaries of the Yalong River and the Anning River on both sides of the Anning River, as well as the Jinsha River, Yuanjiang, Ailao Mountain and Wuliang in Yunnan. The areas between the mountains and Huaping, Ninglang and Yongsheng in western Yunnan are known as Yunnan's "Little Liangshan" areas, Anshun and Bijie areas in Guizhou, and Longlin and Mubian counties in Guangxi. The natural environment of these areas where the Yi people are distributed is relatively poor. Most of them are high mountains with very complex terrain, some are alpine mountainous areas, and there are few flat dams and river valleys. The formation of this distribution pattern has gone through a long-term historical evolution. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the activity centers of the Yi ancestors were around Dianchi Lake in Yunnan and Qiongdu (now southeast of Xichang) in Sichuan... >>

The custom of the Yi people climbing into the flower house - Yi men and women Marriage and love: Climbing the flower house is a unique custom of the Yi people in the Chu Kingdom. When a girl reaches the age of 16, her parents will build a small thatched house for her and let her spend the night alone there. Young men who are over 20 years old can climb up to the thatched house of their beloved girl at night to fall in love. They played together, exchanged tunes, and expressed their love for each other. This is true even if there are several young men and women at the same time, everyone is not restricted. Once love matures, both men and women can get married as long as they obtain the consent of their parents. Parents generally will not interfere with the choices of their children.

The weddings of the Yi people in Xiaoliangshan, Yunnan are quite unique. When getting married, the man must prepare a horse and carry gifts such as wine, cloth, meat, and noodles to welcome the bride. The girls in the bride's village can use all their skills to splash water on the guests who are welcoming the bride, and catch them in a desperate attempt to make fun of them.

All bridegrooms must be men. When the bride arrives at the groom's door, she cannot enter until the sun goes down. Before entering the door, a person holds a wooden bowl containing mutton, meat and wine, and circles it around the bride's head to show that she will live a prosperous life after marriage. Then the bride was carried into the house by her cousins.

Dancai - the singing and dancing of the Yi people to accompany their meals: Dancai means serving food while dancing. It is a unique form of serving food and the highest etiquette for guests of the Yi people in Wuliang Mountain and Ailao Mountain in Yunnan. It is a long-standing traditional food culture that perfectly combines dance, music and acrobatics.

When banquets are held, square tables are usually placed along two edges, with guests sitting in three directions, leaving a channel for dancing vegetables in the middle. Three big gongs kicked off the vegetable dance: gongs, reeds, three-stringed instruments, muffled flutes, leaves and other folk music were played in unison; amidst the shouts of girls and boys, only the hands of Yi men holding trays were seen. Bowing, the steps were high and low, quick and slow, another person holding a vegetable plate (***24 bowls) on his head and both arms followed closely behind him. They performed a simple and honest folk music concerto together, with funny faces on their faces, and dance steps that were easy, graceful, smooth and coherent, back and forth, one after another. The two partners, who were holding towels, were full of weird shapes, escorting him by moving forward, backward, left, and right like colorful butterflies playing with flowers.

A pair of food carriers have to serve four tables. Their partner arranges 32 bowls of food into a Bagua array, with each bowl of food looking like a chess piece. It has its own position and is placed on the table one by one according to the ancient rules without any chaos.

The patrilineal small family system is prevalent among the Yi people in various places, and young children often live with their parents. Women have lower status. The inheritance is divided equally among the disciples, and the property is generally owned by close relatives. In the history of the Yi people, it was popular to name father and son together, and this custom continued among the Yi people in Liangshan until the founding of the People's Republic of China. Monogamy is the basic marriage system of the Yi people. A higher bride price is required to marry a daughter-in-law. Cross-cousin marriage is more popular, and house transfer is practiced after the husband's death. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, some Yi areas in Yunnan still maintained the public housing system, and the Yi people in Liangshan maintained strict hierarchical endogamy. Historically, the Yi people mostly practiced cremation. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, residents in Liangshan and Yunnan along the Jinsha River still practiced this burial custom. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, other areas have gradually changed to upper burial.

