Elective Course of Teaching Design of "I Cultivate My Awesome Spirit" (2)

The noble spirit is a special term used by Mencius. But its exact meaning, Mencius said, is hard to say. Later generations' interpretation of this term is also incomplete. Just as Dong Zhongshu said: Yang is the person, and the sky is wide. Yin, it's urgent. If you are in the middle, you can use it in heaven. Harmony is the power of heaven. Teaching the way of heaven and earth and blending with beauty are the reasons why everything is expensive and welcome. Mencius said:? I am good at cultivating my noble spirit? Yeah, yeah. ? ("Spring and Autumn Story?" Follow the Heaven ") Zhao Qi's Notes on Mencius said: What is the noble spirit? The atmosphere is awesome? . Jiao Xun's "Mencius Justice" is based on "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Li Xian of Biography of Fu Xie quoted Zhao Zhu as saying that the atmosphere should be weather. Yan Shigu's Hanshu notes, saying:? Integrity and purity, single-minded. ? Zhu Zhu's annotation of Mencius said: Is the spirit of integrity right? The meaning of heaven and earth makes people live? . Why don't we talk about the process? There is no distinction between heaven and man. The lofty spirit is my spirit. If it is harmless, then between heaven and earth. If it is covered by private interests, you will be humble and know that it is small. . Zhu also explained what he said. The qi of heaven and earth is everywhere. Because he was just angry. Although stones will pass through clouds, people are endowed with this spirit and have nothing to owe, so Cheng Zi said, at such a time. ? (Genre, Volume 55) These statements are based on the so-called lofty spirit and are inherent in heaven and earth. It doesn't seem appropriate.

? Therefore, it is necessary to put forward another statement we said.

Start with Mencius at the beginning of this chapter.

(Note: By? Temptation is not temptation? Lead out? Not tempted? What? Tao? )

Sun Chou asked Mencius:? Can you not be tempted? (Note: the fifth paragraph of the text) Mencius said:? Yes ? This time (note: the sixth paragraph of the text) suddenly went on to talk about cultivating courage. From courage to charity to courage. To sum up: Meng's charity spirit is not as good as his promise. ? (Note: the last sentence of the sixth paragraph of the text)

The meaning of this so-called qi was not made clear before. According to us, this so-called qi is what we call it? Morale? For example, qi, we say: the front-line morale is extremely high? Another example is Zuo Zhuan. High spirits, then decline, three exhausted? All because of this anger. This kind of gas can be said to be? Energetic? . People with this kind of anger can be said to be? Hold your breath? . This energy is most obvious in military or personal combat. Therefore, Mencius took Yong as an example. The courage of a brave person is to cultivate this spirit and strength. With this energy, this energy, can you? Bow your head and take the stone? Fearless Fearlessness is indifference. The indifference of warriors depends on this spirit and strength. Keep this spirit, this energy, which is called? Hold your breath? .

Meng's charity is based on the preservation of gas. Mencius said:? I don't know the courage of my husband's second son, Meng Bushi, and I will do what I say. ? (Note: See paragraph 6 of the text) Zhu Zi said: Gong Bei? Mainly to win? Meng Huayuan? Fearless for the Lord? ,? Take care of the enemy and give up self-discipline? . Therefore, Meng Bushi kept his promise. That's true. But from another angle, we can also see that Meng's charity is higher than that of others. Because? Hold your breath? It's easy to win, but difficult to lose. Describing winning soldiers in novels is often used. Take one as ten? Such as language, describing defeated soldiers, commonly used? Escape from the wind? Equal language. In fact, the defeat is true. Meng Charity? It's better to win than to see invincible? . ? Can you give up winning? You can be fearless. ? When Meng Bushi was in an invincible situation, he could hold his breath and not lose heart. With Gong Bei's swarthy vertical eyebrows and horizontal eyes, he can only win but not lose. Naturally, he is by going up one flight of stairs, and he goes further. However, the indifference of these two people began with holding their breath.

