Answer the reading questions with some Chinese idioms, aiming at junior high school students.

First, the integral satisfaction method

To solve the problem of subjective reading, we must first see the score of the problem clearly. Generally speaking, the answer to a question with more than 2 points often has more than two corresponding points, and the answer has at least two words or phrases or sentences. The grading of college entrance examination papers is based on the total score, and efforts should be made to achieve full score without omission.

Two. Looking for gold on the beach

The questioner is "setting questions according to the text" and the answer should also be "solving problems according to the text". When solving problems, we should filter the information in the specified paragraphs and carry out "gold panning in the sand", that is, eliminate redundant useless information and "find out" useful information. As long as there is no explicit provision, you should use or extract the words and sentences in the original text as much as possible when answering questions.

Three. Assembly welding method

The answers to some comprehensive questions are scattered in one or several paragraphs, so it is difficult to find the original words. Therefore, it is necessary to extract useful information according to the requirements of the question, and then transform, combine, compress and transform some words in the original words or texts as needed, and then "assemble and weld" them, and finally make an appropriate and standardized expression.

How to extract information from text? Generally speaking, there is no ready-made original sentence for short answer questions, and the answer information is scattered in the relevant paragraphs of the work, so the information should be "integrated". "Integration" is a very common way of information processing in modern society, and it is a process of extracting, sorting, summarizing and reorganizing information. There are several methods for reference:

1. Location extraction

The effective information needed for answering questions is scattered and embedded in paragraphs or sentences, so we can only locate the information first, that is, locate the problem of setting the stem of some paragraphs in the article, and then extract the information.

2. Stripping and finishing

That is, the extracted information is stripped and sorted, and the information is transformed into appropriate answers. Stripping is stripping and separation, in fact, it is a kind of "extraction" of information again, with the purpose of separating useful information from attached non-information words; Finishing is to preliminarily adjust and straighten out the useful information of the "stuck" components that have fallen off, which is mainly manifested in the determination of information quantity, primary and secondary shift and sequence arrangement.

3. Reorganization and optimization

That is, according to the intention of the proposer and the characteristics of the language, the information is reconfigured, and it is clear, smooth, concise and standardized through generalization, supplement, transformation and polishing.

4. Do as the Romans do and keep up with the times.

"When in Rome, do as the Romans do" means that the language in the answer should use Chinese professional terms and idioms as much as possible; "Timely" means that the expression in the answer should conform to the writing age of the article or the popular saying at present.

Function of structure: connecting the preceding with the following, natural transition, echoing from beginning to end, and rigorous structure. ...

The function of content and theme: strengthen, deepen, sublimate and make the finishing point. ...

The function of plot: suspense, foreshadowing and contrast ...

The function of rhetoric: contrast, contrast, exaggeration and vividness. ...

The role of writing skills: first promote and then suppress, playing hard to get, symbolization, combination of reality and fiction, and combination of praise and criticism. ...

Verb (abbreviation for verb) follows the leader.

This problem-solving method needs to read through the whole text, break through this sentence and this paragraph, fully grasp the conditions, let go of ideas, look back and carefully verify, in order to answer questions quickly and accurately.

Step 6 attack jade with stones

When answering short answers, we should make full use of the stem information of this question and the answer information of other questions (some small questions that appear first can also provide answers or thinking clues for the answers to big questions that appear later, and sometimes even small questions themselves are part of the answers to big questions that appear later).

Seven. Ways to reach the standard of words

The answer language should be standardized, try to use complete sentences to avoid language diseases; At the same time, if the number of words allows, on the premise of accurate semantics and writing, answer as many words as possible, that is, those that can be answered in phrases and sentences. Because since it doesn't exceed the number of words, you can answer more points, and the main points are often close to completion. Otherwise, you may forget things, leave the main points behind and lose points.

Ⅱ. Modern reading questions and training strategies.

1. There are four main types of problems.

1. Select type

According to the requirements of the stem, select the main points of information from the text to answer. The answer is usually the original sentence or the combination of important words in the text.

2. Explanatory type

This kind of questions often explain the abstract and implied key sentences or key sentences in the text, making them easy to understand. The key to solve this kind of problem is to find out the relationship between contexts and look forward and backward. The original sentence means "run away".

3. Analytical type

This type of question is often to analyze and explain the things and reasons, right and wrong in the reading materials. The key is to read through the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, clarify the internal relationship between things and reasons, and discuss the results according to the reasons, or discuss the reasons according to the results.

