Who knows what's interesting about Qingming Mausoleum?

Qingxi Mausoleum is located in Yixian County, Hebei Province, with convenient transportation, which is 20 km away from Beijing 190km away from Tianjin10 km away from Shijiazhuang. It is the resting place of four emperors Yongzheng, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Guangxu and their queens, princes, brothers and princesses.

As a world cultural heritage and national 4A scenic spot, the Qing Xiling Mausoleum is a treasure house of architectural art. The three stone archways of Tailing Mausoleum, the purple stone paved floor of Changling Mausoleum, the wonderful echo wall of Changling Mausoleum, and the only well-preserved royal gardens in Qing Xiling-Jinnanmu Temple and the carved dragon of Muling are all ingenious. There is the largest ancient pine forest in North China, with buds all over Shan Ye. The forest coverage rate is as high as 87%, and the content of negative oxygen ions per cubic meter exceeds 20,000. It is a veritable "natural oxygen bar".

Qing Xiling Mausoleum is more than just a royal mausoleum. When people walk into the Qing Xiling Mausoleum, they can appreciate its superb architectural art and beautiful natural scenery, and savor a story and a legend in the story told by the tour guide, which seems to gently open a corner of the curtain of history of qing dynasty, making people see the evolution of the Qing Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and it seems to be a reflection in the long river of history, or vaguely or clearly reflects the rise and fall, political disputes and rights and wrongs of a dynasty. For example, half of Aqing Xiling is the history of the Qing Dynasty.

The Tailing Mausoleum in Yongzheng was the first mausoleum in Qing Dynasty. Among the emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Yongzheng was one of the most talked about. In addition to his succession and death, there is also his unique way of not building a mausoleum. Yongzheng's father Kangxi and grandfather Shunzhi were buried in Zunhua, Hebei Province, later known as the Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, but Yong Zhengdi opened another mausoleum far away from his father and ancestors, which not only violated the basic principle of ruling the world by filial piety in ancient times, but also triggered many speculations in later generations: some people said that it was because he was proud of his merits and was eager for success; Some people say that he tampered with the testamentary edict, made bad debts, and had no face to see his ancestors; ..... mystery aside for the time being, but in any case, for the diligent emperor who carried the prosperity of Kanggan, it is enough to show that Yongzheng is a bold and innovative emperor who dares to build another tomb in violation of the patriarchal clan system. But Yong Zhengdi's move was well prepared. The stable political environment and strong economic strength provide strong support for his intelligence. As the first mausoleum in Qing Dynasty, Tailing occupies the most distinguished position in the center of the mausoleum. The huge building complex consisting of 74 single buildings is also the most magnificent mausoleum in Qing Dynasty. Everywhere, the self-centered momentum and magnificent architecture publicize the domineering and glory of Yongzheng Dynasty. The most worrying thing about hiding in Tailing is the cause of death of Yongzheng. Some people say that it was a natural death, and some people say that they died after eating the elixir. The most Jianghu story is that he was beheaded by Lv Siniang, and a golden head is still in the coffin. All the mysteries are closed in the underground palace of Tailing, which has never been opened so far, and people can comment on it.

Coincidentally, Emperor Qianlong, who later ascended the throne, refused to live in Xiling with his father, but chose a piece of land for himself to be happy forever in Shengshuiyu of Dongling. However, the kind-hearted Qianlong does not want future generations to choose their own tombs and break the rules. Therefore, he issued a special edict, requiring future emperors to bury the East and West Tombs respectively. So the son emperor Jiaqing, who followed closely, built his own eternal tomb in the west of Taiping Valley and Yongzheng Tailing in Xiling in strict accordance with the arrangement of Emperor Qianlong. When the glory of Kanggan's prosperous time and the momentum of Emperor Qianlong set sail to the west, Emperor Jiaqing finally ascended his throne. Although he punished Xiao Shenyang and rectified the discipline, at this time, the emerging capitalism in the West was booming and the decadent Qing Dynasty was about to be abandoned by history. Jiaqing continued the ancestral system and could not keep up with the times. He can only make Qinghe go from bad to worse. However, Jiaqing can still manage his own mausoleum with the shadow of his ancestors, making Changling the only imperial mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty that can compete with Tailing, as if it were the end symbol of a colorful movement, boasting in a low atmosphere.

