Tell me about all kinds of military aircraft

Aircraft used for direct combat, combat operations and military training. It is the main technical equipment of aviation. It mainly includes fighters, bombers, fighter-bombers, attack aircraft, anti-submarine patrol aircraft, armed helicopters, reconnaissance planes, early warning aircraft, electronic countermeasures, artillery reconnaissance and calibration machines, seaplanes, military transport planes, aerial tankers, trainers and so on. A large number of aircraft are used in combat, which makes the war develop from plane to three-dimensional space and has a great impact on strategy, tactics and military composition.

1903 12 17 A brief history The Wright brothers in the United States successfully tested their own power planes for the first time in human history. 1909, the U.S. army equipped its first military aircraft with a 1 30 HP engine with a maximum speed of 68 km/h. In the same year, it also built a 1 two-seat Wright A aircraft for training pilots. By the 1920s, military aircraft in France, Germany, Britain and other countries had developed rapidly, far surpassing the United States.

Initially, aircraft were used for military purposes, mainly for reconnaissance missions, and occasionally for bombing ground targets and attacking enemy planes in the air. During the First World War, there appeared military aircraft specially developed to perform certain tasks, such as fighter planes mainly used in air combat, bombers specially used to attack ground targets and attack planes used to directly support ground forces. On the eve of World War II, single-seat single-engine fighters and multiple twin-engine bombers had been heavily equipped with troops. In the late 1930s, helicopters with practical value came out. In World War II, dive bombers and torpedo bombers were widely used, and there were also long-range bombers with sealed cabins that could fly at high altitude for a long time, such as American B-29. Britain, Germany, the United States and other countries put radar on fighter planes, which are specially used for night operations. Among them, British "beautiful warriors", German BF 1 10G-4 and American P-6 1 are more successful. Electronic countermeasure aircraft for electronic reconnaissance or electronic jamming and early warning aircraft equipped with early warning radar have also begun to be used. In the middle and late period of the war, the flight speed of some fighters has reached about 750 km/h, and the ceiling is about 12000 m, which is close to the performance limit of piston aircraft.

In the late World War II, German Me-262 and British meteor fighters began to be used in combat. In the years after the war, jets developed rapidly, and by 1949, some countries had a considerable number of jets. At that time, the famous jet fighters were the Soviet MIG-15, the American F-80 and the British "vampire"; Jet bombers include the Soviet Il -28 and the British Canberra. In the mid-1950s, fighter-bombers appeared, gradually replacing the light bombers widely used during the Second World War. In the 1960s, there were many kinds of fighter planes, most of which were supersonic. There are also many types of bombers, mostly subsonic (except American B-58 and Soviet Tu -22). Jet engines are generally used in transport aircraft, and large transport aircraft can carry 80 ~ 120 tons of materials, such as an -22 of the Soviet union and C-5A of the United States. High-altitude reconnaissance planes flying at three times the speed of sound (called M3.0) include MIG -25P of the Soviet Union and SR-7 1 of the United States. There are many new types of fighter-bombers and fighters. Many of these military aircraft were still in service until the early 1980s, such as American F-11,F-4 and B-52H, Soviet MIG -2 1, MIG -23, Tu -95 and French Mirage III. Since the 1970s, an important feature of the development of military aircraft is that most of the aircraft directly used in combat are developing in the direction of multi-purpose, and the differences among fighters, fighter-bombers and fighters are narrowing day by day, so that the categories of these aircraft can only be determined according to the primary purpose of development or modification.

19 1 1 year, China purchased two military aircraft from abroad during the Xinhai revolution. 19 14, Beijing Nanyuan Aviation School designed and manufactured aircraft. 19 19 mawei shipyard, Fujian started to manufacture seaplanes. 1930, the "Yangcheng" aircraft manufactured by Guangzhou Aviation Repair Factory was equipped with 1 machine gun, which could carry 4 bombs of 100 pounds. Later, fighter planes, light bombers and trainers were trial-produced one after another. After the founding of New China, military aircraft began to be produced. Now it has been able to develop and mass-produce jet fighters, attack planes and bombers, as well as produce different types of helicopters, transport planes, seaplanes and trainers.

Basic composition and airborne equipment Military aircraft mainly consists of airframe, power plant, landing gear, control system, hydraulic and pneumatic system and fuel system. And airborne communication equipment, pilot equipment and life-saving equipment. Aircraft directly used in combat, as well as airborne fire control systems and electronic warfare systems.

The fuselage consists of fuselage, wing and tail. Some planes have turrets and bomb bays on their fuselage. In order to provide enough air for the jet engine and improve the air intake efficiency, special air inlets and air inlets are installed in front of the engine block or engine compartment. The machine body is mainly made of aluminum alloy, and the main stress parts are alloy steel or titanium alloy. Non-metallic materials such as carbon fiber composites are also used more and more.

