What is the environmental situation in our provinces?

Shanxi, the most polluted province in China.

The lightest polluted area-Xizang Autonomous Region.

Environmental pollution in China

Environmental pollution is caused by human factors, which changes the composition or state of the environment. Compared with the original situation, the environmental quality has deteriorated, disrupting and destroying the ecosystem and people's normal production and life. When the pollution is serious, there will be "public hazards". Pollution is a common but insensitive phenomenon faced by modern human society. From industrial production to agricultural production, from daily necessities consumption of daily necessities department stores to various products of eating, drinking and having fun, from telecommunications, information technology to weapons of war, all have caused pollution to the environment and human society. For example, chemical products, automobile exhaust, industrial wastewater, toxic metals, crude oil leakage, solid waste, pesticides, herbicides, various drugs, detergents, washing powder, refrigerants, preservatives, water pollution, acid rain, greenhouse effect, depleted uranium bombs and even noise pollution of troops and ships in the ocean. ......

According to the national environmental bulletin in 2002, non-point source pollution in China is still very serious. For example, the pollution levels of the seven major water systems are Haihe River, Liaohe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Songhua River, Pearl River and Yangtze River. The serious pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus in major lakes leads to serious eutrophication of Caohai Lake in Dianchi Lake and slight eutrophication of Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake.

In 2002, the total amount of wastewater discharged in China was 43.95 billion tons, an increase of 65,438 0.5% over the previous year. The total emission of sulfur dioxide in waste gas in China is 6.5438+09266 million tons, the total emission of smoke and dust is 6.5438+001270,000 tons, and the total emission of industrial dust is 94 1000 tons. Nearly two-thirds of the cities' air quality did not reach Grade II standard. Urban road traffic noise 4.9% of cities are seriously polluted, 17.2% are moderately polluted, and 64.3% are lightly polluted. The regional environmental noise situation is: cities with serious pollution, moderate pollution, light pollution and good acoustic environment quality account for 3.4%, 44.2%, 48.6% and 3.8% respectively. The national industrial solid waste output was 950 million tons, up by 6.5% over the previous year.

1 air pollution

Important pollutants (sources) in the atmosphere include inhalable particles, ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (nitrogen oxides), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and so on. In addition to the air pollution caused by these pollution sources, there are photochemical smog formed by secondary pollution, which will also cause serious air pollution. Photochemical smog is caused by secondary pollution. Under the action of sunlight, nitrogen oxides emitted from automobile exhaust and hydrocarbons emitted from factories have a series of chemical reactions in the ultraviolet region with the wavelength below 4000× 10-5m, resulting in photochemical peroxide products such as ozone O3 and peroxyacyl nitrate, as well as various components such as free radicals and aldehydes and ketones, forming a highly toxic blue smoke floating in the air, which is called "photochemical smog".

According to the function of human social activities, air pollution sources can be divided into industrial pollution sources, agricultural pollution sources, traffic pollution sources and domestic pollution sources.

Industrial pollution source refers to the pollution source formed by smoke, dust and harmful compounds discharged by industrial and mining enterprises such as thermal power generation, steel, chemical industry and silicate in the production process and technology. Due to the different production nature and technology of different industrial and mining enterprises, the types and quantities of pollutants discharged by such pollution sources are quite different, but they have a common feature: centralized emission sources, high concentration and strong local pollution intensity. It is the chief culprit of urban air pollution.

Agricultural pollution sources are mainly the volatilization and diffusion of harmful substances caused by improper application of pesticides, chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers, and the pollution sources formed by NOX, CH4 and volatile pesticide components escaping into the atmosphere in the late stage of application.

Traffic pollution source refers to the tail gas discharged into the atmosphere when vehicles, planes, trains and ships are running. This kind of pollution source belongs to mobile pollution source, and the main pollutants are smoke, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, metal dust and so on. This is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of urban atmospheric environment.