4. Summary type

That is, abstract the specific content of the article according to the requirements and extract the main content or essential characteristics of the paragraph. Generalization is comprehensive, and it needs comprehensive methods such as extraction, interpretation, analysis and induction to accurately generalize.

2. Training strategy

1. Global perception

Include two aspects:

One is the integrity of reading, that is, the overall understanding and macro grasp of reading materials. (1) topic background. Clarify the scope of the topic and related background context of the article. (2) Frame thinking. The frame structure of the article reflects the author's contextual thinking. (3) Theme and artistic conception. Grasping the theme and emotional tone of the article is the core and focus of understanding the article. (4) the characteristics of posture. We should grasp the different genres and language features of articles.

Second, the integrity of solving problems. (1) Focus on the whole chapter and never let go of any part. (2) Differentiate related words in specific context. (3) Grasp the connection between comprehensive big questions and piecemeal small questions.

Access to information

Include three aspects:

(1) according to the requirements of the test questions, quickly and accurately delimit the effective reading range of the answer questions and the interval for screening relevant information;

(2) according to the requirements of the stem, quickly and accurately put the starting point of the answer, and grasp the reading angle;

(3) Quickly and accurately distinguish the combination relationship and logical level of relevant parts in reading materials.

3. Standardize language expression

Includes two aspects. The first is the standardization of expression, that is, it must meet the requirements of the topic. For example, whether to fill in the blanks or answer briefly, whether to use the words in the original text or your own words, how many words are required, and the sentences must be fluent without typos. The second is the standardization of content expression. (1) Be comprehensive and don't miss the key points; (2) be concise and not scribble; (3) Be specific and avoid being vague; (4) the organization should be clear, whether it is expressed from one aspect or from several aspects, and all aspects should constitute a relationship of juxtaposition, causality and progression. , or one positive and one negative, before and after comparison, after reading it, it should give a clear impression.

Three. Answers to various questions in modern Chinese reading.

1. Understand the meaning of important words in the text (explain the meaning of words)

1. Browse the whole article and grasp the main idea.

In order to grasp the main idea of the article, we should first focus on the whole article, grasp the overall situation from a macro perspective, clarify the level of the article, and understand the essence of the article. Secondly, pay attention to the author, writing time and related notes. We should also pay attention to the topic and stem, and use the topic and stem to understand the author's writing intention and guess the purpose of the proposer.

2. Infer the meaning of a word from the context.

3. The basic principle of explaining words is "Words cannot be separated from sentences".

We must rely on the language environment in which words are located to give accurate explanations, and analyze the sentence structure and explain the meaning according to the collocation of words.

4. Use context to distinguish the referential meaning of words.

Generally speaking, in the context of such words, there are usually sentences that explain these words. Find these explanatory sentences and the answer will come out.

5. Understand words in combination with stylistic features.

Different styles have different requirements when using words. Writing prose, for example, often requires vivid images, sincere feelings, concrete and touching facts, and realistic description of details. Therefore, to explain the meaning of a word in prose, we must consider the stylistic characteristics of prose. So are the others.

6. Understand words by rhetorical means.

Metaphor: Turn unfamiliar things into familiar things, simplify profound truths, and concretize and visualize abstract things.

Contrast: Reveal the opposition between good and evil, good and evil, beauty and ugliness, which gives people a deep impression and inspiration.

Parallelism: enhance the momentum of the article.

Exaggeration: reveal the essence of things deeply and vividly, enhance the appeal of language and give people a deep impression.

7. Explain the text with certain skills.

(1) Synonym Mutual Solution. The same meaning is often expressed repeatedly in different sentences in different places of the same article, that is, it forms "synonymous mutual understanding"

(2) Mutual interpretation of conjunctions. Semantic coherence and inheritance can also form a "mutual understanding" relationship.

2. Understand the meaning of important sentences in the text

The so-called comprehension sentence includes three levels of meaning: (1) surface meaning, that is, literal meaning. (2) Intra-sentence meaning, that is, the contextual meaning (temporary meaning) of a sentence. (3) Extrasentence meaning (implication), that is, the meaning produced by saying this and meaning that.

The selected sentences must be important, meaningful and difficult to understand in the article.

(1) Several problems that should be paid attention to:

1. Explain important sentences according to the center of the article and the center of the paragraph, that is, "sentences cannot be separated from paragraphs". When answering questions, we should refer to the overall meaning of the main paragraph or the full text and explore the connotation of the core sentence in the context of the text.