The engines of modern military aircraft are mostly turbojet or turbofan engines, and some are turboprop engines. Turboshaft engines are widely used in helicopters.

The control system is a device used by pilots to control aircraft. Low-speed aircraft rely on the pilot's physical control of the steering rod and rudder, and control the movable wing surfaces such as elevator, rudder and aileron through the transmission of connecting rods and steel cables; High-speed or large aircraft are also equipped with power-assisted control devices. In the 1980s, the new fighter used a fly-by-wire control system which was automatically controlled by a computer. Pilots operate according to needs, and the computer automatically processes them, so that the aircraft can play its best performance without endangering safety. The computer in this system can also be used to keep the attitude of the aircraft stable. In the flight process, the stability of the aircraft does not depend entirely on the aerodynamic shape of the aircraft, but in many cases, the stability of the wing surface is automatically controlled by the computer. This can improve the maneuverability of the aircraft and enhance its combat capability. Because of the high reliability requirement of the system, "redundancy technology" must be adopted. Each plane is equipped with 3-4 sets of parallel control systems composed of computers, which can ensure flight safety even if one or two sets fail. The use of computer control system is a major reform in the development of aircraft. Aircraft developed for direct combat since 1970s often combine airborne pilot equipment and fire control system into a pilot attack system, which has a high degree of automation and is suitable for all-weather operations. Aircraft radar warning device and aircraft electronic jamming equipment are merged into a unified self-defense electronic warfare system, which can automatically interfere according to the received signals from the other side. Some aircraft's airborne communication equipment is also combined with ground-to-air command system, which can receive ground instructions at any time and implement automatic display. The pilot only needs to control the aircraft according to the information appearing on the display and adjust the throttle position, so that the aircraft can approach the target from a favorable position and carry out the attack. When attacking the ground, the coordinates of targets and landmarks along the way can be pre-stored in the computer. During the flight, the position of the aircraft and its relative position with pre-stored points can be displayed at any time, which can guide the aircraft to reach the target on time and automatically select weapons to attack according to the predetermined plan.

There is also a display device on the plane for the flight personnel to know the flight status, the working conditions of each system and the ground instructions. In the past, most aircraft used instruments and indicator lights as display means. Since the mid-1960s, head-up and head-down displays have been gradually used. The cockpit of an aircraft used for mid-high altitude combat is usually sealed, and the pressure and temperature in the cabin can be automatically adjusted. When an emergency happens and the pilot needs to leave the plane, he can quickly eject and land safely with the help of life-saving equipment.

With the increasing complexity of aviation technology and equipment, it is becoming more and more important to ensure the reliability and simplicity of aircraft maintenance, which is closely related to improving aircraft attendance, shortening the preparation time for redeployment and improving aircraft operation efficiency. For this reason, the military aircraft in the early 1980s made progress in the following four aspects: ① the large components of the aircraft, such as engines and radars, were changed into unit structures, and only the faulty units were replaced for troubleshooting; ② Important systems and components have self-detection and monitoring capabilities; ③ In flight, the aircraft has the ability to automatically record faults; ④ Remarkable achievements have been made in preventing human errors and improving maintenance conditions. The maintenance time of some fighters per flight 1 hour has been reduced from about 50 working hours in 1960s to 10 ~ 15 working hours. The regular maintenance of aircraft has gradually changed into a combination of condition-based maintenance and regular maintenance.

Basic performance refers to the flight speed, altitude, range, endurance and operational radius of military aircraft.

Since the 1960s, the maximum speed of fighter planes at 17000m has reached M2.8 (about 3000km/h), and the maximum speed of most fighters at high altitude is around M2.2, the maximum speed of bombers is above M3.0, and that of military transport planes has reached 900 ~ 950km/h. When the plane flies at low altitude, In the early 1980s, military aircraft flew near the sea level, and the maximum allowable speed did not exceed 1500km/h ... In recent 20 years, the maximum speed of aircraft directly used for combat has increased only from the possibility of technical conditions, but it is not worthwhile to pay a high price from the comprehensive consideration of operational needs and economic benefits. So the maximum speed does not increase much.

Altitude: The maximum flying altitude of military aircraft (called the ceiling) has not changed much since 1960s, because the aircraft directly used in combat need not fly too high. The service ceiling of fighter planes is about 20,000m, and the service ceiling of American SR-7 1, Soviet MIG -25P and other high-altitude reconnaissance planes is about 25,000m m.. The maximum flying height (called dynamic ceiling) that can be achieved by rapid jump method, some military aircraft have reached 35,000 meters or even higher. The upper service limit of bombers and fighter-bombers mostly does not exceed 16000m. Modern aircraft directly used in combat often penetrate from low altitude or ultra-low altitude in order to avoid being detected by the other radar in advance. The penetration height of some bombers whose take-off weight exceeds 100 tons can be as low as 150 meters, and the penetration height of attack aircraft is 50 ~ 100 meters.