Since then, although Daoguang followed the ancestral system to build a mausoleum in Baohuayu, Dongling, the underground palace had to be demolished due to flooding, and then Muling was built in Longquan Valley, Xiling. The wheel of history rolled forward, and by the time of Daoguang, the Qing Dynasty had been struggling. With the loss of territory and sovereignty, the Opium War plunged China into a semi-colonial quagmire, and this "brave second brother" was forever branded as a fatuous defeated country. Daoguang was a famous thrifty emperor in history. He greatly reduced the scale of mausoleum construction and built Muling, the smallest imperial mausoleum in the Qing Dynasty. Xiao Muling is located at the westernmost end of Xiling. Just like the name Muling, facing the great achievements of his ancestors, he has always been an admirer of a prosperous time.

1908, the 38-year-old Emperor Guangxu ended a bumpy life. After 34 years in office, the Qing Dynasty faced domestic troubles and foreign invasion, the national treasury was empty, the foreign debt was heavy, and the building was about to collapse. Although there is a heart to save the country, Empress Dowager Cixi monopolizes power, and the puppet emperor's ambition is hard to pay. Frustrated political struggle and sad love life made him fall into the name of a prisoner. Even his mausoleum was hastily started after his death and was finally completed with the help of the government of the Republic of China. After the changes of the times, Guangxu chongling became the last swan song of the ancient imperial tombs in China, and an era ended here. Thousands of migrant workers and more than 20 factories, such as Xinglong Timber Factory, which participated in the chongling Project, as well as fire brigade and other institutions, have made the construction of chongling more or less modern and civilized. As for the train that the Empress Dowager and Zhen Fei 19 13 moved to Xiling, it was unimaginable for those distinguished predecessors.

Too many ostentatious power struggles, too many hidden love and hate, make every brick and tile of Qing Xiling have a story, and every grass and tree is a legend. Qing Xiling is recording the events and historical changes in the middle and late Qing Dynasty in its own way, which makes people admire, cherish and comment.

Second, the hope and sustenance of the king's ideal.

There are four mausoleums in Xiqing Mausoleum. Except Muling Mausoleum, which is obviously different from the other three mausoleums, it seems to be a rigid copy and inheritance, although there are some changes. However, it is in this ever-changing process that great dreams and small expectations of emperors from generation to generation are entrusted.

Although the emperor is expensive as the "son of heaven", he can't get rid of the cycle of birth, aging, illness and death, so they pin their hopes on the mausoleum, hoping that the aura of imperial power can become eternal through the mausoleum, so the intention of the supremacy of imperial power is integrated into the mountains and rivers to the greatest extent, and the strict feudal etiquette system is copied to the imperial tomb, a holy place for future generations to pay homage to and remember their merits.

The ancient building of Qing Xiling is a typical palace-style building in Qing Dynasty, which was built in strict accordance with the feudal hierarchy. According to the order of honor and inferiority, it is divided into imperial tombs, back tombs and imperial concubine gardens, and their systems are different. One of the most obvious grade marks is the color of the roof. The roofs of the main buildings in Siling, Houling and yongfu temple are all yellow glazed tiles of the highest grade, while the princes, princesses and princesses use green glazed tiles, while the roofs of their elder brothers' gardens, palaces, government offices and barracks are all gray tiles that civilians can enjoy.

Different levels of tombs are equipped with buildings of different scale, quantity and nature. As for the tombs of the same grade, they are arranged in strict spatial order according to the function of the building. Relatively speaking, the mausoleum is large in scale, and a Shinto runs through dozens of buildings. According to the order from south to north and the system of sleeping before and after, doors, squares, stone pavilions, halls and underground palaces are arranged in turn. The imperial concubine garden was built near the emperor's mausoleum, and the scale was small.

However, under this extravagant ritual system, feudal emperors are constantly trying to integrate some personal expectations into their own mausoleum construction, making the mausoleum of the Qing Xiling unique, full of creative spirituality and lively and bright colors.

From the prosperous time of Kanggan to the early years of the Republic of China, with the gradual fading of the imperial aura, the Qing Xiling gradually came to an end. Just as Yong Zhengdi violated the patriarchal clan system and built another mausoleum, compared with other mausoleums of his time, the Qing Western Mausoleum was full of variables and strangeness from the beginning. Although the construction of the tombs followed the feudal etiquette system, they were not bound by the canon system and were very creative, which made the Xiling more unique in charm and style.

The three stone archways in front of Dahongmen in Tailing broke through the rule of only one tomb group and were changed to three. They are tall, majestic, handsome and breathtaking. Together with Dahongmen in the north, they form a wide quadrangle, which has become a symbol of Tailing and even the whole Xiling.

