About the history of the Qin Dynasty!

In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang completed the unification of ancient China and established the first multi-ethnic unified centralized state in Chinese history. "The king of Qin swept Liuhe, how heroic it is to look at the tiger!" King Zhao Zheng of Qin ("Historical Records Suoyin" quoted "Shiben") said that "he was born in Zhao, so he is called Zhao Zheng." "Historical Records: Qin Benji": "Qin created his father first. The city of Zhao was sealed and called the Zhao family." In the pre-Qin period, men were called surnames instead of surnames, so it was appropriate to call them Zhao Zheng and Qin Wangzheng, but later generations often called them Ying Zheng.) [1][2] Xianyang was established as the capital and became China's The first emperor in the county system dynasty. As a unified dynasty, it established a highly centralized political system within a vast ruling area. Specifically: 1. Political aspect: establishing the supreme imperial power. The emperor has supreme power, and all administrative, military, economic and other powers are under the control of the emperor; he has established an official system and administrative institutions from the central to the local level, namely the Three Gongs and Nine Ministers system. The three princes are respectively the prime minister (helping the emperor handle the political affairs of the country), the Taiwei (responsible for managing the military), and the Yushi doctor (in charge of the memorials of the ministers, issuing the emperor's orders, and also handling state supervision affairs). They have no subordinate relationship with each other and are controlled by the emperor. Final decision. The local system of counties and counties was implemented, and the royal family appointed and dismissed the main officials of counties and counties; 2. Economic aspect: private ownership of land was implemented and taxes were paid per mu; the Qin Dynasty coins unified weights and measures and currency; unified vehicle tracks and built roads. 3. In terms of culture: books are written in the same text, and Xiaozhuan is used as the standard script; "poems and books are burned" to strengthen ideological control; officials are regarded as teachers, and private learning is strictly prohibited. The most famous example is "burning books and burying Confucians." The centralized state political system created by the Qin Dynasty could only be modified in the subsequent history of Chinese society, while the basic framework remained unchanged. In order to consolidate his rule, Qin Shihuang ordered that the original weapons of the six countries be collected and destroyed, and then cast into 12 bronze figures. "Sold Feng Dy and cast it into twelve golden figures to weaken the people of the world" - Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin" In order to strengthen control, the nobles of the original six countries were forcibly moved to live near Xianyang. The Qin Dynasty also promulgated strict laws and implemented Shiwu establishment for farmers. Unifying currency, unifying weights and measures, and unifying writing will have a great impact on future generations. He accepted the idea of ??Prime Minister Li Si and burned a large number of poems, classics, and works of various schools of thought except for a few kinds of books. He also buried more than 460 alchemists alive, leaving behind a shocking history of "burning pits" event. Qin Shihuang also built roads across the country, especially opening roads to the east and southeast. When Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself the "First Emperor", he wanted to make the Qin Dynasty last forever, but he never expected that the Qin Dynasty would be destroyed only 15 years later when the second emperor came. Although he took various measures to consolidate his rule, his dictatorship and excessive taxation had already laid the foundation for disaster. He conscripted more than 700,000 people to build the Epang Palace, and also spent a lot of manpower and financial resources to build the Lishan Tomb. The story of "Meng Jiangnu crying at the Great Wall" is an indictment of his cruel levies and servitude. Frequent wars, huge bureaucracies, and continuous large-scale construction projects have shaken the foundation of rule, and the people are overwhelmed and suffering to the extreme. In 209 BC, the peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang broke out. It was the first peasant uprising in Chinese history and had a profound impact. Around November 207 BC, the Qin Dynasty was overthrown. Due to the influence of the past separatist situation, the tendency of separatism reappeared in the anti-Qin process. In the ensuing conflict between Chu and Han for dominance (206 BC to 202 BC), the Han Dynasty defeated the Chu Dynasty, which brought the division situation under control and unified the country. After Qin, another centralized dynasty was established.

