Who is more important, a scientist or a star?

Scientists, of course! Scientists refer to people who specialize in scientific research, including natural scientists and social scientists. Researchers in natural science and social science have achieved certain attainments and been recognized by relevant departments and industries, so they can all be called scientists. According to this statement, mathematicians, physicists and chemists, philosophers, writers and thinkers should all belong to the classification of scientists. The profession of scientists defines it as: digital representation and understanding of the unity of real nature and its related phenomena. All scientists are successful people, such as British physicist Newton, Polish astronomer Copernicus, Madame Curie, Einstein and China agronomist Yuan Longping.

Traditionally, mathematics is also a science, but in modern times, mathematicians are often not considered as scientists, because the methods of mathematical discovery and scientific discovery are different: scientific discovery can generally be proved by experiments, but many mathematical theories are just theories, and there is no experiment to do empirical research. Scientist-Introduction Fang Wensheng Fang Wensheng, a native of Hubei Province, was born in 1957 and graduated from Tongji Medical University in 1984. 1985- 1988 teaches at Tongji medical university. 1988- 1990 worked as a health consultant in the Union Medical College Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College. From 65438 to 0992, she was interviewed by medical experts in Love, Marriage, Family and Youth Monthly, and was reported continuously. 1993 was rated as an excellent doctor by Children of China and reported continuously by Children of China. 1996 was selected as the Who's Who of Cambridge International Celebrity Biography Center. 1997, his great contribution to medicine was recorded in China Cross-century Specialist Ceremony. From 65438 to 0998, his achievements in medicine were recorded in China Famous Doctors Festival, and in 2004, he became the "Peace Messenger of the United Nations International Science and Peace Week". Chief expert of "Meeting a Healthy Community". Professor Fang Wensheng is a member of the World Research Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine, a distinguished researcher of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, a professor of male and female infertility and rheumatism clinic in Huangshi City, Hubei Province, China, and a professor of Tongji Medical College. 199 1 year, the first specialized hospital for male and female infertility in China was established, and its reputation spread far and wide, which made tens of thousands of infertile patients happy with their sons, and was known as "Guanyin". People's Daily, CCTV, Xinhua Daily, Health News, China Women's Daily, Companionship, Love, Marriage and Family, Youth Monthly, Happiness, Chinese Children, China Cross-century Specialist Ceremony, China Famous Doctor Ceremony and other major domestic media have reported his exquisite skills. Scientists, this industry was born to "adapt to people's constantly improving material and cultural life". Imagine: driven by the basic survival forces of food and safety, the existence of semi-professional or even professional scientists really takes a detour-and the motivation behind this is nothing more than that people can get more "material" satisfaction. I believe this is also the original reason why science became a profession.

The development of society has reached this stage: we are gradually divorced from the living state of natural animals: all members must directly participate in obtaining the most basic means of survival, and a group of people are separated from the first-line material production because of technological progress, specializing in maintaining group safety-I believe this is an important milestone in the division of labor, although it may not be the first step. With the development of science and technology, most people don't have to participate in material production to meet people's most basic survival. When more people are liberated from the front line of satisfying their survival, the profession of scientists has evolved from the semi-professional state where group managers used to work part-time. And it is getting bigger and bigger-the reason is simple: human society has more spare capacity to explore how to get rid of the state of natural animals more easily. And the increase of surplus population-I mean the increase of people engaged in non-first-line production of necessities for survival-will inevitably expand all kinds of people who have been differentiated in various periods. I believe that the highest level is the group of scientists, who are differentiated at the latest, as a profession and as a crowd, to improve the living conditions of the whole crowd and observe the crowd. If the crowd is also a life, then we have evolved our own eyes and brain tissues. Don't argue with me that politicians are brain tissue. If you really want to make a metaphor, they are just a part of nerve tissue.

The most reported news on the Internet is nothing more than how people threaten, plunder and kill each other, followed by how people enjoy eating and drinking, how to fill restless hearts and how to be on tenterhooks all the time.

There are too many such examples. What role do science and scientists play when such a broken chariot rumbles forward?

The whole society is advancing, but we don't know where the direction is, and the traditional task of scientists is to make this broken car accelerate and get faster and faster. The original boring March has become melodious and harmonious because of the participation of science, but now, the sound of crashing the car body has become more and more discordant and even harsh. It must be said that this sound has exceeded the rolling forward and periodic cycle.

Scientists, this group, should consider what their mission is at this moment. The traditional mission: to promote people's easier and safer access to material survival materials, should it be revised?

Saving people's minds is more important than meeting their energy needs.