Clothing:

There are many types of clothing of the Yi people in various colors, which are a concrete manifestation of the traditional culture and aesthetic consciousness of the Yi people. In the long process of historical development, the Yi people living in different regions have created and formed different clothing customs, which occupy an important position in the material folk customs of the Yi people. According to the regional and branch expressions of Yi costume folk customs, Yi costumes can be divided into six types: Liangshan, Wumengshan, Honghe, Southeast Yunnan, West Yunnan, and Chuxiong. Each type can be divided into several styles. Here are some of them. (1) Liangshan type is mainly prevalent in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and adjacent counties in Sichuan, as well as in the Jinsha River Basin of Yunnan Province. Due to the specific natural geographical environment and the social form of slavery at a specific historical stage caused by the isolation of the large and small Liangshan Mountains, its clothing is simple and unique, and it relatively completely maintains the cultural characteristics of traditional clothing. Liangshan men's and women's tops are all right-fronted jackets. Men, women, old and young all wear cerva, felt, leggings and felt socks. Men's hair style is the traditional "Tian Bodhisattva", that is, they have a long lock of hair in a bun on the top of their head. Most of them have a long black or dark blue scarf wrapped around their heads, often wrapped into a pointed cone shape and inserted diagonally in front of their forehead, which is called " "Hero's Knot", with honey wax beads, white earrings and other accessories on the left ear. They wear long trousers, which can be divided into large, medium and small trousers due to different languages ??and regions. The most distinctive ornament is the "Tuta", which is worn cross-body on the body. It is woven into a belt with thin beef tendons. Face setting...>>

The customs and habits of the Yi people in Liangshan The Yi people are monogamous. There are many unique customs and habits of our own nation. Engagement and Marriage In the past, the Black Yi people used cattle, horses, gold and silk as betrothals; the White Yi people used wine, cloth, and silver coins as betrothal agents; and the Gan Yi people used wine, linen cloth, and fried noodles as betrothal agents. After liberation, betrothal gifts were simplified. Generally, after a young man and woman get engaged, the man invites someone to talk to the woman's parents about their marriage. He only needs to bring a bottle of wine, and as long as the woman's parents accept the wine, they agree. Then the man goes to the woman's house to formally get engaged, usually bringing two to three feet of cloth and twenty to thirty yuan. Both the cloth and the money are given to the woman. After three months, the man has to buy three pieces of green or blue cloth, a piece of meat, and a bottle of wine to go to the woman's house. These things are given to the woman's parents, which are called "little gifts." The man asked Bimo to choose a date, and the chosen date must be discussed with the woman's parents. This time, you can buy some wedding supplies for the woman based on your family situation, which is called "pressing the eight characters".

