What is the official of the Nine Magistrates? How many grades are there?

Before getting to know the Nine Magistrates, let's get to know the composition of Beijing in the Qing Dynasty.

In Qing Dynasty, Beijing was divided into Miyagi, Imperial City, Inner City and Outer City.

Miyagi. Is Miyagi what we know? The Forbidden City? Located in the south of the inner city, it is 6 miles in circumference, 960 meters long from north to south and 760 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of 0.72 square kilometers. There are eight gates in Miyagi, with Tiananmen Gate, Duanmen Gate, Wumen Gate, Zuoye Gate and Right Yemen in the south, Donghua Gate in the east, Xihua Gate in the west and Shenwu Gate in the north. At the same time, a moat with a width of 52 meters was built around Miyagi in the Qing Dynasty. Yu He? .

Imperial capital The circumference of the Imperial City outside the Palace is 18 Li, which is 2.75 kilometers long from north to south, 2.5 kilometers wide from east to west and covers an area of 6.87 square kilometers. There are six gates in the Imperial City, Dong 'anmen, Nanda Qingmen, Bei 'anmen and Xi 'anmen.

The inner city is outside the imperial city, including Miyagi and Imperial City, with a circumference of 45 miles, a length of 6.65 kilometers from east to west, a width of 5.35 kilometers from north to south and an area of 35.57 square kilometers. There are nine gates in the inner city, namely Zhengyangmen, Chongwen Gate and Xuanwu Gate in the south, Chaoyangmen in the southeast, Dongzhimen in the north, Fuchengmen in the southwest, Xizhimen in the north, Andingmen in the north and Deshengmen in the west.

The outer city is located in the south of the inner city, with a length of 7.95 kilometers from east to west, a width of 3. 1 km from north to south and an area of 24.49 square kilometers. There are seven gates in the outer city, with Yongdingmen, Zuo 'anmen and You 'anmen in the south, Guangqumen and Dongbianmen in the east and Guanganmen and Xibianmen in the west.

In the Qing Dynasty, Miyagi was the residence of the Qing emperor, empress dowager and concubines. The imperial city is the residence of princes, county kings, Baylor, princesses and other royal families and Jue Luo; The inner city Lord is the headquarters of the Eight Banners. Of course, some Han officials are also allowed to live in the inner city. The outer city is the residence of Han Chinese and officials. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, as the outer city became more and more prosperous, some flags were moved here.

Understand the composition of Beijing in the Qing Dynasty, and then talk about the responsibilities of the Nine Magistrates.

What is the full name of the Nine Magistrates? Prefect, commander of five battalions of the Nine-door Step Army? Also known as? Infantry commander? , began in Shunzhi years, initially only under the jurisdiction of Manchuria and Mongolia infantry battalions and the Eight Banners of the Han Army, which was second-class. In the 13th year of Emperor Kangxi (1674), in order to strengthen the defense of the inner city of Beijing, Emperor Kangxi placed the Nine Affairs of the Inner City under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of War, so it was also called the Commander of the Step Army. Nine prefects? .

Since? Infantry commander? After the prefect's nine-door affairs, except Zhengyangmen, the other eight doors were guarded by the Eight Banners. Among them, the yellow flag is stationed in Andingmen, the yellow flag in Deshengmen, the white flag in Dongzhimen, the white flag in Chaoyangmen, the red flag in Xizhimen, the red flag in Fuchengmen, the blue flag in Chongwenmen and the blue flag in Xuanwu Gate.

Thirty years of Kangxi (169 1), February? Infantry commander? The power has been further expanded. Since the 13th year of Kangxi, after the jurisdiction of nine inner cities was stripped from the Ministry of War by Kangxi, the seventeen inner and outer cities in Beijing were under the jurisdiction of two different yamen, namely, the yamen under the command of infantry and the yamen under the supervision of the Ministry of War. Internal and external responsibilities are different and inconsistent. In case it is stolen, it is difficult to investigate? The reason is that the inner and outer cities belong to different yamen management, which is not conducive to the court's management of public security in the inner and outer cities.