Tailing Mausoleum is the most perfect mausoleum in Qing Dynasty, which initiated the regulation of tombs in Qing Dynasty. However, the three mausoleums built later, while following the ritual system, each has its own merits. The ground buildings in Changling are almost the same as those in Tailing, but Jiaqing, a good boy who has always been known for obeying the rules, tampered with the details of the mausoleum. Perhaps out of nostalgia and yearning for the prosperous times, the ground of Long 'en Hall in Changling is paved with purple mottled stones. "Porphyry stone" comes from nature and is smooth and colorful. Under the refraction of sunlight, it seems that a room full of gems fell to the ground, full of prosperity.

Daoguang Mausoleum is the most special mausoleum in Qing Dynasty. The apology for demolishing two buildings, coupled with the economic spirit of "simplicity", Daoguang made drastic reforms to his mausoleum. At the same time, he abolished large-scale buildings such as stone statues, two-column doors and Fangcheng Ming Lou, and changed the Long 'en Hall that had to be built from double eaves to single eaves, from five to three, and even the underground palace where he lived after his death was reduced by half. Perhaps Daoguang didn't want people to read his merits and demerits after his death, and to see more clearly the humiliation of opium defeat and humiliation of the country. Before he died, he ordered the abolition of the Monument to Saint-Shen Gong, on the grounds that his empire was poor and Wende's martial arts failed his ancestors. After some transformation, Muling formed a unique small and exquisite pattern, which had a great influence on later generations. But the extravagance and luxury of Muling's details are everywhere. Muling wood frames are all made of precious gold nanmu. The surface of nanmu is not painted, the color of logs is painted with wax, and thousands of nanmu dragons are decorated. The exquisite craftsmanship is amazing and has become a rare artistic treasure in ancient buildings. Although Muling doesn't paint, his face is facing the sky, but under its light and elegant face, it is unparalleled exquisite and chic.

After many twists and turns, Guangxu chongling was built with a simple scale. But chongling's regulations didn't hurt Daya. Moreover, the first-class wood-Tiemu is used in the building, which is called "copper beam and iron column". Coupled with the infiltration of modern civilization and the progress of science and technology, the drainage and ventilation facilities have been greatly improved, which also gives chongling some of its own characteristics and advantages.

There are echo stones and echo walls in Changxi Mausoleum, yongfu temple, the Royal Mausoleum Hall built on the mountain, the quiet and elegant Qianlong Palace, and the dedicated railway from Gaobeidian to Xiling Palace ... These many unique features not only entrust the ideal of the king, but also contain many intriguing stories, which combine superb architectural skills and art, thus forming the unique features of Qingxi Mausoleum and the history of the ancient mausoleum system in China.

Third, the epic of national folk culture.

The Mausoleum is the highest form of funeral art in China, which embodies social thoughts, ethics and religious beliefs in various historical periods, as well as the unique culture and customs of Manchu. It is a solidified cultural epic. More than 270 years have passed, and many palaces and gloomy pine forests in Xiqing are conveying a deep-seated cultural message in their own unique architectural art way, shining with the wisdom of the Chinese nation everywhere.

The site selection and construction concept of "death is like life" in Qing Xiling Mausoleum is the product of China's ancient philosophy of respecting heaven and ancestors. Surrounded by mountains, there are caves in the mountains, forming a paradise far away from the mortal world. The concept of taking mountains and rivers as the design theme is not only a true portrayal of Taoism's theory of nature, returning to nature and "legalizing nature", but also a symbol of Confucianism's thought that mountains and rivers are better than mountains.

The layout of the surrounding mountains and buildings presents an obvious axisymmetric form, that is, the main mountain-mausoleum-Chaoshan is the longitudinal axis, the left and right sand mountains are the opposite scenery, and the buildings are symmetrically arranged, which deeply embodies the Confucian doctrine of the mean and ethics, respects the big and centers, puts courtesy and law first, and enjoys long-term stability; The beautiful realm of harmony between man and nature in the Qing Xiling Mausoleum is the epitome of Confucius' pursuit of a beautiful society in which "courtesy is for use, harmony is for value, and beauty comes first in Wang Zhidao". The architectural sequence of the former dynasty and the later bedroom conforms to the Confucian viewpoint of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later" China's profound and obscure philosophical thoughts were comprehensively, concretely and incisively expressed in the form of physical objects in the Western Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty.