The woman's parents prepare a dowry for their child, usually a cabinet, two dressers, two boxes, and three small tables. The large table must be equipped with eight stools, while the No. 2 dining table and the small dining table are only equipped with four stools. ; Also prepare two sets of bedding, washbasin, basin, towels, etc. When the man asks for a hand in marriage, he must prepare a set of clothes for the woman to wear, including buns, shoes, needlework, etc., and the bride's groomsmen will carry them to the woman's home. These things are not brought out until the woman's parents invite a singer to drink the "wedding song" in the evening. If the singer makes a mistake in singing, the marrying relative will take out the wrong thing and circle it three times in front of the singer's eyes, put it in his bag with a smile, and neither give it to the bride nor return it to the groom. The marrying relative will keep it for himself. If the singer sings exactly what he wants. When the bride-to-be couldn't get it out, the singer hit the bride-to-be on the head three times with a dustpan, which made the guests burst into laughter. The married man and the female singer continue to sing in duet. The female singer wants to defeat the married woman, so the married man obediently puts the basket on his back in the middle of the main room. Then, when the female singer sang about pants, she took out her pants, and when she sang about clothes, she took out her peasant coat. Splashing water to welcome the bride When a Yi girl gets married, her sisters, brothers and young men and women of the same generation can pour water to welcome the bride. In a relatively large Yi village, ten days before the girl gets married, the young men and women in the village. Just cut some wooden stakes and nail them on both sides of the road, and then use wild vines to make trip wires. When the bride-to-be arrives, she uses dozens of buckets of water that have been prepared by the roadside. Move towards the bride-to-be. The bride-to-be was unable to escape and was drowned in the water. The only way to avoid being splashed was to run as fast as she could and into the bride's house. Therefore, a smart bride-to-be is well prepared. If he finds out that there is a back door to the girl's house or there is another road in the village leading to the bride's house, he will sneak into the bride's house when the water thrower is not paying attention, and light three sticks of incense on the bride's family altar table. , burn three pieces of money paper and kowtow three times, so as not to get splashed with water. But it is not easy for most people to get married, and they will be splashed with water. Being splashed in the cold weather, causing the upper and lower teeth to snap, often makes young men and women laugh so hard that the bride's parents find clothes for the bride-to-be to change into. Generally, water is poured on it. In some places, cow dung water was used a long time ago, such as in Liangshan and Liangshan. There is a record in Volume 12 of "Xichang County Chronicle" of "splashing it with cow dung and water". It is said that the water must be poured so that the girl will not have to carry water all the way to her husband's house, it will not be early, and she will have food and clothing. According to historical records, in the past, there was a custom of kidnapping marriages in the Liangshan Mountains of Sichuan and parts of Yunnan. "Marriage robbery", according to the Yi people: "This is passed down from the old generation. The man's robbery is a kind of respect for the woman's family, which means that she is not married off." Although the marriage of a man and a woman is arranged by his parents, , and go through a matchmaker to get married, but when they get married, the groom's family not only sends the matchmaker and the groom's brother to the bride's house on the first day, but also invites two relatives to wear felts and carry horn wine with them. To pick up a relative from the girl's village, two bearers of horn wine must first go to the bride's house. The girl's family has the right to beat the relative at the door of their house with a stick to pick them up. At night, the young woman can blacken the face of her relatives. On the third day, after the bride's uncles, brothers and other relatives send the bride to the groom's house, they must try to get bowls, spoons or other things from the groom's family. When leaving the groom's village, they must run a few laps in the square outside the village. At the same time, he smashed the bowl he brought, which is called "beating the tongue" locally, and then left. In southern Yunnan, there is a custom that on the basis of mutual love between men and women, the man and his partner first bring the woman to the man's house in a fake robbery, and then complete the marriage proposal ceremony. Young men and women generally use the opportunity of collective singing and dancing to get to know and fall in love during the Spring Festival. If two people make a private decision for life, the man can invite a few friends to go to the place that he has made an appointment with the woman in the evening, and lead the woman to the man's house in a fake robbery. Once a woman is led to the main room of her husband's family, it means that they have become a formal couple. On the second day, the bride will stay at the groom’s house... >>

What are the customs of the Yi people in hospitality?

Folks are known for "beating sheep" and "beating sheep". "Cow" is the custom of welcoming guests. Whenever guests arrive, they must be killed first to treat them, and they will be treated as cows, sheep, pigs, chickens, etc. according to the identity and degree of intimacy of the guests. Before killing an animal, the live animal should be brought to the guests, and the guests should look at it before slaughtering it to show respect for the guests. Wine is a greeting gift to guests. In Liangshan, as long as a guest enters the house, the host must first toast the guest with wine, and then prepare various dishes. Meals for entertaining guests are considered to be rich in pig fat. During the meal, the housewife should always pay attention to the rice in the bowls of the guests and add more at any time before the guests finish it to show her sincerity in hospitality.

When eating, the elders sit at the top, and the younger generations sit around the sides and below in turn, and serve the elders with rice, vegetables, and soup.

Roasted tea blind date custom

Roasted tea is the most important custom in our country. Due to the cold and dry climate and lack of vegetables, ethnic minorities in mountain and valley areas often drink strong hot tea to supplement their nutritional deficiencies. It is said that "you must drink tea three times a day." There are various types of roasted tea, including salty, sweet, bitter and spicy, and various flavors of life. It is not only a source of energy for hard work, but also a spiritual thing for entertaining guests during festivals.

It is said that in the local area, if you cannot learn first-hand tea roasting skills and cannot roast good tea at the girl’s house, your father-in-law will think you are incompetent and will not marry the girl to you. Therefore, the local boy You have to learn roasted tea at the age of fifteen or sixteen, and you have your own unique skills for roasting tea.