In this way, in the 30th year of Kangxi, Kangxi put the 3rd Battalion in the outer city, namely, 3rd Battalion in China, 3rd Battalion in South China and 3rd Battalion in North China under the jurisdiction of 3rd Battalion in China. Since then, China 3rd Battalion, South China 3rd Battalion and North China 3rd Battalion have set up a participant and a guerrilla respectively. Chongwenmen 3rd Battalion is located in the pumping plant (now Jiankangli), Haidian 3rd Battalion (now Haidian) and 6th Battalion is located outside Xuanwu Gate. In addition, in order to facilitate the commander-in-chief of infantry to manage the public security and defense work in the inner and outer cities, the affairs of foreign ministers, which were originally in charge of the governor, Douchayuan and Wucheng, were also entrusted to him.

At this point, the functions and powers of the commander-in-chief of the infantry include not only the guard and access control of the nine gates in the inner city, but also the night patrol, fire fighting, compilation and inspection of Jiabao, prohibition of alcohol, arrest and escape from prison in the outer city. Since then, the seal of the step army has also become? Commander of the Third Battalion of the Nine-door Step Army Patrol? .

Forty-six years after Qianlong (178 1), in order to make the commander-in-chief of the infantry more fully responsible for the public security work in the inner and outer cities, it was decided that? Increase the left and right battalions of the Capital Division and the infantry patrol, combine the south, north and China into five battalions, and set up four battalions according to the south, north, left and right of the capital to meet the orientation? On the basis of the South, North and Middle Battalions, Qianlong added two left and right battalions to become the Middle, South, North, Left and Right Battalions, and then it became? Prefect, commander of five battalions of the Nine-door Step Army? .

Since then, the five battalions patrolling have been distributed in outer cities and suburbs (unlike the infantry battalion, which is composed of Manchu, Mongolian and Han Eight Banners, and the five battalions patrolling are composed of green camp soldiers). China Battalion is stationed in the Yuanmingyuan area, which governs five flood seasons (370 to 580 officers and men in each flood season) and is led by the second lieutenant. Yuanmingyuan is the residence of Shengjia? Therefore, Zhongying is the first of the five battalions, and its status is much higher than the other four battalions; Nanying is stationed in the outer city and the southern suburbs, under the jurisdiction of Liuhong, led by genuine generals, assisted by the third-grade guerrillas; The North Battalion is stationed in the northern suburbs, the Left 9 Battalion is stationed in the eastern suburbs, and the Right 9 Battalion is stationed in the western suburbs. These three battalions all have jurisdiction over the four seasons, and they are all led by correct generals and assisted by socialist guerrillas.

In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), the position of commander-in-chief of the cloth army was further promoted, and the rank was promoted from first grade. But at the same time, the power has been divided up a lot. Forty-six years after Qianlong, the 3rd Battalion, which belongs to Bujun, was expanded to 5th Battalion, with as many as 30,000 soldiers under its command. Such a force is definitely a force to be reckoned with in Beijing. At the same time, the commander-in-chief of the infantry always governs everything in the inner and outer cities, from defense to capture. It can be said that as long as it is found in the inner and outer cities, the nine magistrates have the right to manage. It can be imagined that once the infantry commander has infidelity, it is definitely a big threat to the emperor.

So, in order to divide the infantry and command excessive power, Jiaqing took it? The commander of the infantry is nine key guards, in charge of the Beijing battalion, and the general manager is responsible for arresting people. One person is in charge, but he is not too responsible, and he is afraid that it is difficult to check. You should set up another assistant manager to share your responsibilities? To this end, two company commanders, one left and one right, were added, of which the left company commander controlled the south battalion and the left battalion, and the right company commander controlled the north battalion and the right battalion, so as to divide their military strength. Then, Jiaqing returned it to the left and right company commanders? What if you sit with the infantry commander on all business? The power of.

