Historical experts say: How are the historical periods of China divided? And the general situation of politics, economy, science and technology culture in each era.

Pre-Qin period (2 1 century ~ 22 1 year BC) is detailed.

Pre-Qin refers to the historical period from primitive social clubs to the Warring States period. Primitive society will experience primitive social life and the emergence of clan society. After joining the club, it experienced the historical stages of Xia, Shang and Western Zhou, including the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The pre-Qin period is an important historical stage in the transition from primitive society to civilized society in China's history.

In the history of 1800 years, the ancestors of China created brilliant historical civilization. The Oracle bones in the middle of Xia and Shang Dynasties and the bronzes in Yin and Shang Dynasties are all historical landmarks of human civilization. Confucius, a great thinker in this period, and hundreds of other thinkers created the prosperity of cultural research for the first time in the history of China. Military strategist Sun Wu's The Art of War is still widely used in military and economic fields. Qu Yuan is a great poet in the history of China. The Shi Gan catalogue in the Warring States Period was the earliest catalogue in the world. At this historical stage, China gradually moved from division to reunification.

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Qin and Han Dynasties (2265438 BC+0 ~ 220 AD) in detail

In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang put an end to the long-term struggle between the warring States, completed the great cause of reunifying China, and established the first unified multi-ethnic country in the history of China-Qin (22 1 ~ 206 BC).

After the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang and Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu successively established the Western Han Dynasty (206-25 BC) and the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 BC), collectively known as the Han Dynasty.

The establishment and perfection of centralization of authority in the Qin and Han Dynasties was the main meaning of the feudal system, and other measures conducive to reunification were listed, which were directly effective for the special system of later emperors. During this period, the social and economic development was great, and the cultural scenery was prosperous in the Western Han Dynasty. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the world-famous Silk Road was opened in exchanges with neighboring countries in the Western Regions and Central Asia. The Qin and Han Dynasties were also a period when China's culture, art and science were more developed. Sima Qian's Historical Records, Zhang Heng's Waiting for the Wind and Moving the Earth, Nine Chapters Calculations Based on Mathematics and Huangdi Neijing Based on Medicine all have great influence on the afterlife. Cai Lun's papermaking is regarded as one of the four great inventions in China. At this stage, Buddhism was introduced into China from India, while Taoism started from the mainland.

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Details of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (220 ~ 589)

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the yellow turban began to appear in the form of righteousness. In the process of suppressing the yellow turban insurrectionary, the powerful landlord strengthened his own strength and made it a melee. After that, it passed through the Three Kingdoms (220 ~ 280), the Western Jin Dynasty (265 ~ 3 16), the Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17 ~ 420), and the north-south direction (386 ~ 589). During this period, Wei, Shu and Wuding were three pillars, the sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty were deadlocked, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties were deadlocked for a long time.

During this period, the economy of southern China developed greatly. Ethnic minorities in the west and north have been moving inward, and the migration and mixed living between ethnic groups have promoted integration. Through economic and cultural exchanges with foreign countries, it flows to Lin Yi (central Vietnam), Funan (in Kampuchea), Korean Peninsula, Japan, Central Asian countries, Daqin (Rome) and other places. Culture is square, metaphysics is flourishing, Buddhism and Taoism spread and develop in mutual struggle, but rulers protect Buddhism and Taoism. In terms of literature, art and techniques, the poems of Jian 'an Qizi and Tao Yuanming, Liu Xie's literary criticism of Wen Xin Diao Long, Wang Xi's calligraphy, Gu Kai's paintings, Dunhuang Grottoes and other grottoes and temples are all immortal. In science and technology, Zu Chong was the first to calculate the exact value of pi to the smallest number and the next seven digits, leading the world by nearly 1000. Jia Sixie's The Book of Qi Yao Min is a masterpiece in the history of world agriculture.

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Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties (58 1 ~ 960) in detail

In 58 1 year, Qi Yangjian of the Northern Zhou Dynasty seized power and established the Sui Dynasty. In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and the North and South were unified. In 6 18, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty (6 18 ~ 907) with the support of his son Li Shimin. In 907, Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty as Liang, which was the beginning of the Five Dynasties (907-960). Almost at the same time, nine small countries appeared in the south, which were either parallel or continuous. Together with a small country in the north, it is called Ten Countries (902 ~ 979).