Mencius talked about Ceng Zi's bravery. Zuo legend:? The teacher is straight and strong, and the singer is old. ? Strong people are strong. Old people, their anger is declining. We often say: Be confident. ? And Meng give alms to support courage and pay attention to strength. Ceng Zi and others are brave, but they should pay attention to rectification. ? Since it has shrunk, although thousands of people have left. ? That's true. Righteously? Attitude. If you are honest, you will be frustrated and strong. Therefore, compared with Meng's charity, I keep my promise more. In this way, Ceng Zi was brave and unmoved. The way to be unmoved can be said to be? Shouyi? .

Mencius (note: see paragraphs 7 and 8 of this article) talked about his son's indifference. Heart Mencius said:? Tell your son: Stop it, stop asking. Don't worry, don't ask for trouble. Don't worry, don't beg, but. Stop it, stop asking, stop. The ambition of a husband, the handsomeness of qi, and the fullness of qi. Far-reaching ambition, gas is not as good as people. So say: Keep your ambition and you won't get angry. ?

Zhu's "Notes" Thought? Don't say anything, don't ask for anything. Leave it alone and don't ask for it? . Sixteen words are accusations. The rest are Mencius' words. What else? Hold its voice, not violence? For Mencius, is there a way to control his will without being tempted and without violence? So what? Two words, who said that? Mencius said later in this chapter:? I said I never knew my son's righteousness. ? Of course, Mencius quoted what he said before. But this only says: So what? Instead of saying:? My old saying? What about this? So what? Or inherit the above? Tell your son? Come on, so? Stick to your ambition without violence? It seems to be Mencius' words. Grammatically speaking, this is just a hypothesis. But literally, there are two points that can be confirmed by this hypothesis.

First, like what? Stick to your ambition without violence? For Mencius, the way to be unmoved is not only the same as the following? Righteousness and Tao? The method is repeated, and the two methods are also very different. The way to tell a child not to be tempted is to force his heart to stand still. Zhu's Notes said: The defendant is not tempted, is it? I don't feel it. I don't care, okay , yes. But, what if specifically? Say nothing? Such as sixteen characters, it seems that there is no trace of its compulsion. Like what? Stick to your ambition without violence? For sons, sons are indifferent methods, right? Zhi Zhi? . The word "hold" will hold the meaning of coercion and show it in every line. Zhu's Quotations says: Q: Yichuan holds his ambition, saying:? It's just that this is private. However, scholars can't afford it. ? Sir:? This also seems to involve people. ? However, Cheng Zi's intention was that he was afraid of people's behavior, so he saved him without compromise. A scholar can't get away from it. ? (genre volume 52)? Zhi Zhi? This is a time to control impulse. Is it? Selfish? , is it? Involving people? . It is said that Mencius was unmoved by this effort, and Zhu Ziyi seemed to feel uneasy, but he had to say: A scholar can't get away from it. ?

Second, under this paragraph in the original text of Mencius, it is Gong Sunchou who asks:? Dare you ask the master how evil he is? This question can also prove: the so-called above? Zhi Zhi? , is a confession. According to Notes, Mencius has completed all his skills. Why did Gong Sunchou ask again? But what I said above are all methods that others can't be tempted, so Gong Sunchou asked this question, and Mencius also answered:? I know what I'm talking about. I am good at cultivating my noble spirit. ? The following is Mencius' self-reported words, so I am not tempted.

In all respects, this passage is Mencius' way of telling his son not to be tempted. ? Say nothing, no progress, no progress, no progress, no progress? ,? Hold on to your ambition and don't get angry? For Mencius to express his lofty words. ? Don't worry, don't beg, but. Don't say anything, don't mention it, okay? Mencius was caught in criticism when he described Gao Zi's words. ? My husband's ambition is to be handsome and plump. Far-reaching ambition, gas is not as good as people. ? And then what? Where there is determination, there is anger, and where there is anger, there is determination. Today's husband is ready to move, but he is angry and reflects it in his heart. ? It is the explanation of Mencius' son. This paragraph describes the way to tell your son not to be tempted. What is the method? Zhi Zhi? .