[Edit this paragraph] Source of country name

The Qin people are a branch of the Chinese (Han) people who moved westward. The king's surname is Zhao. The ancestor of Qin was the sage Boyi, who was originally the leader of an ancient tribe. Emperor Shun gave him the surname "Ying". At the end of Xia, when Fei Chang was in charge of Xia Jie, he went to Xia and returned to Shang Dynasty. He became the emperor of Tang Dynasty in Shang Dynasty. He defeated Jie in Mingtiao. From then on, he assisted Yin Shang Dynasty for generations. Therefore, the surname Ying appears frequently in historical records. By the end of the Shang Dynasty, both Fei Lian and Er Lai's father and son served Zhou with their talents and abilities. In the later Zhou Dynasty, King Wu defeated Zhou and defeated the Shang army.

By the time of King Mu of Zhou Dynasty, Zaofu was the emperor of Zhou Dynasty. He quelled the rebellion of Xu State for thousands of miles and was granted the title of Zhaocheng. His clan was the Zhao family (note: in the pre-Qin period, the "surname" only indicated the origin, and was mostly used for sacrifices and titles of women. , "Shi" means a family branch and is used to address men). Feizi, the grandson of Zaofu, served as a herdsman for King Zhou Xiao. King Zhou Xiao gave him a small piece of land - Qin (today's Qin Ting, Shuilongxi County, one says) The name of the valley in Qingshui County, Qinzhou), allowing him to continue the sacrifice of the surname Ying. Later, Duke Xianggong of Qin made great contributions to saving Zhou Dynasty and was named a prince. Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and founded the "Qin" Dynasty.

[Edit this paragraph] Territory

At the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, he attacked the Huns from the north and Baiyue from the south. The territory expanded rapidly and the Yanhuang map was further improved. However, due to the end of Qin II, it was not possible to recover and unify the northern nomads. However, its territory at that time reached present-day Gansu and Sichuan in the west; Yunnan and Guangxi in the southwest; and Yinshan Mountain in the north.

Management

●Xianyang, the capital of the Qin Dynasty, and the nearby Guanzhong Plain were directly managed by the Internal History; ●The counties of the Qin Dynasty were equipped with county governors (in charge of civil affairs) and county lieutenants (in charge of military affairs) , County Supervisor (in charge of supervisory affairs), the County Sheriff is subordinate to the County Sheriff, who serves as the deputy position of the County Sheriff. ●The big ones in the county have magistrates, and the small ones have magistrates. Under the magistrates and magistrates, there are subordinate officials such as county magistrates and county captains.

Administrative Regions of the Qin Dynasty

In 221 BC, the Qin State finally destroyed the Qi State and the Qin Dynasty was established. After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang adopted the suggestion of Prime Minister Li Si and abolished the feudal system. In terms of national management, a single system of counties and counties was implemented. He abolished the princes and established counties and counties, dividing the world into 36 counties. Later, he merged the southern Yue land south of Wuling in the south. The three counties of Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiangjun were set up. The land south of Yinshan Mountain in the north was set up as Jiuyuan County. Later, Donghai, Hengshan, Jibei, Jiaodong, Hanoi, and Hengshan counties were successively analyzed. The Qin Dynasty did not adopt the feudal system, but adopted the county system. The country was initially divided into thirty-six counties, which was later increased to forty-six. The general location of some counties is as follows: Map of the counties in the Qin Dynasty The counties in the Qin Dynasty: Liaodong County, Jiuyuan County, Yunzhong County, Liaoxi County, Shangjun, Taiyuan County, Julu County, Jiaodong County, Handan County, Langya County, Beidi County, Donghai County, Longxi County, Xianyang, Nanyang County, Hanzhong County, Jiujiang County, Kuaiji County, Nan County, Hengshan County, Shu County, Ba County, Qianzhong County, Changsha County, Minzhong County, Nanhai County, Guilin County, Xiang County, Youbeiping County, Yuyang County, Guangyang County, Shanggu County, Dai County, Yanmen County, Changshan County, Jibei County, Linzi County, Hedong County, Hanoi County, Dong County, Xue County, Sanchuan County, Dang County County, Yingchuan County, Chen County, Sishui County.