There were many trees in the rules and regulations of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as the three provinces and six departments system, the examination and promotion system, and the two tax laws, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations. Sui and Tang dynasties adopted a more open policy towards foreign countries, and frequent economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The achievement of Tang poetry is the greatest in literary research. In the early Tang Dynasty, there were Chen Ziang, Li Bai and Du Fu in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the middle Tang Dynasty, and Li Shangyin and Du Mu in the late Tang Dynasty. The ancient prose movement advocated by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan had a great influence on later generations. Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy, Yan, Wu Daozi, Wang Wei's paintings, "Dressing and Feathering Dance" and other music and dances, as well as numerous cave techniques, have been passed down to later generations. In terms of science and technology, printing and gunpowder, the four great inventions of China, all appeared in this period.

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Song Liao Xia Jin (947 ~ 1279) in detail

In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of the Song Dynasty, instigated the mutiny in Chen Qiao, and established the Later Zhou Dynasty (960 ~ 1279), which bound the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. At the same time, the Khitans established Liao in northern China (947 ~1125); Tangut people established Xixia Kingdom in the northwest of Song Dynasty (1038 ~ 1227). Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty and Xixia were in full swing. 1 1 15 years, nuzhen established the whole country in the north (115 ~1234). Jin destroyed Liao in 1 125, attacked and unsealed it in 1 127, and seized the benefits and the Qin emperor, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. Zhao Gou, the ancestor of the Song Dynasty, took the position of Tianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) in Nanjing, then fled to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) and stayed in Jiangnan for a long time, which was used by the Southern Song Dynasty.

The scientific and technological achievements in this period are particularly remarkable, that is, the three inventions of the southern needle, printing and gunpowder were applied in practice, of which movable type printing was 400 years earlier than that in Europe; Su Song created the world's first astronomical clock-water transport instrument. Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan occupies a high position in the history of science and technology. Culturally, science and scholarship are prosperous, and Taoism, Buddhism and foreign religions are quite popular. In literature, Ouyang Xiu and other essayists appeared. Song Ci is the peak of literary research in this period. Yan Shu, Liu Yong, Su Shi, Zhou Bangyan, Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji are all poets of one generation. During the Song and Jin Dynasties, scripts and operas were also very popular. Paintings are good at landscapes, flowers and birds, and folk paintings, such as Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scenery in Qing Dynasty, are rich in historical materials and of high value.

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Yuan dynasty (127 1 ~ 1368)

1206, Cheng Khan established Great Mongolia in the north of the desert, and then launched a predatory war on the border. After the Mongols destroyed Xixia (1227) and Jin (1234), they made three expeditions to the west, and soldiers pushed Balier (now Bolan) and Madzar (now Hungary) to Baghdad and Damask. Mongolia has become a great khanate across Europe and Asia. 1260, Yuan Zu suddenly came to power, worshiped Chinese law, reformed the old system, made Kaiping (Inner Mongolia) its capital and Yanjing (present-day Beijing) its capital. 127 1 year changed the country name to Dayuan. 1279 destroyed the southern song dynasty. 1368, the Ming army invaded the Yuan capital, Yuan withdrew from the Central Plains and returned to Mobei, and the Yuan Dynasty was bound.

During the Yuan Dynasty, China was the most powerful country in the world, and its reputation reached as far as Europe, Asia and Africa. China's three great inventions, printing and writing brush, gunpowder and compass, were also introduced to Europe through Arabia in the Yuan Dynasty. Astronomy, medicine and arithmetic from Arab countries were introduced into China, and Islam was also widely spread.

As far as literary and artistic achievements are concerned, Yuanqu is the best, such as Guan Hanqing, Wang Shifu, Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan, Yuan, etc.

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Details of Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1644)

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhu Yuanzhang abandoned Cheng Xiang and took over the military and political power directly in order to strengthen the power of the central government. Compared with the previous generation, agriculture in Ming Dynasty has made great progress, such as silk weaving and porcelain making, as well as iron ore, copper casting, paper making and shipbuilding. Foreign economy, culture and cross-flow development. The navigator Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean, passing through more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa. However, after the mid-Ming Dynasty, China was invaded by Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch and other countries.

In the Ming dynasty, subjects tried to pass the eight-part essay by examination, which bound a person to understand. The achievements of the Ming Dynasty in culture and science and technology are: Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Journey to the West, Jin Ping Mei, Opera, Peony Pavilion, Geography, Xu Xiake's Travels and Medicine. Agricultural science includes The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration, engineering includes Heavenly Creations, and liberal arts includes Yongle Grand Ceremony, all of which are classics.