2. Explain sentences according to the characteristics of sentence patterns. For example, in a single sentence, preposition or postposition is often the semantic focus; In complex sentences, the emphasis often falls on one of the clauses.

3. Analyze the meaning of the sentence according to its position. The first closed sentence usually summarizes the meaning of a paragraph or the whole article. To understand it, we must find and discover it from the content it guides. The ending sentence is often summative, so we should look for it from above if we want to understand it. Excessive sentences often summarize the previous paragraph and reveal the content of the next paragraph. To understand it, we must look for it from its context. Either way, the key is to find out its "jurisdiction", search for relevant content from the jurisdiction of the sentence, or summarize, refine and integrate it.

4. Grasp the adjacent sentences, grasp the language background materials of the sentences, and focus on the upper and lower sentences adjacent to this sentence, because it often implies the information of solving problems.

5. Distinguish the meaning of sentences according to modifiers. Modifier is often a window to reveal the connotation and extension of a sentence, from which the deep meaning of the sentence can be excavated.

6. Grasp sentences according to rhetorical features. Understanding the rhetorical methods adopted by the author can often solve the real purpose of writing some epigrams.

7. Analyze the meaning of sentences from the way of expression. For example, the discussion of narrative often plays the role of finishing touch, revealing the purpose and significance of narrative and the main idea of the article; Narratives in argumentative essays often appear as examples to prove arguments; Explain that the description in the text has the function of igniting the work and making it vivid.

(2) The methods of explaining sentences are as follows:

1. excerpt method: as the name implies, it is to choose the original sentence of the original text to answer.

2. concentration method: find the corresponding sentence in the original text and "concentrate" it into a standard sentence as an answer according to the number of words specified in the title.

3. Rewriting method: according to the topic, make some changes to one or several sentences in the original text to make them meet the requirements of answering questions.

4. splicing method: organically splicing a sentence scattered around the article to meet the requirements of the answer.

5. Imitation: According to the form of a sentence in the article, recreate a sentence with similar form but the content meets the requirements of the question to make it an answer.

6. Live translation: This refers to answering short answers with metaphors that contain the meaning of sentences. It can be interpreted through translation (living translation), and telling the ontology of this metaphor is equivalent to finding the answer.

7. Analysis method: This method is most useful for analyzing sentence level, sentence function, article level and the meaning of a certain writing method. When you answer, you can make your own answer according to your own understanding.

8. Comprehensive method: that is, the comprehensive application of the above two or more methods.

3. Filter and integrate the information in the article

"Screening information" is the first step to obtain information. From the perspective of examination, it is to eliminate irrelevant information and choose relevant information that meets the requirements according to the requirements of the test questions. "Integrating information" is the second step to obtain information. From the point of view of examination, it is to "screen" the relevant information according to the requirements of the examination questions, and to synthesize, summarize and summarize the relevant information to meet the requirements of the examination. Attention should be paid to the following issues:

1. To grasp the main content of the full text, only by grasping the main content can information be well screened and integrated.

2. According to the requirements of the topic, starting from the requirements of the examination questions, clear the criteria for screening information. If the test questions are relatively simple, you can directly extract important words from the text to answer; When the test questions involve a large range and the information interference time is long, we should adopt the method of seeking common ground, distinguish the primary and secondary information, and summarize and extract effective information according to the requirements of the test questions.

3. Master the common skills to answer such questions.

(1) Get relevant information according to the language tag. Such as titles, words, notes, words that are often mentioned or compared.

(2) According to repetition and careful confirmation of important information. Repetition and quotation are generally to emphasize something.

(3) Obtaining information by extracting keywords. Find keywords or sentences and get relevant information.

(4) Screening or obtaining information according to proposition requirements or topic tips.

(5) Grasp the words that can reflect the essential characteristics of the concept to obtain information.

Fourth, analyze the structure of the article and grasp the thinking of the article.

In order to grasp the general idea of the article, we should start with the analysis of the structure of the article and summarize the meaning of each paragraph. It is a means to grasp the context of the article and understand the author's writing intention and attitude by dividing the article into levels and clarifying the hierarchical relationship between paragraphs and sentence groups or sentences in paragraphs. The specific operation is as follows:

1. Grasping the whole text is the first step to answer the reading questions.

When doing the problem, we should grasp the content of the article as a whole and make clear the meaning and level of the article paragraph by paragraph. Only in this way can we clarify the thinking of the article.

2. Grasp the structural characteristics of different styles.

Narrative structure: look at the changes of time, space, feelings, stories, content and the progress of things.