Chronology of Qin's destruction of the Six Kingdoms

In the seventeenth year of the Qin Dynasty (230 BC), South Korea's surrender general Nei Shiteng led the Qin army to destroy South Korea, captured King An of Han, and Han died. The acquired Korean land was placed in Yingchuan County. In the 19th year of the Qin Dynasty (228 BC), Wang Jian of the Qin army invaded Handan, the capital of Zhao State. Zhao Wangqian was forced to surrender to Qin, and Zhao was defeated; Handan County, Julu County, and Taiyuan County were established. Zhao Gongzijia led hundreds of people from his clan to flee to Dai City. In the 20th year of the Qin Dynasty (227 BC), Prince Dan of Yan sent Jing Ke to assassinate the King of Qin but failed. The King of Qin immediately sent Wang Jian to lead troops to attack Yan. In the 21st year of the Qin Dynasty (226 BC), Wang Jian attacked Ji, the capital of Yan. King Yan Xi retreated to Liaodong and killed Prince Dan to seek peace. In the 22nd year of the Qin Dynasty (225 BC), Wang Ben of the Qin army led an army of 100,000 to attack Wei, surrounded Daliang, the capital of Wei, and diverted water from the Yellow River to Daliang. Three months later, the city of Daliang was destroyed, and the king of Wei pretended to surrender. Death. In the same year, Wang Jian led an army of 600,000 to attack the Chu State. He stationed his troops to practice martial arts, fortified the wall without fighting, and waited for work. In the 23rd year of the Qin Dynasty (224 BC), Wang Jian led an army of 600,000 across the Huaihe River and besieged Shouchun, the capital of Chu State. In the twenty-fourth year of the Qin Dynasty (223 BC), the Chu army was demoralized and lacked food and grass, so they withdrew from the front line. Wang Jian took the opportunity to pursue, wiped out the main force of the Chu army, occupied Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured the Chu king to bear the cud. The Chu people restored Changping Jun as king. Wang Jian then led his army across the Yangtze River, pacified the south of the Yangtze River, established Kuaiji County, and Chu fell. In the twenty-fifth year of the Qin Dynasty (222 BC), Wang Ben captured Liaodong and captured King Xi of Yan; then he captured Dai City and captured Wang Jia of Zhao Dynasty. Yan and Zhao were completely destroyed, and Qin Shihuang established Yanmen County in Dai. In the twenty-sixth year of King Qin's reign (221 BC), Wang Ben led his army south to attack Qi. King Jian of Qi surrendered without a fight, and Qi fell. At this point, Qin destroyed the six kingdoms and unified the world.