In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), after Eight-Nation Alliance withdrew from Beijing, he resigned himself to the ground, and all the security matters were handed back to the Bujun yamen, where a police station was set up to command the patrol? At this time, the authority of the commander-in-chief of the infantry was further expanded. But in the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), to? Inner and outer city patrol headquarters? With the establishment of this organization, the power of arrest, which originally belonged to the commander of the infantry, was transferred to the patrol office. Since then, until the Qing dynasty, the command authority of the army has not changed.

To sum up, the functions and powers of the Qing Step Army mainly include:

First, responsible for the defense of the inner and outer cities of the capital. In the Qing dynasty, the guards and access control of the sixteen gates inside and outside were under the command of the infantry. At that time, officers and men were stationed and inspected at the nine gates of the inner city and the seven gates of the outer city, and the keys of the sixteen gates were also managed by the step army and the yamen. After closing the city gate every night, the key should be handed over to the command yamen of the step army, and it can only be recovered when the city gate needs to be opened again at dawn. Before that, it is not allowed to take it back to open the city gate without permission.

Of course, if a minister is ordered to leave the city, the officials guarding the Sixteenth Gate need to check the Yang Wen combination issued by Ouchi in advance. When they find it correct, they need to report it to the commander of the infantry. When the commander of the infantry army knows, he will hand over the Wen Yin team to the official. Then, after officials get the Wen Yin combination, they need to merge the Wen Yin combination with the Yang Wen He Fu combination. After the merger is correct, this officer can get the key to open this door from the yamen, the commander-in-chief of the infantry. Finally, then, the next day, the commander-in-chief of the infantry had to explain the details to the emperor and tell him when and why to open the city gate.

Second, the implementation of various prohibitions issued by the court. At that time, if the Qing court issued a ban on the inner and outer cities of Beijing, it was the step army that was responsible for implementation. For example, at that time, the Qing court issued a ban on opening opera gardens in the inner city, and at the same time, flag-bearers and officials were not allowed to enter the opera gardens. At this time, it is the commander-in-chief who is responsible for arresting the flag-bearer who violates the rules and checking whether there is a theater in the inner city.

For another example, at that time, the Qing court also issued a ban on officials from entering and leaving brothels and other places. For officials and others, I heard that there are still those who are sloppy and inferior to actors. Who wants to be dirty? Step by step, the army led the yamen to strictly investigate and deal with it, immediately tried and severely punished, so as to ban the customs? At this time, the commander of the infantry has the responsibility to order the soldiers to arrest these officials who violate the law and discipline.

In addition, in the Qing dynasty, there were various prohibitions on the illegal use of houses, cars and clothes by officials and people, hoarding rice and stones, setting fires in the inner city and preaching in the imperial city. For officials and people who violate these prohibitions, the commander-in-chief of the infantry also has the responsibility to order strict enforcement.

Third, compile and check Garbo. So-called? Garbo? It is a household registration management system with military management, which began in the Qin Dynasty. After the establishment of the Qing dynasty, the Qing court also implemented the Baojia system throughout the country. Of course, before Jiaqing, Beijing did not compile and investigate Garbo. However, it is precisely because the capital of the Qing Dynasty did not carry out Jiabao that Jiaqing appeared? Inside and outside the capital, there were many thefts, and even thieves in the imperial city refused to arrest and hurt people? And when the prisoners were arrested, their answer turned out to be? Residents of other provinces are scattered in Garbo, and the inspection is stricter. Unlike densely populated cities, it is easy to hide? .