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Qing dynasty (1636 ~1911)

16 16, after years of war, the Qing Taizu Nurhachi established the Houjin. 1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Qing. 1644, the Qing army entered the customs and was destroyed. The Qing Dynasty ruled China for 268 years after entering the customs, with 10 emperors, namely Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong.

In the early Qing dynasty, the society was stable and the economy was developed, and the three generations of Kang, Yong and Gan reached their peak. However, after Jia and Tao came into being, political governance became more and more corrupt, the spear and shield of social association began to be stimulated, and national strength declined. 19 After the replacement of western colonists in the 1930s, a large number of crow slices were imported into China. 1839, the Qing government sent Lin Zexu to Guangdong to ban smoking. 1840, in order to protect the interests of crow slices, British colonists launched the Opium War in Ukraine, forcing the Qing government to sign the unequal treaty of nanking, and China gradually degenerated into a land society of semi-colonial people from the beginning. The failure of fighting between crows and birds increased people's burden. Finally, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement broke out in 185 1, which dealt a heavy blow to the Qing Dynasty. 1864, the Qing Dynasty colluded with foreign invaders to suppress the revolutionary life of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Zeng Guofan, Zuo, Li Hongzhang and Yi Bo started the Westernization Movement in China. Their political purpose was to suppress the people's counter-struggle and promote the military industry, but they played a leading role in the modernization process of China. With the introduction and influence of western culture, the school of turning assets into good materials appeared in the division of knowledge and action, and gradually evolved into the Reform Movement of 1898 headed by Kang Youwei. After the Empress Dowager Cixi suppressed the Reform Movement, she also suppressed the anti-imperialist and patriotic Boxer Movement. 19 1 1 year, Sun Yat-sen led the Revolution of 1911 and overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

A large number of thinkers and scholars such as Huang Zongxi, Gu, Wang Fuzhi, Wei Yuan, Gong Zizhen, Kang Youwei, Yan Fu, Tan Sitong, Liang Qichao, Zhang and Cai Yuanpei emerged in the Qing Dynasty. During this period, outstanding short stories such as Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, The Scholars and A Dream of Red Mansions appeared, as well as outstanding operas such as The Palace of Eternal Life and Peach Blossom Fan, and prose, poetry and painting were also highly successful.

During the Westernization Movement, a large number of natural science translations emerged, which promoted the emergence of a number of modern natural science talents, including famous mathematicians Li, Hua, chemist and engineer Zhan Tianyou.

The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in China, and its sudden contribution was to unify the whole country, strengthen the unity of multi-ethnic countries, and finally laid the territory of China. Xin's life has been bound for more than 2,000 years, but there is no solution to the social club contradiction in China.

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Republic of China (19 12 ~ 1949) Details

From the end of Qing Dynasty to 1949, the history of the establishment of China people and country was called China's people's country. This is a period of great changes in the history of China.

After the new victory, Sun Yat-sen established the People's Republic of China (PRC). However, the fruits of the revolution were quickly usurped by Yuan Shikai and other Beiyang military leaders. After that, the Beiyang government (19 12 ~ 1928) ruled the whole country independently, and voted for the empire abroad. Warlords have been fighting for years, and the people are in hot water.

192 1 year, the Communist Party of China (CPC) was established in Shanghai. 1924, cooperation between the state and * * *. 1June, 926, the People's Republic of China (PRC) government appointed Chiang Kai-shek as commander-in-chief of the People's Republic of China (PRC) Revolutionary Army, vowing to northern expedition. 1928, the announcement of unified governance of Beiyang government came to an end.

After the Communist Party of China (CPC) established his own armed forces, he led the people of China to experience agrarian revolution (1927 ~ 1937), anti-Japanese war (1937 ~ 1945) and liberation (1945 ~/kloc-0).

During this period, cultural changes are also remarkable. The May 4th New Culture Movement, which started with 19 15 Chen Duxiu's New Year of Youth, made a fierce attack on traditional culture. After that, the names of democracy and science were deeply rooted in people's hearts, vernacular Chinese was widely popularized, and remarkable achievements were made in education, science and publishing, especially social sciences and arts and crafts.

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People's Republic of China (PRC) (1 949101October1) for details.

1 949 65438+1October1,the people of China and the country were established. Thus, the history of China entered a period of socialist reform and establishment.