? Say nothing, no progress, no progress, no progress, no progress? Zhu dui said: if you tell your son that you haven't met him, you should give him up, so there is no need to ask. If you feel uneasy, you should hold your heart and don't have to ask it to help you. ? This solution seems feasible. But what if it is? Zhi Zhi? What is the way to be indifferent to confession? Grab its heart? Four words, that is, more landing. Meng Huayuan, Silai? Hold your breath? I can't be tempted. It is because he is not tempted that he has to help Qi. Gao Zi did not turn to Qi, but forced her heart to remain still. What is mandatory law? Zhi Zhi? . Novels often say: someone? Put your heart on it and ignore life and death? . ? Take a cross heart? That is, with ambition. ? Put life and death at risk? , that is, not tempted. If a soldier is on the battlefield, what is it? Energetic? Those who are inspired by danger, that is, those who give alms like Meng? Hold your breath? Yes It knows the danger, and then what? Put your heart on it and ignore life and death? Who is like Gao Zi? Zhi Zhi? Yes Mencius disapproved of Mencius' charity and so on. Hold your breath? I'm not tempted, so I'm sorry? Don't beg for gas? , also known as Y. C. Zhu said to him: Who says yes? You can only say unfinished words. ?

Mencius believed that even if you made a mistake, you should know where it was. If not, but just? Take a cross heart? , all ignore, that also can't stand the temptation. But it is not tempted. It is almost invisible, but it is just a slap in the face. . (Zhu Xi "Zhu Zhu" language)

Mencius also explained to Gao Zi why he could force his heart instead of turning to Qi. Because according to Gao Zi's point of view, what is ambition? Handsome? Are you angry? Body filling? People, probably because the gas preserved in Gong Bei's body can inspire people's spirit and make them go forward bravely, as if they could enrich people's body. We now call it encouraging others? Cheer up? . Depressed people, what do we call them frustrated? . Probably the same metaphor. Qi is handsome because of his ambition, so where his ambition goes, Qi will follow him, which is the so-called? What is ambition and what is anger? . So Gao Zi advocates? Zhi Zhi? . So he said:? Hold on to your ambition and don't be violent. ? Zhao Qi pointed out: Violence, chaos. ? Hold on to your ambition and don't get angry? , and cooperation? Not with your heart, not with your breath? , also has a similar effect.

However, since Chi is Qi's teacher, what do you say? Zhi Zhi? Yes, why say it again? No violence? And then what? Sun Chou asked again. (Note: please refer to the ninth paragraph of the text) Mencius explained for Gao Zi (Note: please refer to the tenth paragraph of the text) and said:? Where there is determination, there is anger, and where there is anger, there is determination. ? For example, a person has the ambition to kill the enemy and serve the country, but what does it matter because of this ambition? Enemy. Enemy? Poison gas. But what if you move people with military music or speeches? Enemy. Enemy? Gas, but also because of this gas, it has the ambition to kill the enemy and serve the country. One? Energetic? People who run forward are full of energy. But if he suddenly falls down, it will not only hurt his spirit, but also affect his heart. This so-called? Now the husband is anxious to get angry, but he is reactionary inside? .

Or ask: Mencius, the original text of this passage is:? Say: do you dare to ask the indifference of the master and the indifference of the defendant? Since the above question has been asked, the answer in this paragraph should be both. If this paragraph specifically says that you can't be tempted, it is inconsistent with the above question. Here we say: Sun Chou asked this question, and Mencius answered this question. However, when Mencius was talking about the method of suing his son, Gong Sunchou also interrupted Mencius' conversation with a small question.