Argumentative paper: The content is divided into three parts (introduction-questioning, theory-analyzing problems, conclusion-solving problems), and there are four structural types (juxtaposition, comparison, step by step and total score).

Explanatory text: Grasp the characteristics of time sequence, spatial order and logical sequence.

3. Pay attention to the symbols of language.

For example, there are ordinal numbers such as "first", "second" and "third" in structure; Levels are first, second and last. On the one hand, on the other hand, not only that, but also. You can also look at punctuation. One of the functions of punctuation marks is to distinguish levels, especially semicolons and periods (obvious signs to distinguish levels).

4. Pay attention to the central sentence. An article, finding the central sentence, is to roughly grasp the center of the article and grasp the theme of the article. A paragraph, grasping the central sentence, means that you can roughly understand the hierarchical structure of this paragraph. There are some excessive and summative sentences and the following sentences in the article, which are also important basis for us to answer questions and analyze the hierarchical relationship in paragraphs, so we should make full use of them.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) summarizes the main points of content and summarizes the central meaning.

"Summarize the main points of the content and summarize the central meaning" requires candidates to summarize the central points of sentences, paragraphs and even the whole article in their own words. It often asks questions from the following three aspects: whether (1) can summarize the specific content (such as a paragraph); (2) Whether the whole material center can be summarized; (3) Can you explain what is implied in the text (such as the characteristics of some people and things)?

Summarize the requirements of "content points":

1. The main points should be complete. It means that the main content of a paragraph cannot be omitted, and the main points of the paragraph must be found out one by one as required, especially the number of points specified in the title, which is the basic requirement of content summary.

2. The display angles should be consistent. Refers to the answer should meet the specific requirements of the topic, can not answer irrelevant questions.

3. Answer the language accurately. The answers to the main points and summary questions are concise, the number of words meets the requirements, and the form meets the requirements of the topic.

(A) the steps to solve the problem

1. Read the full text with the topic and grasp the main idea.

Reading with topics helps us to filter out relevant information faster and better. When reading, we should pay attention to the relevant contents of the title, the opening paragraph, the closing paragraph and the first and last sentences of each paragraph, and sort out the context of the full text. When reading, we should not only understand the literal meaning, but also try to get the implied information between the lines; We should not only pay attention to words that imply emotions, paragraphs that convey knowledge and paragraphs that elaborate opinions, but also pay special attention to new thinking that transcends norms.

2. Compare the examination questions, find the answer interval, screen out the relevant language materials, choose the answer angle and organize the answer language.

The language expression of such topics can be extracted, condensed, spliced, rewritten, translated, imitated, analyzed and synthesized.

3. Read the full text quickly and work out the answer.

(1) Pay attention to the logical relationship between paragraphs and grasp the core sentences-opening sentences, key sentences and inductive sentences, which are often the basis for refining the main points (or central meanings) of a paragraph (or full text). When summing up the central point of view, we should pay attention to maintaining the consistency of concepts. For the abbreviation of long sentences in the text, we should pay attention to grasp its main points.

(2) Pay attention to words that appear many times in the article and words with similar meanings. These words are the external expression of the main points and central meaning, which can not be ignored.

(3) When generalizing, attention should be paid to keeping the angle consistent, the level of generalization should be appropriate, the content coverage should be comprehensive and correct, the concept definition should be accurate, and the expression should be concise and accurate.

(4) Pay attention to the social background of the work, try to figure out the author's writing intention, and know people and discuss the world.

(5) Make full use of the information provided by the stem. The stem can often indicate the intention of the proposition, the direction of answering questions, the interval of answering questions and the method of answering questions.

(6) With the help of the common methods of summarizing the main points and central ideas:

Title method (answer with the title understanding as the center), opening method (answer with the central sentence in the first paragraph), ending method (answer with the meaning of the sentence that makes the finishing point), extracting key syntax (answer with lyric keywords discussed in the article), and self-drafting method (answer with the purpose of writing according to understanding).

(B) the method of summarizing the "content points"

1. Grab the key words and find the correct answer. When solving a problem, we should grasp the key sentences related to the answer and determine the specific position of the answer in the text. In most cases, there are some words and phrases that echo the topic, which provides great convenience for us to find the correct answer.

2. Analyze the sentence relationship and sort out the key points of the answer. After finding the approximate location of the answer, analyze the sentence relationship of the relevant content and extract the main points of the answer as required. Eliminate specious answers and screen out the correct answers that meet the requirements of the topic.