Although the emperor is the son of heaven, he also has beautiful expectations like ordinary people. The builders of the Qing Xiling Mausoleum decorated this hope with various buildings, covering pavilions, stone carvings and wood carvings. The exquisiteness of these carvings is not only the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of the ancient working people, but also the fusion of rich and colorful national and folk cultural connotations. Strolling through the mausoleum area, you can see the dragon and phoenix patterns, reflecting the supremacy of imperial power and the divine right of monarchical power; Vertical doornails are expected to be strong and enduring forever; Plum-blossom-shaped window lattice of each hall marks the nobleness of the emperor's character; The immortal riding a phoenix standing on the edge of the cornice indicates that the emperor's politics is clear and the sage will come to the DPRK; Temple-ridge beasts with different shapes aim at exorcising evil spirits and keeping peace forever; The elephant carrying the bottle symbolizes that the world is peaceful and the people live and work in peace; ……

The emperors of the Qing Dynasty all had strong religious beliefs, while Yongzheng himself believed in Buddhism. Moreover, he advocated the homology of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and put forward the idea of "governing the world with Confucianism, governing the mind with Buddhism and governing the body with Taoism", which pushed religious culture to the extreme. The Qing Xiling Mausoleum opened by Yongzheng is also indispensable to religious culture. From the Taoist Eight Immortals to the Eight Diagrams Taiji Diagram, from the eight treasures of Buddhism to the word "ten thousand", from Confucian ritual instruments to the four arts of piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, various carving patterns can be seen everywhere. However, from the carving patterns of drums, knives, poles, waist bells and shoes representing Shamanism in Taichangling building to the construction of yongfu temple, a Tibetan Buddhist temple in Qianlong Dynasty, the unique religious and cultural beliefs and customs of Manchu rulers are clearly reflected, with distinctive national characteristics, which is a physical witness to the multi-ethnic integration and development in China.

Auspicious is an eternal topic, and the folk culture content of praying for the prosperity of the country and the prosperity of the people has become the main body of many carving patterns in the Qing Xiling. These "auspicious" patterns, with the help of homophones, give animals and plants or utensils a beautiful artistic conception of auspicious blessing. Common ones are Ruyi, Bao Xiang Hua, rhombic mirror, money, silver ingot and Four Treasures of the Study. In order to express deeper expectations, there are many combinations of utensils, such as the combination of lotus, sheng and Ji, the combination of pipe and Ruyi, and the combination of "all the best" and "peace and happiness" ...

Nowadays, many national cultural customs of Qing Xiling have also been continued, with a brand-new look. This includes "Dragon Lantern in Xiling" and "Ten Ancient Music in East han cun", which are listed in the national intangible cultural heritage list, as well as various Manchu dishes ... The Qing Xiling alternately inherits unique culture and customs between dynamic and static.

Fourth, the mode of harmony between man and nature.

Joseph Needham, a famous British historian of science, said: "The imperial tomb is a great achievement of China's architectural form ... and its overall pattern may be the biggest example of the combination of the whole building and landscape art." Deliberately pursuing the perfection of the natural form of mountains and rivers and carefully exploring the organic combination of natural landscape and human landscape are the most remarkable features of the artistic achievements of ancient tombs in China. As the latest imperial mausoleum built in history, the Qing Xiling Mausoleum is a masterpiece of imperial tombs in past dynasties. Looking at the environmental pattern of the Qing Xiling Mausoleum, many architects today praise it as the greatest practice of the idea of "harmony between man and nature" and a model of the perfect combination of man and nature.

Qing Xiling, beautiful mountains and rivers, natural scenery, Yu Xiu, Zhong Ling, unique Feng Shui. In AD 1730, Prince Yi Yunxiang and Governor Gao Qicheng traveled all over the landscape of Gyeonggi and finally found the land of Taiping Valley in Yizhou. Here, all the peaks are guarded, and many waters are facing the Sect. Yongning mountain lies behind the mausoleum, majestic and beautiful, like a huge tent, dominating one side; Yuanbaoshan is dignified and beautiful, like holding a bow; Surrounded by layers of sand and mountains, they embrace each other; Yishui flows through, like a jade gauze, slowly flowing, looking around; Lingshan Xiushui is surrounded by blessed land, which is graceful and luxurious. This is a good auspicious place with "beautiful sand and water in Longdong, reasonable situation and salty auspicious land", and it can be called "the land where Gankun gathers beauty and the land where Yin and Yang meet". The ecstatic Prince Yun Xiang and Governor Gao Qizhuo were impressed by the beautiful scenery in front of them, and the exhaustion of several months vanished in an instant, lamenting that this was a "natural favor, not a human encounter"! This natural and interesting landscape won, so he conquered the arrogant and conceited son of heaven. In the admonition of his ministers that "the land is auspicious, which is related to the birthplace of destiny", Yong Zhengdi did not hesitate to bear the notoriety of unfilial, abandoned the tomb site of Dongling Jiu Feng chao yang shan, which had already broken ground to prepare materials, and moved away from his father's ancestors to Yizhou Jianling.