There is also a story among the Yi people that Bai Ling brought tea seeds from the cliff of Wuliang Mountain to cure all diseases. In order to commemorate the spiritual bird, when guests drink tea, boys and girls will always imitate the spiritual bird and dance. And every process of making fragrant tea in rice jars is also related to Bailing. [2]

Marriage Customs

After young men and women get engaged, they must prepare for the wedding banquet. Wedding banquets mostly use pigs and chickens, but mutton is generally not used (mutton is used for funerals). The Yi people in Shiping, southern Yunnan, have the custom of inviting their male and female partners to have dinner and drinks before getting married; the Yi people in western Yunnan, when they marry a girl, they will build a tent with tree branches in the courtyard or dam for guests to drink, smoke, eat, and sit around. , the folk call this kind of temporary shed made of branches "green shed".

Marriage and love of the Yi people are strange and interesting. The most interesting thing is that only girls who have had a "skirt-changing ceremony" can fall in love with their sweethearts in the "playground", and the matchmaker talks about marriage and drinks and betrothal. , let the bride starve, relatives and friends cry all night, pour water on the bride-to-be, grab the bride, fight in the bridal chamber and other traditional wedding customs.

Girls' skirt-changing ceremony

When Yi girls reach adulthood (usually around 15 years old), a grand "skirt-changing ceremony" is held according to custom. During the dress-changing ceremony, the girl asks her sisters to change her original single braid into a double braid and tie it on the top of her head. It is also necessary to tear off the white pendants or old ear-piercing threads originally worn on the ears and replace them with red agate-like coral beads or silver sparkling earrings to show good luck. Finally, the girl took off her original red and white children's skirt and put on a lace embroidered top and a pleated floor-length skirt in black, blue, yellow, white and other colors. After putting on a new dress, the girl can go to the "playground" to dance and sing, participate in social activities, and start looking for her sweetheart.

Carrying the Bride

According to Yi family customs, when the bride comes out of the palace, her feet must not touch the ground, otherwise there will be a risk of infertility, so the young man who accepts the bride must carry the bride. , and helped her mount her horse. There are also various rules on the way back from the wedding: if the mountain is high and the road is narrow and it is impossible to ride a horse, the young men who pick up the bride must take turns carrying the bride on their back; when crossing a river, wading, it is even more necessary for someone to carry the bride across the river, and the bride's embroidered shoes must not get wet.

Splashing water to receive relatives

The Yi people believe that clear water can drive away evil spirits, send away demons, and bring happiness. Therefore, the Yi people must splash water when they get married. In order to withstand this test, when welcoming the bride, the groom's family must select an unmarried man to pick up the bride. To be able to complete the arduous task of stealing a bride, they often go through repeated deliberation when recommending candidates and select the best ones. Some even travel long distances to select talented people.

The Yi people’s wedding ceremony is done by robbing. On the first night of the "bride snatching", the girls started a fierce water fight with the young man. The girls violently attacked the young man by splashing, showering, gushing, and shooting in various ways, making it difficult for the young man to resist. So, the smart young man found a place where water was stored before dark, and quietly poured out part of it to reduce the attack of "flood".

After a night of splashing, when morning comes, the "bride snatching" begins. At this time, the girls hugged the bride, and the boys went to "fight". The girls defended strictly, and the boys had to be smart and changeable, taking advantage of the loopholes that appeared in an instant, snatch the bride and run away, running straight out of the mountain road for a mile or two. Walk instead. It can be seen how difficult it is to "snatch" the bride to her husband's family... >>

What are the national customs of the Yi people? "Torch Festival" is the most common and solemn traditional festival in the Yi area, usually on the 24th or 25th of June in the lunar calendar.