Finding the right direction of this cart in human society is more important than pushing it into darkness without knowing the future.

It's time for us to adjust our pace. It is really much better to calm down and think about what to do than to rush forward blindly and try your luck to meet what you want. This car is fast enough, whether the car itself can hold up or not, and how long it can hold up. We should not wait until it collapses to give an answer in hindsight.

Only scientists, the brain organization of human society, can make these judgments. This young group brought the big group of human society out of the era of natural animals. Now, most people in this world can not worry about the most basic means of survival. The main task of scientists is to change it.

The quality of a scientist must first be curiosity, curiosity about nature and curiosity about ordinary things. As far as I know, excellent scientists are curious about everything. They want to know the laws of things, and they have the ability to see the most essential side of things. As scientists, they can boil things down to the most basic simple and important laws, and learn many other things through these basic laws. What they know is not only a list, or an understanding of individual things, but a general understanding of them. These qualities should be possessed. In addition, excellent scientists must have perseverance. In the process of research and experiment, they keep working hard, work hard and persevere. In addition, excellent scientists generally have strong self-confidence and trust their own judgment. Confidence is a very important quality.

The preparation of young scientists is to strive to have the qualities of those excellent scientists I mentioned earlier. They must be well-trained, used to working long hours and have the ability to simplify the complex. Sometimes you will read a scientific report with very complicated contents and many formulas. Excellent scientists can sketch out their contents and ideas and turn them into their own languages and things that are very natural to them. If you repeat it in their language, the way of speaking is definitely completely different, but the essence of your understanding is exactly the same. Therefore, understanding things is not just a simple memory, but a simplification, translated into your own language, and then you really understand. Once you understand it, you will remember it easily. To tell the truth, my memory is poor, and it is difficult for me to remember names, but I will simplify an idea, remember it without any problems, and remember it forever. People's brains have different structures. Some people can easily remember names, but it is difficult to understand opinions. I am just the opposite. Studying science, thinking about science or studying scientific papers is not the same as learning how others do things. You must make sure that you have really absorbed and mastered it. When you think back or use it again, you should feel as if you invented it yourself. You must see what others have seen but have not found. How could you do that? There are two ways, either you have advanced equipment that makes you have conditions that others don't have, such as Galileo's astronomical telescope, so you don't need to be smart, just use these advanced equipment to study new achievements; Or, you can try to "internalize" the problem and make it an intuition, so that when you do research, intuition will lead you to success. Of course, perseverance is an indispensable quality.

The spirit of scientists

Compared with their achievements, these great scientists have left us more spiritual wealth. They have the spirit of real scientists. In this era when material civilization is developed and many people are vying for fame and profit, this spirit deserves our respect.

What kind of spirit should scientists have? Science itself is the knowledge of exploring the unknown, discovering the truth, developing the advanced, transforming the world and benefiting mankind, and the spirit of people who become scientists and devote themselves to scientific undertakings is:

1. Justice: Observing things from a fair perspective. Because observation always starts from its own perspective, it is difficult for people to imagine and think about phenomena without their own perspective in the natural state, so they unconsciously form a self-centered concept. When ideas become rigid with age, it is very difficult to see problems from a certain height, so it is not easy to grasp things. So justice is the basis of scientific thinking. In fact, the development of science has strengthened the sense of justice more and more.

2. Simply start with multiple thinking: choose simple objects to start research, establish an ideal model, apply mathematics as much as possible, comprehensively consider all elements, establish a theory, and expand the application scope through modification and expansion. This is actually the scientific thought put forward by Descartes mentioned above, so it is called Descartes spirit. Newton's particle model and Clausius' ideal gas model have not only achieved great success in physics, but also in other fields. For example, Moore in the biological world was lucky to choose the simple object of Drosophila, which opened the prelude to genetic research. The most important thing for a correct understanding of things is to avoid one-sided thinking and have diversified thinking, but the brain's ability to process information is limited, so choosing simple objects first can avoid thinking too much. More complex problems can be solved by overlapping the conclusions from studying simple problems in various ways, and more complex problems can be quantitatively approximated and qualitatively analyzed by existing conclusions.

3. Confirmation plus falsification: Science is strict, which emphasizes the consistency between theory and practice, that is, any derived statement of a theory must be consistent with observation. It can be proved by experiments that a theory that cannot be falsified is not science. We call it the Popper spirit. There are many new theories in modern science without much experimental support, which often come from artificial deductive structures. As long as one of these knowledge systems is different from observation, it should be overturned. But for empirical science, experience precedes theory, so don't believe falsification easily. Even if a statement is falsified, we should first consider revising it, or embrace the old theory with a bigger theory.