[Edit this paragraph] Political system

The establishment of the authoritarian centralized system

Qin Shihuang Zhao Zheng In 221 BC, Qin King Zhao Zheng[3][ 4] (reigned from 247 BC to 210 BC) unified the six countries, ended the long-term separation of princes, and established a vast country with Xianyang as its capital. The country's territory stretches from Liaodong in the east, to Yumenguan and Longxi in the west, to the Great Wall in the north, and to northern and central Vietnam in the south, covering an area of ??more than 5 million square kilometers. The King of Qin also adopted the legendary titles of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, declaring himself the first emperor of the country, the First Emperor, and his descendants would inherit the title from generation to generation, calling him the Second and Third Emperors. He believed that the system of posthumous titles based on the emperor's behavior after death was a "son's discussion of his father, ministers' discussion of the emperor", which was detrimental to the emperor's dignity, so he announced its abolition. He stipulated that the emperor should call himself "I" and formulated a set of court etiquette and document systems that respected the emperor and restrained his ministers. These are all to show the emperor's supreme authority and that Qin's rule will be unified and stable for eternity. The feudal system of establishing vassal states and establishing countries since the Zhou Dynasty is incompatible with imperial autocracy and unifying the country, so it must be changed. In the twenty-sixth year of the First Emperor's reign (221 BC), Prime Minister Wang Wan asked the princes to be granted the title of King of Yan, Qi, and Chu, which was approved by the ministers. Tingwei Li Si opposed all opinions and advocated the abolition of the system of enfeoffing princes and the comprehensive implementation of the county system. Qin Shihuang accepted Li Si's suggestion and divided the country into thirty-six counties, and later added more than forty counties. These counties were completely controlled by the central government and the emperor and were local administrative units under the central government. A centralized system was established. In the 28th year of the First Emperor's reign (219 BC), a stone inscription on Mount Yi said: "In memory of the troubled times, we divided the land and built a country to open up arguments"; "Now that the royal family has one family and the world, the army will no longer rise." This shows that Qin Shihuang believed that abolishing feudal counties was necessary to eliminate military strife in various places. Qin Shihuang used the official system of the Qin State during the Warring States Period as the basis, adjusted and expanded the official system, and built a new set of government agencies that met the needs of a unified country. In this organization, the central government has the prime minister, the Taiwei, and the Yushi doctor. The prime minister has two members, the left and right, who are in charge of political affairs. The Taiwei is in charge of military affairs and is not always in charge. The imperial censor is the second deputy of the prime minister, responsible for the secretary of books and supervising all officials. Below the prime minister, Taiwei, and Yushi officials are the ministers who are in charge of specific government affairs. Among them are the Lang Zhongling who is in charge of the palace gates, the guards who are in charge of the palace guards and troops, the lieutenants who are in charge of the guards of the capital, the court lieutenants who are in charge of punishment, and the The person in charge of grain production, domestic history, the taxation of mountains, seas, ponds, and government handicrafts to supply the royal family. The person in charge of the palace will be the person in charge of the Shaofu. The person in charge of domestic and ethnic affairs and foreign affairs will be the official. The official in charge of the rituals of the ancestral temple. , Zongzheng, who is in charge of royal family status, Taipu, who is in charge of horses, etc. The prime minister, Taiwei, Yushi and other ministers discuss government affairs, and the emperor makes a decision. Local administrative agencies are divided into county and county levels. The county has guards, lieutenants, and supervisors (supervisors and censors). The county governor is in charge of his county. The county lieutenant assists the county guard and conducts military affairs. Supervision by the County Supervisory Department. In counties, those with more than 10,000 households have orders, and those with less than 10,000 households have chiefs. The county magistrates and chiefs are led by chiefs, lieutenants and other subordinates. The main county and county officials are appointed and dismissed by the central government. There are townships below the county level. In the townships, there are three elders in charge of education, Shifu in charge of litigation and taxation, and Youyou in charge of public security. There are li in the countryside, which is the most basic administrative unit. There are Lidians in Li, and later generations call them Li Zheng and Li Kui, and they are called "haoshuai", that is, powerful ones. In addition, there are special agencies called pavilions for public security and banning thieves. The distance between the two pavilions is about ten miles. As early as the tenth year of Qin Xiangong (375 BC), the Qin State established the "household registration system" for the purpose of "reporting adultery". Later, Shang Yang stipulated that both men and women must be listed in the household registration after birth and be removed from the household registration after death; if they also "made the people miserable", they would be punished even if they were guilty. The Qin Code stipulates that migrants should visit officials to transfer their household registration, which is called "registration change." During the reign of the Qin Dynasty, the household registration system became more complete. In the 16th year of the Qin Dynasty (231 BC), men were ordered to declare their age, which was called "Book Year". According to the Yunmeng Qin bamboo slips, the Qin Dynasty's fifteenth male year (another estimate is seventeenth) contains the household registration for the public corvee, which is called "Fu Ji". The year of the book and the book of Fu are the basis for the country to recruit and recruit military personnel. In the 31st year of the First Emperor's reign, he "made the head of Guizhou own the land", that is, he ordered the people to declare the land themselves. Land is recorded in the household registration, which provides the main basis for the state to collect and issue rents and taxes.