After that, plus? What didn't happen in Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties? When Tian Li invaded the Forbidden City, Emperor Jiaqing, in desperation, ordered the Imperial Capital to implement the Baojia system and issued an imperial edict: Shi Jing immediately compiled Jiabao, thinking it was a good measure to make up for it? And after that? The customs of the imperial city, the inner and outer cities, and the outer cities should, according to the areas under the jurisdiction of the infantry, the five cities' suggestion and Shuntianfu, send officials as appropriate to compile Jiabao and check the balance of various official residences, shops and temples. . Even in a remote and empty place. We must strictly search the strength of officers to prevent bandits from hiding? Since then, the commander of the army has been given the responsibility of compiling and checking Garbo.

Fourth, hearing cases. The commander-in-chief of the infantry has the right to hear cases, which existed as early as the Kangxi period. In the 13th year of Kangxi (1674), Kangxi wrote: to try all cases of violation of laws and regulations, rapists, robbers, escaping thieves and so on discovered by the 3rd Battalion of the Eight Banners. The trial was a misdemeanor, and the step army led the yamen to end itself. If there are more than these crimes, record them and send them to the punishments for drafting. If the prisoners captured by the infantry battalion and reconnaissance battalion are minor criminals, the commander of the infantry battalion can close the case by himself, and those sentenced to more than one year in prison will be tried by the criminal department.

After seven years of Qianlong (1742), Qianlong sent a letter:? The Eight Banners Manchu Mongolian and Han Army committed a rape case, and the circumstances of the crime are as follows. Bujun was in charge of the trial and ended up with a clear-cut copy. For the rape committed by the deceased, Bujun, together with the full court officers of the three legal departments, was responsible for the trial, and it was clearly played. That is, if the Eight Banners Manchu-Han Army violates the law and discipline, the commander-in-chief of the infantry can try it by himself. If it is a death penalty case, it needs to be tried together with the Manchu officials of the Third Law Division.

Qianlong twelve years (1747), Qianlong further stipulated:? Five cities and magistrate yamen tried the case, except for minor crimes such as smashing sticks, or ended as usual. If the alleged circumstances in the lawsuit are inconsistent with the alleged and related charges, and the staff cannot complete them, they shall all be submitted to the Ministry of Punishment for trial and drafting, and shall not lead the way by themselves. A case should be sent to the Ministry, but it can't be sent to the Ministry. Will the judge hand it over to the Ministry for deliberation? That is, prisoners who commit minor crimes such as smashing sticks can still make their own decisions, and the rest of the cases, even suspected cases, need to be submitted to the Ministry of Punishment for trial. After that, if the commander-in-chief of the infantry army is found guilty by the yamen, as long as it is a misdemeanor such as smashing a staff, the commander-in-chief of the infantry army can try it by himself, while the rest of the cases must be tried by the Ministry of Punishment or together with the full staff of the Three Legal Departments.

Fifth, send a signal gun. In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), in order to strengthen the public order in the capital and speed up the assembly of the surrounding troops during the capital turmoil, the Qing court set up five guns and five lanterns in Baitashan (now Qionghua Island in Beihai Park) and Jiumen in the inner city. At the same time, in order to strengthen the management of these cannons, the Qing court set up a gold plaque on the rostrum of Jiumen in the inner city, saying? Ordered to shoot? 、? Send the artillery gold medal? Words, coexist in ouchi.

After that, if there are riots, enemy situations, fires and other emergencies in Beijing, officials can fire their guns with the gold medal order. Then, after hearing the gunfire, officers and men can immediately gather in different areas and wait for the imperial edict. In the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), the inner city Baitashan, Jiumen new castle and their management systems were placed under the jurisdiction of the commander-in-chief of Bujun.

To sum up, it can be said that the task undertaken by the commander-in-chief of the infantry is very important, which is related to the security of the capital and the stability of the political situation. For example, during the Yongzheng period, if Yongzheng had not bribed Longkeduo, the nine magistrates, I am afraid it would not have succeeded so smoothly. It is precisely because the authority he controls is very important that when the commander-in-chief of the infantry army appears, it is absolutely impossible and will not be a minister who is not close to the emperor.