4. Rational doubt: Science is only the closest to truth, the truth of things is only known by things themselves, and any knowledge system is artificial. Science especially emphasizes that doubt includes self-doubt, but because of the cautious development of countless skeptical scientists for more than 300 years, many scientific fields are nearly mature, so doubt needs a certain rational basis.

5. Demonstration and encouragement: Science is artificial, so it is related to people's quality. Argument and encouragement can improve people's quality quickly, so science needs an environment for discussion to keep people's enthusiasm for science.

6. Endure loneliness: This is what the first two items mean. When dealing with the unknown, the scientist is the first person. Except for him and a limited number of people, no one will understand that "Chun Xue" must have its highs and lows. This requires scientists to endure loneliness, endure loneliness, and concentrate on their own careers. Science can rarely become a tool to make big money and get rich, and scientists certainly won't and shouldn't be sought after like stars. In fact, those who like "flowers are like the sea, beautiful women are like clouds and applause is like thunder" are unlikely to become scientists.

7。 Can't stand it. New things are bound to be out of tune with many old ideas. At this time, scientists will always hear some discordant voices, or blame, or question, or laugh. At this time, scientists are required to insist on speaking with facts, resist these interferences, and prove themselves right with facts. Even if it really fails, scientists should have the courage and determination to resist these interferences and start over.

8。 Have universal feelings. Science needs to transform the world and benefit mankind. Therefore, scientists should have the determination to dedicate their achievements and turn them into practical products for the benefit of mankind. It is a sad thing if a scientist's achievements can only be used for exams. Only ordinary people can benefit from the achievements of scientists, and this scientist can be remembered and called by everyone.

How to become a scientist

A sign of becoming a scientist is to be an independent researcher first. In other words, a scientist must have the autonomy to participate in scientific research, publishing, communication and other activities. And how to win this autonomy? This autonomy is linked to the result. To put it bluntly, the so-called achievements are nothing more than publishing articles or obtaining patents. This is very important for a scientist whose career is scientific research. In the past, we always emphasized that scientists should have the scientific spirit first, that is, if you want to take scientific discovery as a career, you must have the spirit of dedication, realism, rigor and persistence. This is the so-called scientific spirit. However, as scientific research has become a social system, especially modern scientific activities have the characteristics of government-led, science has suddenly changed from "small science" to "big science" and science has also become a profession. This is why scientists, like other people in society, have white-collar workers, blue-collar workers, teachers, apprentices, leaders, exploiters, exploited people, even capitalists, workers, even hooligans, liars, braggadocios and people who make up the numbers. The reason for this.

So in this sense, not all people engaged in scientific research activities can be called "scientists". Only those researchers who have gained "autonomy" and independence and can participate in scientific research and exchanges can be called scientists in the true sense.

But then again, whether you are an independent scientist or not, if you are engaged in scientific research, then you must have scientific spirit. In other words, it is realistic and professional.

This has nothing to do with whether a person is a scientist or not.

Therefore, publishing some powerful articles in the postgraduate stage is a stepping stone for you to find a job, otherwise you must complete the task of publishing articles as soon as possible in the postdoctoral stage, otherwise your life will definitely be difficult. Unless you are not prepared to engage in relevant scientific research. This means that you are no longer a scientist.

Scientific activities sometimes look more like a credit investment. Not only does every scientist in today's "big science" era need financial support, but scientists without credibility are not real scientists. It seems that someone once said that a contributing scientist is worth many politicians or generals. This sentence is not too much to evaluate scientists in the era of "small science". However, in the current era of "big science", we should emphasize the contribution of scientific research groups rather than individuals. But in reality, people are always used to attributing the credit for scientific discovery to the leader of a research group. Therefore, if scientific achievements can bring "credibility" to scientific and technological personnel, it is often a few of them who benefit the most, reflecting the "Matthew effect" that is widespread in society.

This can understand why scientific research is becoming a profession more and more.

For a young man who is about to grow into a scientist, what you need is how to establish your academic reputation in such an environment. But judging from people's cognitive habits at present, it is difficult for a young science student to give you some academic credibility without his own tutor. Therefore, when you choose a mentor, you must look at your future "mentor". Especially to see if he/she can help you become an "independent" researcher. There is a noun "Mentor" in English, which is equivalent to "mentor" in Chinese. Then the basis for judging whether your tutor is your "tutor" depends not only on whether you really learned something, but also on whether your tutor played a key role in the process of becoming an independent researcher. This is actually very important.