In order to strengthen the defense of the north, Qin Shihuang built a straight road from Xianyang through Yunyang (now northwest of Chunhua, Shaanxi) to Jiuyuan (now west of Baotou, Inner Mongolia) in the thirty-fifth year of his reign (212 BC). Hundreds of miles. In the southwestern region, a five-foot road was built from the south of Yibin in present-day Sichuan to Zhaotong in Yunnan, and officials were set up nearby to rule. Qin Shihuang also fought against the ideological and political tendencies of separatism. At that time, some Confucian scholars and scholars hoped to restore the separatist situation of the aristocracy. They "went into the world and thought differently, and when they went out, they talked about it in the streets." They quoted "Poems", "Books", and hundreds of schools of thought, and regarded the past as the present. In the thirty-fourth year of the First Emperor's reign, Prime Minister Li Si requested that "Poems" and "Books" be burned and private schools eliminated. He suggested that "all historians, except those who record records of the Qin Dynasty, should burn them. Anyone who dares to collect "Poems", "Books" and Baijiayu in the world, except those who hold positions of doctorate officials, should be burned by Yishou and Weiza. Anyone who dares to even mention "Poetry" , "Book" refers to people who are not from the past. Those who fail to do so will be punished by the order of thirty days. If you want to learn the law, take officials as your teachers." Qin Shihuang accepted this suggestion, and the book burning incident occurred. The next year, the alchemists who sought elixir for Qin Shihuang made slanderous remarks and invited them to flee. Qin Shihuang sent the censor to spy on the alchemists in Xianyang, and killed more than 460 of them who were believed to have violated the ban. Under the historical conditions of early feudal society, in an era of fierce struggle between unification and division, it is understandable that Qin Shihuang used the method of burning books and entrapping Confucians to attack aristocratic politics. However, burning books and humiliating Confucians to destroy culture is an extremely barbaric and cruel thing, which has caused great losses to the preservation of ancient documents and the teaching of scholarship. Although Qin Shihuang's policy customization incorporated the ideas of Yin and Yang and other schools of thought, it was fundamentally based on Legalist ideas. "Burning poems and books", "taking the law as teaching", "taking officials as teachers", etc. more prominently reflect his Legalist thoughts. Qin Shihuang used the original Qin system as a standard to unify the country's political, economic, and cultural systems in an attempt to eliminate regional differences caused by long-term divisions and separatism as much as possible to facilitate unification. During the Warring States Period, although the basic structure of characters in various countries was the same, there were differences in the traditional and simplified fonts and the positions of radicals. Li Si was ordered to unify the script. Based on the script of Qin and the script of the Six Kingdoms, he formulated Xiaozhuan and wrote it as a model for implementation throughout the country. At that time, there was also a popular calligraphy called official script, which was simpler than Xiaozhuan. Qin Shihuang abolished the currencies of various countries in different shapes and sizes during the Warring States Period, and instead used gold as the upper currency and yi (twenty taels) as the unit; and used the old copper coins with round square holes in the Qin State as the lower currency. Two, as important as the text. Qin Shihuang used the standard weights and measures established by Shang Yang to unify the weights and measures across the country. Today, the power of the Qin Dynasty is engraved with the edict issued by the First Emperor in the twenty-sixth year (211 BC) to unify weights and measures. This kind of weight has been unearthed a lot and is widely distributed. It has also been found outside the Great Wall. It can be seen that the unification of weights and measures is serious and effective. Qin Shihuang also used laws to stipulate the allowable limits of errors in weights and scales. He stipulated that six feet was a step and 240 steps was an acre. However, the system of two hundred and forty steps per mu was actually only practiced in the old Qin and possibly the old Zhao territory. In many areas in the East, the system of one hundred steps per mu was still used until the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The unification of writing, currency, weights and measures provided convenient conditions for the development of economy and culture, and promoted the development of a unified country.