So the following Gong Sunchou raised the unanswered part of the original question: Do you dare to ask how evil the master is? (Note: Please refer to paragraph 1 1 in the text. ) Because I have already mentioned the method of suing my son, I specifically asked Mencius' method. Mencius replied (note: see paragraph 12 of the text):? I know what I said, and I am good at cultivating my noble spirit. ? This is the way that Mencius can't help but be tempted. According to what we said, noble spirit? Gas? , and Meng and other alms? Hold your breath? Qi is the same in essence. What is the difference? Haoran? . Awesome people are great. What makes it so big? Meng's spirit of giving is about the relationship between people, while his noble spirit is about the relationship between people and the universe. With Mencius' benevolent spirit, we can stand fearlessly in the world, and with awe-inspiring spirit, we can stand fearlessly in the universe. Awesome spirit can make people stand fearlessly in the universe. So:? It is qi, as strong as it is, and it is harmless to raise it directly, so it is stuffed between heaven and earth. ? (Note: Please refer to paragraph 14 of the text)

Meng's spirit of giving and so on. Still have to raise it, and its courage is also raised. Noble spirit must be cultivated. How to raise it? Mencius said:? It is qi, righteousness, Tao, nothingness and grace. ? (Note: Please refer to paragraph 14 of the text. ) What did Zhao Qi notice? Yin and Yang Avenue? . Zhu's Notes Collection says:? The nature of nature. ? Because Zhao's note is wrong, Zhu's note seems to have never been solved. What is this road? Is it possible to die when you hear the news at night? Tao means righteousness. There are two ways to cultivate noble spirit: on the one hand, there is a correct understanding of the universe, which is the Tao; On the one hand, it is the obligation of human beings in the universe, and it is a moral obligation, that is, righteousness. Combine these two aspects, that is? Righteousness and Tao? . Eternal righteousness is a collection of righteousness. Benevolence and righteousness have been gathered for a long time, and the noble spirit naturally arises. Not at all. This so-called? Is it a collection of righteousness, not a righteous attack? . (Note: See paragraph 14 of the text) Zhu Zi said? An attack is like an attack with soldiers, which means to attack and seize. ? (Volume 52 of Literary Genre) This sentence is exactly what Mencius said about the difference between himself and Gao Zi. Tell your son? Hold on to your ambition and don't get angry? Are you not tempted? Just come and get it? . So let's say:? So I said: accusing my son of ignorance of righteousness is also transcendence. ? (Note: Please refer to paragraph 14 of the text. Gao Zi took a righteousness from the outside and forced his heart, while Mencius took righteousness as the heart of natural development. After a long period of loyalty, you become arrogant, that is, you naturally come out of the middle.

? If you don't care, you will be embarrassed. (Note: Please refer to paragraph 14 of the text). Honest people are confident, and reasonable people are discouraged. The same is true of noble spirit. The above (note: please refer to the sixth paragraph of the text) says; What is Ceng Zi's indifferent method? Shouyi? . Mencius? Yoshiichi? , and Ceng Zi shroud, have the same effect. Zhu's comments show that Mencius' indifference stems from. However, there are still differences between Ceng Zi and Mencius. Guy Ceng Zi's? Shouyi? Just say one thing at a time. And Mencius? Yoshiichi? , is a state of mind. We talk about one thing at a time. If you are not straight, you will bend. Bob Brown? , straight man? Although thousands of people came to me? . (Note: Please refer to paragraph 6 of the text. ) What does this mean? Shouyi? Yes As far as a psychological state is concerned, this state is the natural product of many moral behaviors. This so-called? Yoshiichi? Yes Ceng Zi's great courage was gained by defending justice, and it is still about the relationship between people. Mencius' lofty spirit comes from the collection of benevolence and righteousness, which is the relationship between man and the universe. From this point of view, Mencius' Collection of Righteousness originated in Ceng Zi, but its achievement is higher than that of Ceng Zi. Therefore, Mencius' indifference is different from Ceng Zi's. For example, according to Notes? Zhi Zhi? If Mencius was indifferent, he would not be tempted, that is, he might not be significantly different from Ceng Zi.