Regarding the origin of this ancient festival, there are different legends in different regions. One of the more common legends is: In ancient times, there was a strong man Sireabi in the sky. He heard that there was a strong man Attila in the world, so he came to The human world competes with Attila in wrestling. As a result, Sreabi lost. After reporting back to the gods, the gods became angry and sent locusts to the human world to destroy crops. On June 24, Attilaba called on people to light pine branches and fire to drive away the insects, but they were driven away. The pests defeated the gods. In order to commemorate the victory over the gods, torches have been held to celebrate this day every year. Every Torch Festival, Yi men, women and children, dressed in festive costumes, perform animal sacrifices and spirit tablets, dance, sing, race horses and wrestle to their heart's content. At night, people hold torches and circle around their homes and fields, then gather together to light a bonfire and dance.

In the eyes of the Yi people, fire symbolizes light, justice, prosperity, and a powerful force that can destroy all evil. The Torch Festival is a festival of joy, love and happiness for the Yi people. People prepare various torches a few days before the Torch Festival. The first day is to decorate torches at home, as beautiful as they are; the second day is to go to the homes of relatives and friends to congratulate the festival and talk about their own torches; on the third day, burn torches and walk into the house holding them high. The fields come into thousands of homes, bringing happiness to the people and wishing the farmland a bumper harvest. When night falls on the third day, it’s the end of the Torch Festival. At this time, people cheered and cheered, which was extremely lively. The streets are decorated with lights and streamers everywhere, filled with a festive atmosphere. People were dressed in colorful clothes and had smiles on their faces. They held torches high, squeezed into the crowd, sang and danced, it was so lively! They merged into one, and the torch they held high shined brightly, turning the originally dark night into day in an instant.

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Information about the folk customs and customs of the Yi people History

The Yi people are a nation formed by the continuous integration of the ancient Qiang people who went southward and the indigenous tribes in the southwest during the long-term development process. Six or seven thousand years ago

the ancient Qiang people living in the Hehuang area in northwest my country began to develop in all directions, and one of them traveled to the southwest of the motherland. More than 3,000 years ago, the ancient Qiang people who traveled to the southwest took ethnic tribes as units and formed the "Six Yi", "Seven Qiang" and "Nine Di" in the southwestern region of the motherland, which are the so-called "Yue Song" that often appear in history books. When the ancient Qiang people traveled to the southwest, there were already two ancient ethnic groups that arrived in the southwest. ——The Baipu ethnic group became the Baiyue ethnic group. After the ancient Qiang people came to the southwest, they lived with Baipu and Baiyue for a long time, integrated with each other, and absorbed the southern culture of Baipu and Baiyue. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Kunming people and Fen. The integration of (Pu) developed into the integration of Liao people. From the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, the main residents of eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou, and southern Sichuan were called So people, and sometimes they were named So people.

Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there has been a differentiation between Wuman and Baiman in the area where the Yi people lived. The Wuman tribe developed from the Kunming tribe, and the Baiman tribe was mainly composed of Sou and Pu and merged with other ethnic groups.

< p> During the long-term formation and development, the activities of the ancestors of the Yi people once covered the heartland of the three provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou and part of Guangxi. The core area should be the vast area adjacent to the three provinces.

History of the Yi people. The last important feature is that the slave ownership system has been maintained for a long time. In the Western Han Dynasty in the 2nd century BC and before, the society of the Yi ancestors had differentiated between nomadic tribes and settled agricultural tribes. A group of Sou Shuai and Yi kings continued to differentiate, indicating that on the basis of conquering the Pu people and other tribes, the Kunming tribe had basically completed the transition from a primitive tribe to a slave ownership system.

In the 830s, Mengshe. After the imperial edict unified the six imperial edicts, the ancestors of the Yi and Bai ethnic groups in Yunnan united with the upper echelons of all ethnic groups to establish the Nanzhao slave-holding regime. The center of rule was in the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in western Yunnan, and the scope of rule reached today's eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou, and southern Sichuan. Basically, Controlled the main areas where the Yi ancestors were distributed.

The Nanzhao slave dynasty had ruled the Yi ancestor areas for a long time and had a profound impact on the existence and development of local slavery in the second year of Tang Tianfu (902). The collapse of the Nanzhao slavery dynasty does not mean the demise of slavery in the Yi ancestor areas.

