About the humiliation that old China once suffered and the strength of the motherland today.

Shame

List of Unequal Treaties

Treaty of Nanking August 1842 Britain

Main Conten

About the humiliation that old China once suffered and the strength of the motherland today.

Shame

List of Unequal Treaties

Treaty of Nanking August 1842 Britain

Main Content

1 .Certain Hong Kong Island to Britain

2. Pay compensation of 21 million silver dollars

3. Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai as treaty ports

4. The tariff rates that Chinese Customs collects from British merchants on imported and exported goods must be negotiated with the British side

Impact

1. The beginning of China becoming a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society

2. The main contradiction has transformed from the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class into the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, and the contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people.

3. Foreign capitalism The contradiction with the Chinese nation has become the most important contradiction

4. The Chinese people have since shouldered the dual revolutionary tasks of opposing foreign capitalist aggression and their own feudal rule

5. China has entered the old During the Democratic Revolution

The Five-Port Trade Charter and the Treaty of Humen in 1844

Main Contents

Seize consular jurisdiction, one-sided most-favored-nation status and treaty ports at treaty ports Lease of land, housing, detention and other privileges

The Treaty of Wangxia and the Treaty of Whampoa in 1844 between the United States and France

Main content

Obtain more rights for aggression

Treaty of Tianjin in the summer of 1858 between Russia, the United States, Britain and France

Main contents

1. Foreign envoys stationed in Beijing

2. 10 additional commercial sites were opened along the coast and along the river. Ports

3. Foreign warships and merchant ships can navigate through the ports of the Yangtze River

4. Foreigners can travel, trade and preach in mainland China

5. The Qing government Compensate Britain and France with 2 million taels of silver each for their expenses, and compensate British merchants with 2 million taels of silver for their losses

Treaty of Beijing 1860 Russia

Main contents

1. The Qing government recognized the validity of the Treaty of Tianjin

2. Opened Tianjin as a commercial port

3. Cut off the Kowloon Division to the British

4. Treated Britain and France The compensation for each was increased to 8 million taels of silver

The impact of the Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty

The Qing government began to be controlled by the great powers, and Chinese and foreign reactionary forces openly colluded. and suppressed the resistance of the Chinese people

The degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudalization in China deepened

The Treaty of Beijing in 1860 Russia

By the 1880s, it invaded and occupied Northeast China and more than 1.5 million square kilometers of territory in the northwest

Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan in April 1895

Main contents

1. Separation of the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and its Affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan

2. Compensate Japanese military expenditures with 200 million taels of silver

3. Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou, and Hangzhou as commercial ports, and Japanese ships can sail in along the inland rivers The above ports

4. Japan can invest and set up factories in China's treaty ports, and the products sold in mainland China are exempt from mainland taxes

Impact

1. China's territory and sovereignty suffered further serious losses

2. After that, the imperialists scrambled to divide their spheres of influence in China and set off a frenzy to carve up China

3. Forcing the Qing government to challenge the great powers Political Big Loan

4. The opening of the new trade port allowed foreign aggressive forces to further penetrate into the mainland of China

5. Japan was allowed to invest and set up factories in China, which expanded its capital export to China. approach, seriously hindering the development of China's national capitalism

6. The degree of semi-colonialization of Chinese society has been greatly deepened

The Xinchou Treaty of September 1901, Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany and Italy Austria

Main content

1. The Qing government compensated various countries with 450 million taels of silver, which was to be repaid in 39 years, with a total principal and interest of 980 million taels

2. The compensation is pledged with China’s tariffs and salt taxes, and China’s tax revenue is controlled by foreign countries to a greater extent

3. An “embassy community” is established in Dongjiaomin Lane, Beijing, during which no Chinese are allowed to live. garrison protection

4. Destroy the forts from Beijing to Dagu, and allow various countries to station troops at strategic locations along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan.

5. Punish those who "opposed" the great powers during the Boxer Rebellion. Officials, the Chinese people are forever prohibited from establishing and participating in various anti-imperialist organizations

6. Change the Prime Minister's Yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking above the six ministries

Impact

< p>Such an embassy community became the occupied territory of the great powers in the Chinese capital

The Qing government completely became a tool for imperialism to rule China and suppress the people

The great powers could strengthen their influence on the Qing government through diplomatic channels Control

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The following is a list of treaties that some Chinese governments or most Chinese people consider to be unequal.

The Sino-Russian-Mongolian Entente (June 7, 1915, the 4th year of the Republic of China, China and Russia, signed at: Kyaktu, Outer Mongolia)

The Fourth Civil Treaty (II) Article 11) (May 25, 1915, the 4th year of the Republic of China, between China and Japan, signing place: Beijing)

Manzhouli Boundary Treaty (December 20, 1911 (the 3rd year of the Xuantong), China with Russia, signing place: Manzhouli)

Sino-British Renewal of the Tibetan-Indian Treaty (April 27, 1906 (the 32nd year of Guangxu), signing place: Beijing)

Sino-Japanese Conference Agreement on Matters in the Three Eastern Provinces (December 22, 1905 (the 31st year of Guangxu), signing place: Beijing)

Xin Chou Treaty (September 7, 1901 (the 27th year of the Guangxu reign), signing place: Beijing) )

Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty (Time: November 16, 1899 (the 25th year of Guangxu); Signing Place: Guangzhou Bay; China and France)

Special Treaty for Leasing Weihaiwei (Time: July 1, 1898 (the 24th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu); Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)

Special Article for Expanding the Boundary Site of Hong Kong (Time: June, 1898 (the 24th year of the Emperor Guangxu) 9th; signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)

Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty (March 27, 1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu)), signing place: Beijing.