Domestic pollution sources refer to residents' daily cooking, heating, bathing and other activities, burning fossil fuels and discharging pollutants such as smoke, SO2 and NOX into the atmosphere. This kind of pollution source is a fixed source, which has the characteristics of wide distribution, large displacement and low pollution degree. It is a pollution source that cannot be ignored in some cities.

Environmental conditions in China.

Since the 1960s, people have often used environmental quality to indicate the degree of environmental pollution. Natural disasters, resource utilization, waste discharge, population size and cultural status will all change or affect the environmental quality of a region. There are many kinds of environmental problems, which can be divided into two categories from the root: one is the primary environmental problems caused by natural evolution and natural disasters, also known as primary environmental problems, mainly including earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, droughts, typhoons, landslides, mudslides and other natural disasters. One is the secondary environmental problem caused by human activities, which is also called secondary environmental problem. Secondary environmental problems are generally divided into two categories: environmental pollution and ecological environment destruction. Usually, it is difficult to completely separate the primary and secondary environmental problems, and they often influence and interact with each other. Since the beginning of the new century, national environmental security has become the focus of attention. Some politicians in the world believe that it is not only foreign invasion that threatens national security, but also serious environmental pollution and ecological destruction, invasion of alien species and environmental invasion caused by competition for resources directly affect national security. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, in order to ensure the national environmental security, China took water pollution and air pollution as the control focus, which significantly improved the environmental quality of large and medium-sized cities. In order to ensure the water quality safety of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the Three Gorges reservoir area, important ecological function protection zones will be established at the source of major rivers such as the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, and a number of high-quality nature reserves will be built in places rich in species. However, there are still many hidden dangers in China's environmental security, which are mainly manifested in the following aspects: water resources are short and seriously polluted, 50% of urban drinking water comes from lakes (reservoirs), and most of these lakes are in a state of serious eutrophication, and the pollution of groundwater by harmful substances directly affects people's lives and economic development; Regional acid rain pollution, serious urban air pollution and harmful organic pollution directly endanger people's health; The deteriorating ecological environment threatens the survival and reproduction of the Chinese nation; The sharp decline of biodiversity and the invasion of alien species threaten the future development.

I. Environmental Pollution in China

Environmental pollution is caused by human factors, which changes the composition or state of the environment. Compared with the original situation, the environmental quality has deteriorated, disrupting and destroying the ecosystem and people's normal production and life. When the pollution is serious, there will be "public hazards". Pollution is a common but insensitive phenomenon faced by modern human society. From industrial production to agricultural production, from daily necessities consumption of daily necessities department stores to various products of eating, drinking and having fun, from telecommunications, information technology to weapons of war, all have caused pollution to the environment and human society. For example, chemical products, automobile exhaust, industrial wastewater, toxic metals, crude oil leakage, solid waste, pesticides, herbicides, various drugs, detergents, washing powder, refrigerants, preservatives, water pollution, acid rain, greenhouse effect, depleted uranium bombs and even noise pollution of troops and ships in the ocean. ......

According to the national environmental bulletin in 2002, non-point source pollution in China is still very serious. For example, the pollution levels of the seven major water systems are Haihe River, Liaohe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Songhua River, Pearl River and Yangtze River. The serious pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus in major lakes leads to serious eutrophication of Caohai Lake in Dianchi Lake and slight eutrophication of Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake.

In 2002, the total amount of wastewater discharged in China was 43.95 billion tons, an increase of 65,438 0.5% over the previous year. The total emission of sulfur dioxide in waste gas in China is 6.5438+09266 million tons, the total emission of smoke and dust is 6.5438+001270,000 tons, and the total emission of industrial dust is 94 1000 tons. Nearly two-thirds of the cities' air quality did not reach Grade II standard. Urban road traffic noise 4.9% of cities are seriously polluted, 17.2% are moderately polluted, and 64.3% are lightly polluted. The regional environmental noise situation is: cities with serious pollution, moderate pollution, light pollution and good acoustic environment quality account for 3.4%, 44.2%, 48.6% and 3.8% respectively. The national industrial solid waste output was 950 million tons, up by 6.5% over the previous year.