3. Read the meaning combination and summarize the main idea of the paragraph. It is to study the meaning composition inside the paragraph, abstract the information in the paragraph, and not miss the essential and important information.

4. According to the requirements of the topic, organize the answers accurately. When solving problems, we should not only correctly understand the author's original intention, but also accurately understand the proposer's intention. Each topic has its own specific answer requirements, such as language, number of words, angle, method and so on. Make clear the specific requirements of the topic before answering, so as not to lose points unnecessarily. Besides, we should attach great importance to the use of language. Generally speaking, we should try our best to use the original sentence and extract general keywords. If you want to use your own words, you should stick to the original intention and use some expressive sentences (such as idioms).

6. Analyze and summarize the author's views and attitudes in the article.

There are two kinds of exam questions: one is overall analysis and generalization, that is, the author's views and attitudes reflected in all materials are analyzed and summarized; The second is partial analysis and generalization, which not only analyzes and summarizes the author's views and attitudes reflected by one person and one thing, one word and one thing. Pay attention to several issues:

First of all, we should have a comprehensive view of the full text, base ourselves on the whole and grasp the main idea of the full text. What needs to be clear is that three points should be grasped in reading modern texts: understanding semantics, screening information and comprehensive analysis, which are the thinking thread when reading and solving problems.

Secondly, it is necessary to understand the writing background and intention of the article. Generally speaking, this information is often implied in the title of the selected text, related sentences in the text, the time indicated at the end of the text, the stem of the test questions and so on.

Third, we should pay attention to the analysis of important sentences. For example, there are argumentative and lyrical sentences in the narrative, central and excessive sentences in the argumentative and lyrical prose, repetitive and summary sentences in the article, and the beginning and end of the article. , which often directly or indirectly contains the author's point of view.

Fourth, pay attention to the angle. (1) Pay attention to the stylistic angle. The sentences in literary works are characterized by implication, ambiguity and emotionality. (2) Pay attention to the topic angle. Answer questions around the topic, and you will be more sure whether the answer is correct or not. (3) Pay attention to the angle of proposition. The proposer's ideas are as follows: ① Try to let candidates use the sentences in the text as the basic materials for answering questions; ② Try to take care of the reading and thinking order of candidates; ③ Strive to embody the process from semantic understanding to comprehensive analysis; (4) Strive to form a series of contents from shallow to deep; ⑤ From filling in the blanks to screening short answers, try to keep the questions stable and tidy.

Fifth, we should organize the expression language.

7. Reasoning and imagining according to the content of the article (omitted)

Eight. Appreciate the image, language and expression skills of literary works

1. Look at the topic first and make clear the requirements.

Examining the requirements of dry test and reading the article carefully with questions will help you find the answer quickly.

2. Grasp the full text and answer in order.

On the basis of careful reading, grasp the full text, pay attention to key words, grasp the center of the article, understand the meaning and level of the paragraph, and clarify the author's thoughts and tendencies. Then answer one question at a time.

3. Several problems that need attention

(1) overall concept.

(2) Make full use of the keywords in the original text.

(3) Appreciating the expressive skills under the premise of ideological content; And according to the expression skills, to analyze the emotional tone and ideological content of the work. Use association and imagination to appreciate and supplement the image of the work, and use your own perception of language to appreciate the exquisite language of the work.

(4) Grasp the stylistic features, use the basic stylistic knowledge you have mastered, and answer questions skillfully.

(5) pay attention to break through the mindset and analyze the specific situation, and don't exaggerate or derogate at will.

4. After answering the questions, check them carefully.

9. Evaluate the ideological content of the article and the author's views and attitudes.

We must adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts and make an objective and appropriate evaluation of the works. You can't be unprincipled or deliberately belittled. The evaluation should be closely related to the work content, well-founded, concrete and thorough. Need to start from the following aspects:

(1) General meaning. Read the full text, understand the meaning of the text, grasp the theme of the work, and understand the author's views and attitudes. Pay attention to key words and paragraphs, and be aware of them, so as to answer questions in context.

(2) the significance of the exam. Look at the tips of the test content, the requirements of the answers, and pay attention to the relevant tips.

(3) buckle words. Keywords, sentences and paragraphs are the key to express the author's thoughts, feelings, opinions and attitudes, so we should hold on to them. Also find the corresponding paragraphs, deduce the key words, contact the context, and carefully analyze the answers.

(4) tell the truth. We should be good at analyzing, understanding and evaluating works with reference to common sense.

(5) According to common sense. Appreciate with true feelings and judge with "humanity"