The "Renewal of the Luda Land Concession Treaty" was signed in Petersburg, Russia on May 7, 1898)

The Sino-German Jiao'ao Concession Treaty (March 6, 1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu), Beijing; China and Germany)

Sino-Japanese Commerce and Shipping Treaty (signed in Beijing on July 21, 1896 (the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu))

The Secret Treaty between China and Russia (1896 (the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu) ) June 3, Moscow)

Treaty of Shimonoseki (April 17, 1895 (the 21st year of Guangxu), Shimonoseki, and Japan)

Tibetan and Seal Clauses of the Sino-British Conference (March 17, 1890 (Guangxu 16th year), Calcutta, India; supplementary revision: December 5, 1893, Darjeeling)

Sino-British Yantai Treaty (1876 (Guangxu 2nd year) Yantai; China and Britain)

Sino-Japanese Treaty on Beijing (October 31, 1874 (13th year of Tongzhi))

Sino-Russian Treaty on the Demarcation of the Northwest Boundary (1864 (3rd year of Tongzhi) October 7, 1861, Tarbahatai)

Sino-German Trade Treaty (September 2, 1861 (the 11th year of Xianfeng), Tianjin)

Beijing Treaty

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Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing (November 14, 1860 (Xianfeng 10th year), Beijing)

Sino-French Treaty of Beijing (October 25, 1860 (Xianfeng 10th year), Beijing)

Sino-British Treaty of Beijing (October 24, 1860 (10th year of Xianfeng), Beijing)

Treaty of Tianjin

Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin (1858 ( Tianjin, June 27, the eighth year of Xianfeng)

Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin (June 26, Tianjin, the eighth year of Xianfeng, 1858)

Sino-US Treaty of Tianjin (1858 Tianjin, June 18, 1858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng)

Sino-Russian Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, June 13, 1858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng))

Sino-Russian Aihun Treaty (May 28, 1858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng), Aihun)

The Charter of the British, French and American Concession in Shanghai (July 5, 1854 (the fourth year of Xianfeng), Shanghai)

Sino-Russian Ili Tarbahatai Trade Agreement (August 6, 1851 (the first year of Xianfeng), Ili)

The Treaty of Huangpu (October 24, 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang), With France, Huangpu)

Treaty of Wangxia (July 3, 1844 (24th year of Daoguang), with the United States, Wangxia)

Treaty of Humen (1843 (23rd year of Daoguang) ) October 8, with the British, Humen)

Treaty of Nanjing (August 29, 1842 (the 22nd year of Daoguang), with the British, Nanjing)

In 1917, Germany and The Austro-Hungarian Empire became an enemy of China in World War I and had its unequal treaties abrogated. In 1917, the Soviet Union voluntarily gave up its privileges in China (it was not fully honored afterwards, nor did it return the territory acquired in the treaty). In 1943, the United States and Britain voluntarily gave up their privileges in China. Italy and Japan lost their special status when they became enemies of China in World War II. In 1946, France gave up its privileges in China.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, it did not recognize all unequal treaties previously signed.

In what ways is China’s growing strength manifested?

Buckle your life with a "safety belt"

Safety production is one of the key areas of supervision by the party and the government. The "Safety Production Law" was promulgated, the national safety supervision system was reformed, and violations of laws and regulations were Measures such as severe punishment for behavior have received widespread attention. However, the production safety situation in our country is still severe, and accidents occur frequently in high-risk industries such as coal mines. In accordance with the mid- to long-term goal of safe production, by 2007, my country will have established a relatively complete safety supervision system, the national safety production situation will steadily improve, the frequent accidents in key industries and fields will be reversed, the number of accident deaths in industrial and mining enterprises, the number of coal mines, and the Indicators such as the death rate per 10,000 tons and the road traffic death rate per 10,000 vehicles will decline to a certain extent.

Children can afford to go to school

In 2004, the average number of years of education for people over the age of 15 in my country was 8.3 years, one year more than the world average. However, only 7.2% of education workers have received higher education, and investment in education is still seriously insufficient.

In 2006, popularizing and consolidating rural compulsory education will become the top priority of education work. The growth of fiscal education expenditures will be higher than the growth of fiscal expenditures. Teacher salaries and per-student public funds will gradually increase. Problems related to the vital interests of the people, such as poor school conditions, operational difficulties, and arbitrary education fees, will gradually be resolved. By 2010, the population coverage rate of nine-year compulsory education will be nearly 100%.