Range and endurance The range and endurance of military aircraft have been increasing gradually. The maximum range of the fighter is 2000 kilometers, and the auxiliary fuel tank can reach 4000 kilometers. The maximum range of bombers and military transport aircraft is 14000 km. The high-altitude reconnaissance plane has a range of more than 7000 kilometers. If the aircraft refuels in the air, each refueling voyage can be increased by 20 ~ 40%; When refueling in the air for many times, the maximum flight distance is not limited by the fuel quantity of the aircraft, but depends on the endurance of the pilot, the oxygen storage capacity or the fuel quantity of the engine. The range of an aircraft is related to the fuel consumption rate of the engine (engine operation 1 hour, the average number of kilograms of fuel consumed per kilogram of thrust), the take-off fuel load coefficient (the ratio of the airborne fuel weight to the take-off weight of the aircraft) and the cruise lift-drag ratio (the lift-drag ratio when the aircraft cruises). Since the 1960s, the take-off fuel load coefficient of aircraft has not changed much (fighter is 0.28 ~ 0.3, bomber is 0.4 ~ 0.55), and the cruise lift-drag ratio has not improved significantly, mainly by reducing the engine fuel consumption to increase the range. The fuel consumption of turbojet engine has dropped from 0.9 kg/kg hour in 1960s to 0.6 kg/kg hour, and that of turbofan engine is even lower. The endurance of modern fighters, fighter bombers and fighters is 1 ~ 2 hours, and the auxiliary fuel tank reaches 3 ~ 4 hours. Some bombers, anti-submarine patrol aircraft and military transport planes can fly continuously for more than 10 hour without refueling in the air.

Operational Radius The operational radius of a military aircraft is related to the duration of the aircraft's activities in the theater, the use of the engine and the flying altitude. In order to understand the operational radius of modern aircraft directly used in combat, it is usually necessary to understand the altitude range of takeoff, penetration and return, such as the operational radius of "high, low and high", that is, the operational radius under the conditions of "flying high when taking off, lowering when approaching the target penetration, and flying high when returning". When a jet plane flies in the troposphere, the higher it flies, the more fuel it saves, so the greater the operational radius of "high, low and high". The combat radius of fighters and fighter-bombers is about 1/4 ~ 1/3 of the range (3 ~ 5 minutes in the theater). The operational radius of the bomber is about 1/3 ~ 2/5 range.

Weapons and equipment Military aircraft can be equipped with artillery, carrying missiles, rockets, bombs, torpedoes and other weapons to attack air, ground, water or underwater targets.

Fighters, fighter bombers, attack planes, most bombers and some military transport planes are equipped with cannons as attack or self-defense weapons. Most modern fighters are equipped with aviation guns, carrying medium and long-range interception air-to-air missiles and combat air-to-air missiles. According to the experience of many local wars since the end of 1970s, modern air combat should mainly use air-to-air missiles suitable for close air combat, that is, combat missiles. Among the air-to-air missiles developed in the 1970s, combat missiles are guided by infrared rays radiated by targets. Most medium-range and long-range interceptor missiles are guided by airborne radar. For example, some American AIM- 120 missiles are equipped with radar, which can be guided by terminal homing when approaching the target. Interceptor missiles are generally unaffected by the weather, and can attack targets that are 10 ~ 12 kilometers higher than carrier-based aircraft, or targets that fly at an ultra-low altitude of 4 ~ 5 kilometers, and can be launched from all directions of targets, so they are also called "three-all" missiles (referring to all-weather, all-altitude and all-direction).

Modern aircraft directly used in combat generally have the ability to attack the ground (or surface or underwater), and the weapons used can be divided into two categories: one is unguided weapons, such as cannons and general bombs; The other is guided weapons, such as radio-controlled bombs, laser-guided bombs, TV-guided bombs and air-to-surface missiles, air-to-ship missiles, anti-submarine missiles and so on.

Looking forward to modern warfare, military aircraft will play a more important role in seizing air superiority, air defense operations and supporting ground forces and naval forces. In the foreseeable period, the development trend of military aircraft is as follows: ① In order to reduce or get rid of the dependence on the airport, it will continue to develop in the direction of vertical/short takeoff and landing; ② The military application of UAV will gradually expand, and it may be used for ground attack or even air combat; ③ The integration and computer control of airborne equipment will make great progress; ④ Electronic warfare system will occupy a more important position; ⑤ In the design of military aircraft, more attention should be paid to improving the body shape, and a large number of "stealth" technologies such as nonmetallic materials should be adopted; ⑥ Armed helicopters will develop rapidly.