When will you recharge your batteries? Don't forget not to help? . (Note: Please refer to paragraph 14 of the text. ) On this point, the scholars of Song Dynasty and Song Dynasty have already talked a lot, so I won't talk much about it.

In Mencius, Gong Sunchou asked again:? What is literacy? (Note: Please refer to paragraph 15 of the text) According to our teaching methods, knowing words is another aspect of Ming Dow. Mencius said:? If you lie, you know what you are covering; if you are obscene, you know what you have fallen into; if you are evil, you know what you have left behind. Avoid words and know their poverty. ? (Note: See paragraph 16 of the text) How can you know? It is because of its complete understanding of righteousness. You can also say: as for the obituary, if you know what it covers; For obscene words, if you know what you are trapped in; For evil words, if you know what you are leaving; For escape, if you know you are poor; Then you will have a more complete understanding of justice.

Confucius said:? The wise are not confused, the confused are not worried, and the brave are not afraid. ? Not confused, not worried, not afraid, just not tempted. We often say: doubt, fear, doubt is confusion. These three are related. But Confucius' statement only confuses people on earth who are not confused, worried or afraid. People can be indifferent in society, and it is not easy to be impregnable, but they are not indifferent in noble spirit. Cowardly gas, as long as it is gas, people are not afraid. Literacy is a mystery. The noble spirit is born of righteousness, so people with noble spirit are not afraid or confused. What's there to worry about if you're not afraid or confused? This is not confused, not afraid, not worried, and not limited to people in society. This is a noble spirit, so you can? What has been done has been transformed, and what has been saved is the God who rises and falls with heaven and earth? Yes

"The Doctrine of the Mean" says: Therefore, the way of a gentleman is based on the body and proves Shu Ren. Take the test of three kings without mistake, build heaven and earth without contradiction, be sure of ghosts and gods, and the world is not confused by saints. There is no doubt about the quality of ghosts and gods. Immortals are not confused when they are saints, but also know people. ? The so-called knowledge is Ming Dow. Say it again: You can praise the cultivation of heaven and earth, and you can participate in heaven and earth. ? People with lofty spirit stand tall in the universe, although they are only seven feet in size, but in this realm, they have gone beyond the finite and entered the infinite.

People who reach this position are natural in society? Can you be poor without adding a big line? . Natural? Wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent? . You can't be dissolute, you can't move, you can't bend, you just don't mind. It is not lascivious, indomitable, and does not insist on its heart, but makes it so. If so, its status is only that of the defendant. If there are such actors, they think so, so their status is just Ceng Zi. People with lofty spirit will naturally not regard wealth as wealth, poverty as poverty and power as power. So it's not immoral, it's perseverance. Zhu Dui said: It is not enough to be noble and clear. Only when we say that we are noble can we have a broad meaning of Congo, such as the Yangtze River. Rich, poor, mighty, and so on, are all lowly and out of the question. ? ("Genre" Volume 52) Zhu's remarks are exactly what we said above. To this position, can it really be said to be one? Hold your head high? what's up Big? Anyone here? A gentleman? . So-called? Hold your head high? , in the end? Stuck between heaven and earth? And then what? Rise and fall with the world? The meaning of.

? Selected from Feng Youlan's History of China Philosophy (Volume II), East China Normal University Press, 2000.

3. Discussion on the difficulties of the text

Try to analyze the argumentation level and reasoning art of this paper.