1 air pollution

Important pollutants (sources) in the atmosphere include inhalable particles, ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (nitrogen oxides), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and so on. In addition to the air pollution caused by these pollution sources, there are photochemical smog formed by secondary pollution, which will also cause serious air pollution. Photochemical smog is caused by secondary pollution. Under the action of sunlight, nitrogen oxides emitted from automobile exhaust and hydrocarbons emitted from factories have a series of chemical reactions in the ultraviolet region with the wavelength below 4000× 10-5m, resulting in photochemical peroxide products such as ozone O3 and peroxyacyl nitrate, as well as various components such as free radicals and aldehydes and ketones, forming a highly toxic blue smoke floating in the air, which is called "photochemical smog".

According to the function of human social activities, air pollution sources can be divided into industrial pollution sources, agricultural pollution sources, traffic pollution sources and domestic pollution sources.

Industrial pollution source refers to the pollution source formed by smoke, dust and harmful compounds discharged by industrial and mining enterprises such as thermal power generation, steel, chemical industry and silicate in the production process and technology. Due to the different production nature and technology of different industrial and mining enterprises, the types and quantities of pollutants discharged by such pollution sources are quite different, but they have a common feature: centralized emission sources, high concentration and strong local pollution intensity. It is the chief culprit of urban air pollution.

Agricultural pollution sources are mainly the volatilization and diffusion of harmful substances caused by improper application of pesticides, fertilizers and organic fertilizers, as well as the pollution sources formed by NOX, CH4 and volatile pesticide components escaping into the atmosphere in the late stage of application.

Traffic pollution source refers to the tail gas discharged into the atmosphere when vehicles, planes, trains and ships are running. This kind of pollution source belongs to mobile pollution source, and the main pollutants are smoke, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, metal dust and so on. This is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of urban atmospheric environment.

Domestic pollution sources refer to residents' daily cooking, heating, bathing and other activities, burning fossil fuels and discharging pollutants such as smoke, SO2 and NOX into the atmosphere. This kind of pollution source is a fixed source, which has the characteristics of wide distribution, large displacement and low pollution degree. It is a pollution source that cannot be ignored in some cities.

Wind erosion refers to the phenomenon of soil erosion caused by the lack of vegetation cover on the surface, loose and dry soil paper and scattered soil particles by the wind. In recent years, sandstorms have occurred frequently in China, which is closely related to soil wind erosion caused by forest destruction, overgrazing and grassland reclamation. The high evaporation rate of surface water in arid areas will lead to salinization of soil surface. In rocky desertification areas, topsoil is lost, rocks are exposed, and there is no vegetation or only a small amount of vegetation grows in cracks with a small amount of soil.

At present, the potential desertification area in China is about 3,365,438+7,000 square kilometers, accounting for 34.6% of the country's land area, including 2.62 million square kilometers, accounting for 27.3% of the country's land area, more than twice the total cultivated land area in China, and it is expanding at a rate of more than 2,460 square kilometers per year. There are nearly 400 million people living in desert areas and affected by desertification, and the direct economic losses caused by desertification reach 54 billion yuan every year. In recent 10 years, 220 million mu of grass in Inner Mongolia has been damaged to varying degrees by digging Nostoc flagelliforme, of which 60 million mu of grassland has become desert, and the rest are also in the process of desertification, which has caused direct economic losses of 3 billion yuan to animal husbandry every year, and the ecological damage loss is immeasurable. The average annual area of rocky desertification in China is about 2,500 square kilometers.

The barbaric exploitation of nature by human beings leads to the spread of desertification, which in turn leads to the rampant sandstorm. Sandstorm has become a sign of increasing desertification. According to historical records, there were 70 sandstorms in China in the past century. It happened every two years in the 1960s and 1970s, and every year in the 1990s. It happened 12 times in 2000 alone. 200 1, 1, 1 day sandstorms affect most parts of northern China, and sand blowing occurs in Beijing. In the spring of 200 1 year, there were 18 sandstorm weather processes in * * areas in northern China, among which the strong sandstorm process reached 4 1 day.