Seeing a doctor makes you feel at ease

In the past five years, my country's medical and health care industry has broken through the model of relying solely on the government for development, and has experienced the fastest development since the founding of New China. However, there are still many obstacles in the medical system and mechanisms. Public medical institutions have a serious tendency to unilaterally pursue economic interests. They use "large prescriptions" and "indiscriminate examinations" for minor illnesses. The difficulty and high cost of medical treatment have become issues that the public has strongly expressed. In 2006, the pilot coverage of the new rural cooperative medical system will be expanded to 40%, and the phenomenon of people falling into poverty due to illness and returning to poverty will be further curbed; the state will allocate necessary funds to support the construction of township health centers and county hospitals to provide farmers with safe and Cheap basic medical services; the development of community health services will provide basic medical service guarantees for low-income urban residents.

Drink water and eat meat with confidence

In 2005, in order to strengthen pollution control and ecological protection, promote pollution prevention and control in key river basins, and strive to solve environmental pollution that seriously endangers the health and safety of the people, Especially regarding water pollution, air pollution and other issues, the country has closed down 15 types of small businesses that wasted resources and polluted the environment, and implemented a deadline for industrial pollution sources to meet emission standards within a time limit. In 2006, allowing people to drink clean water and breathe fresh air has become one of the important goals of governments at all levels. The country has made it clear that by the end of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", my country's energy consumption per unit of GDP will be about 20% lower than that at the end of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan". The construction of an environmentally friendly society has increasingly become the common sense of the whole society.

Put up the "protective umbrella"

In the first 10 months of 2005, my country has achieved a total of 8.8 million new urban jobs, and 40 million new urban jobs during the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period. Human goals have been achieved ahead of schedule. However, our country has entered the peak growth period of the working-age population. In the next few years, the annual labor supply and demand gap will still reach 13 million to 14 million people. In the future, companies will not be allowed to push surplus personnel into society, and the country will also establish an employment-oriented index system for vocational education and training institutions. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, 45 million new jobs will be created. Some discriminatory employment agreements will be prohibited. Optimizing the employment environment has become one of the important aspects of government work.

Home Ownership

In 2005, under the unified deployment of the State Council, multiple departments joined forces to regulate the real estate market, and the market order improved. But for ordinary people, the price of commercial housing is still "high". With the continuous implementation of the central government's policy to stabilize housing prices, the real estate market will develop in the direction of the expected goals of curbing investment, controlling investment, guiding rational consumption, and stabilizing housing prices. Speculative home buying behavior will be curbed, and the housing problems of low- and middle-income groups will It will receive more attention, and housing prices will be in line with the people on a wider scale.

Secretary care for the elderly

Statistics show that social insurance premiums for retirees across the country have increased 119 times in 2019. However, at present, the coverage of public pension in our country only accounts for 15% of the total population. Some retirees are living in distress, and the elderly in rural areas basically do not enjoy social security. As the basic pension insurance system for enterprise employees continues to improve, focusing on the participation of non-public enterprises, urban individual industrial and commercial households, and flexible employment personnel, the coverage of basic pension insurance will gradually expand. The country is gradually implementing individual accounts for pension insurance, and more and more people will live a life where they can be provided for when they are old and have medical treatment for their illnesses.

The share of income or consumption is only 4.7%, while the share of income or consumption of the richest 20% of the total population is as high as 50%.

In 2006, the government will start by adjusting the national income distribution system and the national fiscal expenditure structure to establish a support and protection system for agriculture so that public services can benefit farmers; in the future, new financial resources will focus on rural areas, agriculture and farmers. Moreover, the growth rate will be much higher than the growth rate of recurring fiscal revenue; strategic measures such as the development of the western region, the revitalization of the old industrial base in the Northeast, and the promotion of the rise of the central region will also accelerate the pace of national prosperity.

Migrant workers get their wages in time

With the great attention of the party and the government, various places have successively launched actions to clear the wages owed to migrant workers. As of September 2005, the country had paid a total of 141 billion yuan in arrears for projects completed before 2003, accounting for 75.82% of the total arrears. However, phenomena of ignoring and infringing on the interests of migrant workers still occur from time to time, and the working environment still needs to be fundamentally improved. In 2006, it became the unshirkable responsibility of governments at all levels to ensure that migrant workers receive their wages on time and in full. As the state effectively strengthens the supervision of enterprises, the behavior of owners will be further regulated, and the phenomenon of wage arrears in under-construction and newly-built projects will be curbed; the environment for farmers to work in cities will become more relaxed.

Better quality of life

Statistics show that the average travel rate of urban and rural residents in my country currently reaches 84.8%, and cultural products are also greatly enriched. However, compared with the people's increasing spiritual and cultural needs, cultural service outlets are still far from complete, and the high ticket prices of some scenic spots still make people "daunted by the sights." In 2006, it allowed ordinary people to appreciate the scenery and enjoy a better quality of life, leaving more room for the government to think and work hard. As the reform of the cultural system advances, people will enjoy increasingly complete cultural services; in rural areas, the popularization of cinemas, cultural centers, libraries and other facilities will greatly expand farmers' traditional daily life concepts.