A: (Can you combine the above? Four, three? Mencius' prose? Artistic features? This article is a recorded prose mainly based on memorizing words. Mencius' prose is famous for its eloquence, clear outline of argument and vivid and profound reasoning image. The words are magnificent and intense. This article also embodies this feature. (1) Argumentation level: outlining and laying the groundwork at different levels. ① The full text is a question-and-answer type; ② bedding: as mentioned in the sixth paragraph? Gong Bei? 、? Meng Charity? 、? Ceng Zi? Discussion; Then go to the seventh and eighth paragraphs about? Sue? Discussion; And then to about? Mencius? My statement; (2) The art of argument: ① The figurative argument is simple and vivid. Like what? Wait for him? This story. (2) Rich rhetoric, good use of parallelism in sentence patterns and rich and smooth writing. (as in the last paragraph of this article) ③ Comparative demonstration. (? Gong Bei? 、? Meng Charity? 、? Ceng Zi? Comparison between the two. )

4. Comments on Mencius' articles

Su Zhe comments:? Today, I read his article, generous and running between heaven and earth, saying that his anger is small and big. ?

Liu Xizai said? Literature has standards, and Mencius resolutely does not avoid it. ? (Art Outline)

Zhao Qi:? Mencius is good at metaphor, his words are not urgent, but his meaning is unique. ? ("Mencius chapters? Inscription ")

Sixth, practice

1. Multiple choice problem

(1) What's the name below? Yasheng? These people are: (b)

A. Confucius B. Mencius C. Xunzi D. Mozi

(2) Mencius was the representative of that school in the middle of the Warring States Period: (c)

A. Mohist B. Taoist C. Confucian D. Legalist

(3) Use a horizontal line to explain the text: If there is no strict vassal, the evil voice is the opposite. ? (3)

A. strict B. strict C. fear D. disgust

(4) Explain the underlined words:? Where there is determination, there is anger, and where there is anger, there is determination. ? (2)

A. unification B. singleness C. being together forever D.

fill (up) a vacancy

(1) Mencius and Confucius are also called.

(Confucius and Mencius)

(2) The story of "encouraging seedlings" comes from.

("Mencius? On the ugly sun ")

3. Translation problems

Explain the following sentences:

? It is qi, which is extremely abundant, and it is harmless to raise it directly, so it is cold between heaven and earth. It is qi, righteousness, Tao, nothingness and grace. It comes from the collection of righteousness and also from the attack of righteousness. If you don't care, you will be embarrassed. ?

This gas is extremely huge and intense. He can run between heaven and earth by repairing righteousness without losing it. This kind of qi must be in harmony with righteousness and Tao, without which it is weak. This kind of anger is produced by the accumulation of justice, which can not be obtained by a temporary act of justice. If you are a little ashamed of your behavior, you are weak. )

Step 4 give a short answer

This paper tries to analyze the art of reasoning. (See the difficult discussion section above)

Seven, learning and thinking

1. Read the following words in Mencius and explain Mencius' mind, body and mind.

Mencius said:? Niu Shan's wood tastes beautiful, but it is beautiful because it is located in a big country. It is a rest day and night, and the rain and dew are moist. It's not life without sprouting and tillering, so cattle and sheep are Mu Zhi, so it's the same. When people see it, they think they have learned nothing. Is this the nature of mountains? Although people have it, don't they have the heart of righteousness? The reason why it puts its conscience is to point an axe at the wood, and it can be beautiful when it is cut at any time. The rest of the day and night, the sky is flat, its likes and dislikes are similar to those of people, and what it does during the day is doomed. Repeatedly, the air is not enough to survive at night. If there is not enough air at night, it is not far from invading wild animals. Is it a pity that people think that they have never been talented when they see their beasts? So, if you get it, nothing will not last long; Nothing will disappear if you lose your support. Confucius said:? Fuck is survival, giving up is death; You will never know your hometown until you get in and out. ? What is the heart?

? "Mencius? Gaozishang

Gong asked:? Are you a person, an adult or a villain? Why? Mencius said:? From its general for adults, from its small body for villains. ? Say: Jun is a man, or from his general, or from his small body, why? Say: The official of the eyes and ears does not think, but covers things. I handed it in. It's just a quote. The official of the heart thinks, thinks and gets it, but doesn't think about it. This day belongs to me. The one standing in the front is the biggest, and the smallest one can't be taken away. This is only for adults. ?