Sandstorms bring casualties and health damage to human beings. Outdoor workers were killed by sandstorms in Beijing and Shanxi. Whenever the sandstorm comes, the number of respiratory and ophthalmic patients admitted to the hospital will increase exponentially. Sandstorms seriously threaten traffic and bring great inconvenience to our lives. More than 3,000 kilometers of railways, 30,000 kilometers of highways and 50,000 kilometers of land in China have been harmed by sandstorms all the year round. Sandstorms have reduced the limited land resources and quality in China. More than 50,000 villages across the country are often hit by sandstorms, and thousands of farmers and herdsmen have become "ecological refugees".

Soil pollution is a by-product of industrialization. It can be said that all pollution sources come from industrial production. Soil pollution includes sewage irrigation pollution, acid rain pollution, heavy metal pollution, pesticide and organic pollution, radioactive pollution, pathogenic bacteria pollution and compound pollution caused by various kinds of pollution. According to reports, at present, the cultivated land area polluted by heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic and chromium in China is nearly 300 million mu, including 65.438+0.5 billion mu of cultivated land polluted by "three wastes" and more than 2 million mu of cultivated land invaded and destroyed by solid waste. More than 80 million mu of cultivated land is polluted by air; Farmland irrigated by sewage accounts for 7.3% of the total irrigation area in China; The area of farmland polluted by pesticides is 65.438+0.4 billion mu, and the average application of pesticides per hectare is about 654.38+0.4 kg, which is twice that of developed countries, but the effective rate is only 30%. A large number of pesticides are lost to the atmosphere, water, soil and agricultural products, and pesticide residues in soil are increasing year by year.

In addition, excessive input of chemical fertilizer makes nitrate accumulate in soil, which threatens the quality and safety of groundwater and agricultural and sideline products; Plastic film residues used for many years are difficult to degrade in soil; Even the organic fertilizer that was once considered beneficial has undergone qualitative change. Because a large number of trace elements such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese, cobalt, selenium, iodine, antibiotics and growth hormones are added to livestock feed, when these things are discharged with livestock manure and enter the soil as organic fertilizer, it will pollute the environment.

Soil pollution will bring serious economic losses. The annual grain yield reduction in China caused by soil heavy metal pollution alone is more than100000 tons, and the grain polluted by heavy metals is as high as120000 tons every year, * * * about 20 billion yuan. Soil pollution makes the quality of agricultural and sideline products decline continuously, and the content of heavy metals in food such as grain, vegetables and fruits in many places exceeds the standard or approaches the critical value. Some polluted farmland produces "cadmium rice", and some vegetables in sewage irrigation areas have unpleasant smells. Soil pollution is enriched into human and animals through the food chain, which endangers health and causes diseases. According to the investigation, the cadmium concentration of rice in a mining area in Guangxi seriously exceeded the standard due to sewage irrigation, and the local residents' long-term consumption of this "cadmium rice" has reached the third stage of "common pain". In some areas, many people suffer from various diseases because of drinking sewage for a long time.

Polluted topsoil will enter the atmosphere and water body under the action of wind or water power, causing secondary ecological and environmental problems such as air, surface water and groundwater pollution. If the urban population density is high, pollutants in the topsoil can enter the human body through the respiratory system with dust, which will affect health. In addition, pollutants in soil will gradually transfer to groundwater through precipitation, resulting in groundwater pollution. Heavy metals such as fluorine, mercury, cadmium and arsenic were detected in groundwater of Chuansha sewage irrigation area in Shanghai. Some rural wells in the suburbs of Chengdu have also experienced excessive pollutants such as mercury, chromium, phenol and cyanide due to soil pollution.