Some people may think that as long as the tutor has done "giving lessons to solve doubts", but I think that is really not enough. Because the responsibility of a scientist is not only to make scientific contributions, but also to cultivate an independent scientist. This is actually another important task for scientists. Should be included in the contribution of a scientist.

Therefore, in the current scientific environment, for a young man who is interested in becoming a scientist and is ready to devote himself to scientific research, he must pay attention to three aspects.

First, recognize the importance of science and agree that science is necessary for human survival and development. With this concept, we can love science and have the motivation and desire to devote ourselves to science.

Second, consciously cultivate the scientific spirit and master the existing scientific knowledge as systematically as possible. In fact, this is an indispensable thing for a scientist.

Third, in view of the characteristics of big science now, how to become a scientist through some efforts requires certain strategies. Among them, choosing a tutor is the key.

As the ancients said, you should not be careless in choosing a job. Choosing a teacher is also a very serious matter.

Judging from the periodic development of scientific revolution-conventional science, scientific development constitutes a talent echelon, which is composed of A pioneering talents and B comprehensive talents (Newton and Ai En Stein, etc.). ) to C inherited talents (students of masters-as the saying goes, a great teacher makes a great apprentice), D conventional talents (learning from C-type authority), and then to E(A) pioneering talents (D students began to question the theory and method of establishing B-type talents).

The responsibility of scientists

Vienna Declaration of the Third Pugwash Congress Part VII

Adopted in September 1958.

We believe that scientists all over the world have the responsibility to contribute to public education by making people widely aware of the dangers and potential brought about by the unprecedented growth of natural sciences. We call on colleagues around the world to make unremitting efforts to this end by inspiring adult groups or educating the next generation. Education should especially emphasize the improvement of various relationships between people, and any form of boasting about war and violence should be eliminated in education.

Scientists, because of their professional knowledge, are more capable of knowing in advance the dangers and potentials brought by scientific discoveries. Therefore, they have special skills and special responsibilities for the most pressing problems of our time.

At present, under the situation of mutual distrust between countries and the resulting military hegemony competition, all branches of physics, chemistry, biology and psychology have increasingly participated in military research and development. In the eyes of people in many countries, "natural science" has been closely linked with "weapons research and development". Scientists are either praised for their contributions to national security or cursed for inventing weapons of mass destruction, which have brought mankind into danger. At present, science enjoys more and more material support in many countries, mainly because it is of direct or indirect importance to the military strength of the country and the victory of the arms race. This makes science deviate from its real purpose. The real purpose of science is for the well-being of all mankind, to enhance human knowledge and improve human ability to control natural forces.

We regret the current situation leading to this situation, and we call on all people and governments to establish a lasting, stable and peaceful global situation.

There are 70 scientists who have signed it. Such as Bogle Boff, Russell, Born, Pauling, Wigner, Yukawa Hideki, etc. Note: Pugwash Conference as a group won the Nobel Peace Prize 1995. )

[Edit this paragraph] Scientists and Music

It is generally believed that scientific thinking belongs to logical thinking, mainly using the left hemisphere; Music thinking belongs to image thinking, which mainly uses the right hemisphere. This left and right seem to be two different things. However, the great scientist Einstein said, "Great scientists and great musicians are the same in this respect-they are both great poets."

In fact, many scientists throughout the ages are rich in musical literacy. They have both scientific and musical talents.

Pythagoras, an ancient Greek scholar, had a keen ear for music. People are used to the sound of blacksmiths striking while the iron is hot, and don't feel any different from each other. But he heard the difference. One day I passed a blacksmith's shop and heard the knock on the door of this shop more harmonious and pleasant than others. He measured the size of the anvil and the hammer, and finally found that there was a certain proportional relationship between the harmony of the sound and the vocal body.

Einstein can play both the piano and the violin. He is familiar with Beethoven, Bach and other music masters. He even thinks that his achievements in playing the violin are greater than his contribution to science.

Madame Curie likes music and is very cultured.

Many people know that China geologist Li Siguang is good at playing the violin.

Mathematician Hua is familiar with the melody, and the best timbre he found on the pipa strings is exactly the same as that obtained by the famous pipa player Liu Dehai after long-term measurement.

Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist, has a variety of artistic accomplishments and likes playing the piano. His wife is a famous singer and a professor at Jiang Ying Central Conservatory of Music. He once said: "... when I am confused about a job, it is often Jiang Ying's singing that makes me suddenly enlightened ... Qian Xuesen wants to emphasize the interaction between literature and technology."

Albert Einstein, a great scientist in the 20th century.