? "Mencius? Gaozishang

Reference answer: (1) The first article expounds the idea of intentional cultivation. Mencius believes that human nature is all-good, and the content of this kind of goodness is benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom, which are rooted in the heart. So people's goodness and beauty, morally, human nature is perfect, and so is the human heart? Conscience? 、? The heart of benevolence and righteousness? . However, sex cannot be cultivated and the mind cannot be manipulated. A man's mind is destroyed like a tree that has lost its maintenance and is cut down by an axe. So Mencius said:? He who does his best knows his own nature. If you know its nature, you will know its nature. Keep your heart and cultivate your nature, then things will be natural. If you die, you die, so build a life. ? ("Dedicated")

(2) The second part discusses the relationship between body and mind. Mencius believes that body and mind are heaven and me, that is, they are both natural components of human beings, but they are different from small ones. In order to complete the meaning and value of human beings, people must first establish their own universal concepts and cultivate their own hearts. So in business, Mencius said:? People are also loved by the body. If you love both, you will support both. Skin without size doesn't care, so skin without size doesn't care. So, who can test it? Take it from yourself and use it for yourself. There are nobles and villains. It doesn't hurt to be small or cheap. Small people are raised as villains, and adults are raised. Today, if you have a tian teacher, give up his skills and improve his spine. This is a base in tian teacher. Lift a finger, lose your shoulder and back, but don't know it. This is wolf disease. People who eat and drink are contemptible, and it is also important to raise the small and throw away the big. People who eat and drink have nothing to lose, so is the mouth suitable for large and small skin?

2. Read the following text and talk about your understanding of literature and qi.

The text is mainly qi, clear and turbid, but not strong. For example, although the standards of all kinds of music are equal, the rhythm and test (statutes) are the same. As for inhaling (luck), it is skillful and skillful. Although it is at the father's and brother's place, it is impossible to touch the child.

? [Wei] xelloss "Canon theory? Paper)

However, the shape of a writer's qi can not be learned, but can be cultivated. Mencius said:? I am good at cultivating my noble spirit. ? Today, I read his article, which is generous and fills the gap between heaven and earth, calling it small and big. Tai Shigong traveled all over the world, traveled all over the world, and made friends with Yan and Hao Jun, so his prose was sparse and quite strange. How can this second son taste writing as such an essay? Its qi is full, but it overflows its appearance. Look at its words, but look at its words, not know it.

? [Northern Song Dynasty] Su Zhe's Book of Han Taiwei was a member of the court.

Reference answer: Mencius' talk about cultivating noble spirit refers to cultivating people's moral and spiritual realm. Cao Pi's classic theory? Qi mentioned in this paper refers to the embodiment of the writer's personality temperament in literary works. Su Zhe, on the other hand, combined the two to discuss how to cultivate the writer's spiritual temperament and improve the writer's creative level. They are all influenced by Mencius' thought, and think that the writer's spiritual temperament determines the style and realm of his works.

3. Based on the after-class reading of Mencius, this paper analyzes the writing characteristics of Mencius' good use of metaphors.

Reference answer: The Analects of Confucius? Yongye carries Confucius:? It can be said that the benevolent side has also been obtained. ? Zhao Qi in the Eastern Han Dynasty "Mencius chapters? The inscription says:? Mencius is good at metaphor, and his words are not urgent, but his thoughts are unique. ? At the beginning of Mencius, Liang He quoted pot calling the kettle black's metaphor when talking about politics. Five or six metaphorical phenomena can be cited from Mencius and analyzed. Pay special attention to Mencius' attitude towards Confucius? Can you take a closer look? The understanding of thought and his metaphor are kind and close to life, not metaphysical and transcendental.

Eight, extended reading

See? Preparation materials? part

(1) Zhu: "Four Books and Chapters".

(B) Liu:' Re-discussion of Mencius' Theory of Mind and Nature'

(C) Tan Jiajian: "The Artistic Features of Mencius' Prose"