Soil pollution is not as intuitive as air, water or waste pollution, but can be felt or discovered through the senses. Soil pollution is like an invisible killer, with concealment and lag. It needs to be determined by soil sample analysis and crop residue detection, and its concealment makes its impact on human or livestock health often discovered long after pollution occurs. Soil pollution is cumulative. It is not as easy to migrate, diffuse or dilute as pollutants in the atmosphere or water. Once pollutants enter the soil, they will continue to accumulate until they exceed the standard. Therefore, soil pollution is irreversible and it is very difficult to control. Even if the pollution source is cut off, it is difficult to recover by dilution or self-purification.

4. Solid waste pollution

All kinds of solid wastes produced by human society, such as urban household garbage, construction garbage, cleaning garbage and dangerous garbage (waste batteries, lamps and other chemical and biological dangerous goods, including radioactive waste), have become serious social problems in real life. For example, disposable fast food boxes, plastic bags and other garbage known as "white pollution" will have a degradation cycle of hundreds of years, and incineration will produce toxic gases. There are three main sources of solid waste in China.

One is industrial solid waste. It is mainly all kinds of waste residue, sludge and dust discharged into the environment during industrial production and processing, of which waste residue is the main one. It is large in quantity, diverse in variety, complex in composition and difficult to handle. From 65438 to 0996, the output of industrial solid waste in China (excluding township enterprises) was 660 million tons. Industrial solid waste has become one of the outstanding environmental problems recognized by the world. To effectively prevent the environmental pollution caused by this, the most fundamental method is to comprehensively utilize these wastes through recovery, processing and reuse. With the increasingly acute environmental problems and the increasing shortage of resources, people pay more and more attention to the comprehensive utilization of industrial solid waste.

The second is waste. The recycling rate of waste materials in China is only 1/4 ~ L/3 of the world advanced level, and a large number of renewable resources have not been recycled, resulting in serious losses and pollution. According to statistics, millions of tons of scrap steel, 6 million tons of waste paper and 2 million tons of glass are not recycled every year in China, and the economic losses caused by the loss of renewable resources reach 25-30 billion yuan every year.

The third is municipal solid waste. The output of municipal solid waste in China is growing rapidly, with an annual growth rate of 8 ~ 10%. At present, the treatment rate of municipal solid waste is low, only 55.4%, and nearly half of the garbage is piled up at will without treatment, resulting in the phenomenon of garbage siege in two-thirds of cities.

The traditional way of garbage disposal and dumping in China is a way of "pollutant transfer". However, the number and scale of existing garbage disposal sites are far from meeting the requirements of urban garbage growth, and most of the garbage is still piled up in the open air, which has caused great immediate and potential harm to the environment, frequent pollution accidents and increasingly serious problems.

Occupy a lot of land and seriously damage farmland. Garbage piled up in the suburbs encroached on a large number of farmland. Untreated or not strictly treated domestic garbage is directly used in farmland, or farmers simply treat it before using it in farmland, which has serious consequences. Because this kind of garbage fertilizer has large particles and contains a lot of impurities such as glass, metal, broken bricks and tiles, it destroys the aggregate structure and physical and chemical properties of soil, resulting in the decline of soil water and fertilizer conservation ability.

Pollute the air. The site where a large amount of garbage is piled up in the open air is stinking, rats are infested, mosquitoes and flies breed, and a large number of pollutants such as ammonia and sulfide are released into the atmosphere. There are more than 100 kinds of organic volatile gases alone, which contain many carcinogens and teratogens.

Polluted water body. Garbage not only contains pathogenic microorganisms, but also produces a large number of acidic and alkaline pollutants in the process of stacking corruption, and dissolves heavy metals in garbage. These components penetrate into the soil through rainwater, which will cause serious pollution to surface water or groundwater.