"Feng Shui is the most important thing in the mausoleum, and shade trees is the first thing", with lush vegetation and good luck. During the construction of Xiling, we have always attached great importance to afforestation and planted more than 200,000 pines and cypresses. It is said that in order to ensure the survival of trees, each book pit should use a bucket of yellow rice as fertilizer. Severe punishment and laws make these ancient trees inviolable "sacred objects". After more than a hundred years of vicissitudes, there are still more than 16000 strains of Gu Song. The vast Gu Song meanders with the ups and downs of the mountains, permeating around the magnificent ancient buildings, green and layered, forming an endless "Emerald Sea". 1900, a French officer who came to Xiling once described it like this: "The wall around Xiling is actually a real garden. ..... In the mausoleum area, the tall and straight Qiao Lin is neatly arranged and the scenery is beautiful and magnificent, which reminds people of Versailles Garden; In the eyes of some people, the rugged green waves are more like the forest of Fontainebleau. " Pine forests beautify the environment of Xiling, decorate the beautiful colors of Xiling, and the scenery is elegant. It is the world's top royal garden comparable to Versailles Garden.

Nature endows the mountains and rivers around Xiling with a special aura. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Chen Zengrong, the commander-in-chief of Taining Town, loved beautiful mountains and rivers, and set up eight scenic spots in Xiling, such as "Guan Jing Zi Qi", "Gai Hua Lan Yan" and "Clouds and Clouds" ... The vivid and pleasant natural beauty dressed it up as a landscape painting with rich colors and strong feelings.

If the beauty of mountains and rivers in Xiling is made in heaven, then after 185 years of continuous construction, the Qing Xiling has formed a humanistic landscape that skillfully combines humanistic landscape with natural landscape. The designers of Xiling, adhering to the design concept of mountain and hill art, take natural mountains and rivers as their creative theme, embrace the vast mountains and rivers within 800 square kilometers of Fiona Fang with great handwriting and the help of boundary markers and official mountains, take beautiful mountains and rivers as their design theme and architectural art materials, while the buildings in different forms and scales in the mausoleum area are "winning with mountains and rivers according to etiquette" and accurately measure them. The Qing Xiling Mausoleum is absolutely beautiful from any angle.

From a distance, temples, city gates, city walls, bridges and culverts, sacred roads and instrument trees overflow with colorful, or golden, or green, or scarlet, or snow-white, scattered and orderly, just like the Dragon Palace Phoenix Que hidden under the sky, with magnificent and profound momentum.

From a close distance, all the jade steps carved on the fence and the buildings painted on the beams are beautiful in texture, texture, ornamentation and style. They also reveal delicate and cordial feelings in their splendor and solemnity, and exude the unique architectural beauty and humanistic brilliance of the royal garden with unparalleled architectural technology.

Sun Dinglie, a Qing Dynasty man, described it this way: "The mountain comes from Taihang Mountain, towering and towering, with rich veins, towering mountains, far arching out, and green rocks." "Today, there are countless mountains, such as your fingers. Every two hills are flat and open, with graves in the clouds and petals like flowers." Qing Xiling is a place like the United States that has won the aura of heaven and earth and the essence of human wisdom. It is the product of man's transformation of nature and a model of "harmony between man and nature".

With its natural scenery and magnificent ancient buildings, the Qing Xiling Mausoleum is not only a magical creation of nature, but also a wonderful flower of human beings, with people's nostalgia for the magnificent real world and mysterious awe of the unknown world. What runs through it is China's world outlook of harmony between man and nature, as well as the values and traditions of Chinese civilization that have not fallen for thousands of years.

At the 24th meeting of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, the Qing Mausoleum, as an important part of the Ming and Qing emperors' tombs, was listed in the World Cultural Heritage List. At the meeting, the World Heritage Committee commented that imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties carefully selected sites according to the theory of geomantic omen, and skillfully placed a large number of buildings underground. It is the product of human's transformation of nature, which embodies the traditional architectural and decorative ideas, and interprets the world outlook and power view of feudal China that lasted for more than 500 years. Its beautiful landscape, architectural layout, stone carving and wood carving, as well as gloomy trees and horrible grass, are all interpreting the mysterious and profound thoughts of the ancients, telling the legendary old love stories of the past and continuing the cultural customs for hundreds of years, which is why Xiling is full of charm.