During the more than 300 years between the two Song Dynasties, the ancestors of the Yi people in the three states of Rong (Yibin), Lu (Lu County), and Li (Hanyuan) were in the midst of the mutual struggle between the Song Dynasty and the Dali regime, and a relatively prosperous slave economy emerged. situation. In conjunction with this, the slave production relationship resulted in the situation where powerful tribes enslaved small tribes.

In the third year of Mongol Khan's reign (1253), the Mongolian cavalry attacked Yunnan in three routes from Sichuan, passing through the Yi areas, prompting the emergence of a relatively loose anti-Mongolian alliance in the divided Yi areas, and began to unify in Under the name of Luoluo clan. Correspondingly, the Mongolian nobles intensified their efforts to win over the chiefs of the Yi ethnic group in various places, and developed a chieftain system in some border ethnic areas that enfeoffed hereditary official positions to the chiefs of various ethnic groups to rule the local people. From 1263 to 1287, Yi chieftains were successively established in today's Yuexi, Xichang, Pingshan, Dafang, Zhaotong, Weining and other places.

During the 276th year of the Ming Dynasty, Shuixi (Dafang), Wukai (Weining), Wumeng (Zhaotong), Mangbu (Zhenxiong), and Dongchuan (Huizhou) spread across the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan. Ze), Yongning (Xuyong), Mahu (Pingshan), Jianchang (Xichang) and other places, the Yi chieftains (Zimo) are connected together and support each other, maintaining basically the same slave system and low social productivity. Accordingly, each Yi area can basically be divided into three levels: chieftain and black bones, white bones and domestic slaves. On the basis of the above-mentioned hierarchical relationship, the chieftain system of the Yi people in Shuixi, Jianchang, Wumeng and other places in the Ming Dynasty was still the superstructure of slavery.

During the Kangxi and Yongzheng years, the Qing Dynasty implemented the "reform of native land and return to local rule" in the Yi area, which dealt a heavy blow to the influence of chieftains, Tumu, and slave owners. With the development of social productivity, some areas transitioned from slavery to feudalism relatively quickly.

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Culture and Art

The Yi people are good at singing and dancing. There are various traditional tunes among the Yi people, such as mountain-climbing tune, door-entry tune, welcome tune, wine-eating tune, wedding tune, mourning tune, etc. Some tunes have fixed words, while others do not and are improvised lyrics. Folk songs are divided into male and female tones, and folk songs from various regions have their own unique styles. Yi musical instruments include gourd sheng, mabu, bawu, kouxian, yueqin, flute, sanxian, bells, bronze drums, large flat drums, etc. Yi dance... >>

Daily life customs of Yi people The Yi people have the characteristics of large scattered and small settlements, so the Yi people's residences in different places are not the same. However, most houses have a fire pit, which stays on all year round. In addition to being used for heating, lighting, stewing or baking food, it is also a center for gathering friends and guests. Do not step on the Guozhuang stones or tripods in the fire pit with your feet, and it is strictly forbidden to spit into the fire pit. Barbecue unclean things, and it is forbidden to touch the body near the fire pit. The Yi people have strict etiquette and customs between elders and young, men and women, host and guest. When meeting an elder on the way, the younger one must stand on one side and let the elder go first; when the elder enters the room, he must let him take the seat, and the rest will sit in turn; when eating, the elder sits at the top (traditionally called "the upper seat"), and the younger generation sits on both sides and below in sequence. , and serve the elders, providing them with rice, vegetables and soup. Adults and the elderly cannot be touched on their heads. A brother can joke with his sister-in-law, but an elder brother cannot joke with his sister-in-law. When a guest enters the room, the guest will be seated. The host will sit on the left side of the guest, and the junior will sit opposite the guest. It is forbidden to wear straw sandals on the heated kang bed; take off shoes when going upstairs; it is forbidden for naked or semi-naked adults to enter the house; it is not allowed to step on the threshold with feet or sit on the threshold; it is not allowed to knock tables and bowls with chopsticks; it is forbidden to whistle or whistle at home. Singing folk songs and speaking foul language; women's clothes should not be dried in passing places or next to honeycombs; it is forbidden to defecate facing the sun.

If you want to see the customs of the Yi people with pictures and texts, you have to go to the encyclopedia:

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