Garbage explosion accidents keep happening. With the increase of organic matter content in municipal solid waste, the open-air decentralized reactor is transformed into a centralized reactor, and methane gas is produced only by simple covering. The harm of biogas produced by garbage is becoming increasingly prominent, with constant accidents and huge losses. For example, 1995 There were three consecutive garbage explosions in the garbage dump in Changping District, Beijing.

Dry battery is one of the most widely used commodities in people's daily life. From cameras, tape recorders, calculators, electronic dictionaries to pocket computers, dry batteries are essential. The battery contains a lot of heavy metals, acids, alkalis and other substances. During normal use, these substances are encapsulated in the shell and will not cause harm to the environment and human body. However, when the battery is abandoned, due to long-term mechanical or corrosive action, heavy metals, acids and bases inside it will leak out, which will bring serious environmental pollution.

For a long time, when producing dry batteries in China, a toxic substance-mercury or mercury compounds has to be added. China is a big producer and consumer of dry batteries, with an annual output of 654.38+0.5 billion, ranking first in the world and a consumption of 7 billion. Because it was not recycled, it lost 6.5438+0.700 tons of copper, 37,000 tons of zinc and 226,000 tons of manganese powder. The mercury content of alkaline dry batteries in China is 1 ~ 5%, and that of neutral dry batteries is 0.025%. Dozens of tons of mercury are used to produce dry batteries in China every year. Mercury is the most harmful element to the environment in batteries, and both mercury and mercury compounds are toxic. Scientists have found that mercury has obvious neurotoxicity and has adverse effects on endocrine system and immune system.

5. Pollution and transfer of toxic wastes

The pollution and transfer of toxic wastes mainly include persistent organic pollutants and medical wastes.

Persistent organic pollutants are generally divided into three categories: agricultural chemicals (pesticides), industrial chemicals and by-products produced in industrial processes, and solid waste combustion. These organic chemicals fill every corner of our lives, and will pollute the atmosphere, soil, water and other environments in various forms in the process of production, transportation, use and abandonment.

DDT, HCB, chlordane and mirex are still produced and used in China. In addition, there are a large number of discarded or still-used devices containing PCBs. Dioxin, furan, hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls are also widely produced in combustion, production and life. Although waste transformers and other equipment containing PCBs have been stored in China since the 1970s, PCBs are still used as impregnants and paint additives for power capacitors. In the process of power generation, steel making, cement production, chlor-alkali production, paper making, organic chemical production and garbage incineration, there are also 17 substances listed in the POPs Convention that may produce dioxins. In addition, sodium pentachlorophenol, the main drug used for schistosomiasis control, also contains a certain concentration of dioxins. At present, although the total production of DDT in China has been greatly reduced compared with that in 1970s, DDT has been widely used as a main pesticide in China for a long time, and it can be detected in environment, crops, fruits, tea, meat, animals and human tissues.

Hospital waste refers to all waste materials produced in the hospital, including medical waste and all kinds of unpolluted waste that have no direct harm to people and the environment. Among them, medical waste accounts for about 20% of hospital waste. Various medical institutions in China produce about 1700 tons of medical waste every day, with an annual output of1650,000 tons. Due to the imperfect equipment and legal system of management and disposal, the treatment of medical waste in China is mainly self-incineration, and some areas are unable to build incineration facilities, and medical waste and domestic waste are mixed and landfilled. In some areas, although centralized medical waste treatment measures have been implemented, hospitals still select marketable things for sale first, and then burn the remaining things, which leads to medical waste being used by illegal traders and flowing into society, leading to disease epidemic and pollution spread.

Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes refers to the transfer of hazardous wastes from one country to another or through a third country. This cross-border transfer began in the 1970s. 1At the end of the 1980s, developed countries transferred 50 million tons of hazardous waste to developing countries every year, and there were 9,000 transboundary movements in North America alone. Because the import of waste is often accompanied by certain economic interests of the importing country, the vested interests of both sides often hit it off. The transfer of hazardous waste is often accompanied by the overall deterioration of the local ecological environment. In recent years, hazardous wastes have been transferred to China from time to time.