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Famous Philosophers Idealism and Materialism

1. Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy

Thales, a native of Miletus, was the first philosopher in ancient Greece. He believed that water is the origin of the world and was a simple materialist. ism.

Heraclitus, the "founder of dialectics" in the history of European philosophy, believed that fire is the origin of the world and was a simple materialist.

Pythagoras believed that number was the origin of the world, and his method of argumentation was what was later called "logical priorism" in Europe, which was biased towards objective idealism.

Xenophanes was the first person in the history of European philosophy to propose the idea that man created God. However, he was not an atheist and tended towards idealism and anti-dialectics.

Parmenides, remembered as Xenophanes, thought of "God is the only one". Like his teacher, he was also inclined to idealism and anti-dialectics.

Zeno mainly demonstrated the uniqueness and immobility of the existence of his teacher Parmenides, and put forward arguments such as "flying is immobile" and "Achilles cannot catch up with the tortoise".

[I suddenly feel tired, let me pick some important things to talk about]

Democritus, his atomism is the highest achievement of ancient Greek materialism, which belongs to simplicity Materialistic.

Protagoras proposed that "man is the measure of all things", which is basically materialism.

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are in the same line. Among them, Aristotle is the greatest idealist philosopher in the history of Platonic ancient Greek philosophy. He established a huge knowledge system. , so that every new breakthrough in natural science hundreds of years later must first break through his system. For example, when we were in elementary school, we learned "Two Iron Balls Landed at the Same Time".

Augustine mainly argued for theology. When it came to theological history, he did not mention specific materialism. However, I feel that everything God created the world falls within the scope of objective idealism.

2. Medieval Scholasticism

This era was relatively dark, theology ruled Europe, and religious authority was higher than political power. Scholastic philosophy is idealist philosophy combined with religious theology.

Representative figures of this period include Boethius, Eryugena, Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon, Duns Scotus, and William Ockham (Ockham's Razor).

3. Renaissance

Luther, himself a clergyman, put forward the religious philosophy of "salvation by faith".

Leonardo Da Vinci proposed a materialistic scientific methodology, but he still believed in God philosophically.

Bruno is a simple materialist, but it has made great progress compared to ancient times.

4. "The birthplace of all modern materialism was England" in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Francis Bacon, "the true ancestor of British materialism and the entire modern science."

Hobbes systematized Bacon's theory and created the first mechanical materialist philosophical system in the history of modern European philosophy.

Descartes is a famous dualist, but the textbook says that dualism eventually returns to the scope of idealism.

Bennoza is essentially mechanical materialism, but he wears the cloak of pantheism.

Leibniz, those who have studied advanced mathematics will not forget him. In terms of philosophy, he is objective idealism.

Berkeley, objective idealism

Hume created the first agnostic philosophical system in the history of modern Western European philosophy. (To be continued, I will add more to you tomorrow when I have the opportunity)