Einstein graduated from Zurich University of Technology in 1900 and became a Swiss citizen. 1905 received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich. Working in the Berne Patent Office. Professor, Zurich University of Technology, German University in Prague. 19 13 He returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin and a professor at the University of Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. 1933 persecuted by Nazi regime, moved to the United States, became a professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, engaged in theoretical physics research, 1940 became an American citizen.

When Einstein was a child, one day the German imperial army passed through the streets of Munich, and curious people flocked to the window to cheer. The children were fascinated by the soldiers' shiny helmets and neat steps, but Einstein hid in fear. He despised and feared these "monsters in war" and asked his mother to take him to a country where he would never become such a monster. In middle school, his mother met Einstein's request and took him to Italy. Einstein gave up his German citizenship, but did not apply for Italian citizenship. He wants to be a carefree citizen of the world. ...... After World War II, Einstein tried to base his dream of world peace on reality and delivered a series of "peace" speeches in "enemy countries". His thoughts and actions led to his death: a Russian aristocratic female assassin with imperialist ambitions secretly pointed the gun at him; Albert Einstein's name also appeared on the blacklist of German right-wing assassins; Hitler offered a reward of twenty thousand marks for his head. In order to keep himself in harmony with the world, Einstein had to move from Italy to the Netherlands and from the Netherlands to the United States. He became an American citizen. He believes that in the United States, people from all walks of life can survive in a barely passable friendship. (Excerpted from Einstein's Reflection No.5-6, Applied Writing Academic Monthly, 1985)

/kloc-the late 0/9th century is a period of change in physics. Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics from the experimental facts and made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. The first mature aspect of theoretical astrophysics-stellar atmosphere theory is based on quantum theory and radiation theory. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the Welch relationship between energy and mass, and solved the long-standing problem of stellar energy. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become the basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years, and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified, which became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later.

Einstein's greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmology. He founded relativistic cosmology, established a static finite and infinite self-consistent dynamic universe model, and introduced new concepts such as cosmology principle and curved space, which greatly promoted the development of modern astronomy.

[Edit this paragraph] Scientists-Understanding

From the above information, we can see the admirable side of scientists. However, scientists are not only scientific workers, but also real members of society. Therefore, some of them often show greedy desire and extreme pursuit of power. Science is not equal to sacredness. Scientists are not equal to moral nobility. Such lessons have been learned in ancient and modern times. Today, we often see advertisements made by contemporary western scientists for enterprises, but the results often disappoint us. In 500 BC, a disciple of Pythagoras School in ancient Greece (hippasus) discovered irrational numbers, but was put to death by a teacher.

The lesson of history is to educate mankind. Today, it is still an arduous task for human beings that science is completely out of the shadow of political power and lysenko. The words of norbert wiener, the founder of cybernetics, provide a reflection on this incident: "Science is a way of life, and it can flourish only when people have freedom of belief. Beliefs that are forced to obey based on external orders are not beliefs. A society based on this false belief will inevitably die because of paralysis, because in such a society, science has no basis for healthy growth. "

In fact, an eternal problem in the existence and development of science is the contradiction between standards and innovation. On the one hand, the emergence of scientific knowledge will inevitably form relevant standards for judging right and wrong. On the other hand, the process of scientific understanding is the process of breaking through the original standards, so it is bound to be restricted or suppressed by the original standards. This requires us to reflect on two kinds of scientific tragedies more deeply: one is the consequences caused by the implementation of wrong standards; The other is the humanitarian disaster caused by wanton innovation. Nie Wentao said in his speech "Appropriate Technology Training in Primary Hospitals": During the period from the implementation of the "limited carbohydrate" dietary standard for diabetes (John Rollo standard) to the re-implementation of the "high carbohydrate" standard (such as Peking Union Medical College Hospital standard), countless patients lost their health further because of the wrong dietary treatment for diabetes. How should the medical profession face such a situation? The strong shock caused by this speech is precisely because he raised a profound scientific ethics question.

Stefan Zweig's two paragraphs in the original book The Right of Heresy: "(Castrio and Calvin) In this war, there is a much bigger and eternal problem of life and death." "Every country, every era, and every thoughtful person must determine the boundary between freedom and power many times. Because, if there is no power, freedom will degenerate into indulgence and chaos will follow; On the other hand, unless freedom is given, power will become tyranny. " These two paragraphs hide the following meanings: (1) All those who hold heretical views must prove their rights, or all those who oppose heretical views must provide evidence; (2) All people who hold heretical views need to prove their correctness without complaining about the previous social incomprehension. (3) The significance of the so-called scientific development lies in changing the original understanding of human beings. Therefore, the wrong choice is right, otherwise there will be no rationality of scientific exploration.