How to evaluate Wang Anshi's political reform? Is this political reform good or bad? What is the most fundamental reason for its failure?

1, Wang Anshi's political reform fundamentally, although it failed, it had a far-reaching impact on the history of China and also determined Wang Anshi's own historical position!

2. Wang Anshi's adolescence was the "poor" and "weak" period of the Northern Song Dynasty, and this weak feudal dynasty was struggling. The so-called accumulation of poverty refers to: the national financial difficulties caused by redundant officials and indiscriminate soldiers (national poverty) and the poverty of working people caused by expanding tax collection to solve financial difficulties (people's poverty); The so-called weakness refers to the fact that the Song Dynasty was increasingly unable to control mutiny and civil strife at home, and it was increasingly unable to resist the double intrusion of Liao and Xia abroad.

3. During this period, due to the influence of the "Qingli New Deal", the voice of political reform is rising day by day, which has gradually set off a powerful social trend of thought. Reform and political reform have become a fashion. As Chen Liang said: "Fang and Jia have the same law, and celebrities all over the world often suffer from the same law." Every word of a celebrity is a kind of reform. However, there are different opinions on how to reform the law. On the one hand, this situation opened up the situation for Wang Anshi's political reform in the future, but on the other hand, it also laid a curse for Wang Anshi's failure in political reform in the future. At that time, influenced by this trend of thought, Wang Anshi wrote a five-character story book to Song Renzong in the spring of 1059. This is a famous article by Emperor Renzong of Shang Dynasty.

In the statement, Wang Anshi's reform proposal is not specific, but only focuses on some issues related to politics and even official management, without focusing on some fundamental social and economic issues. However, he put forward a fiscal policy of "making the wealth of the world with the power of the world, and taking the wealth of the world as the cost of the world". In the later political reform movement, this fiscal policy was thoroughly implemented.

However, this story book didn't get the attention of Song Renzong and the worthies, and it didn't make any waves in politics at that time. Wang Anshi was probably deeply disappointed with this, so he stayed at Jiangning's home to give lectures after the mourning period expired. During the Song Yingzong period, Wang Anshi never became an official. This relaxed life gave Wang Anshi time to conceive his future reform framework.

4. 1069 In February (the second year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty), Song Shenzong appointed Wang Anshi as political adviser and began political reform. In the second year of 65438+ February, Wang Anshi was appointed as prime minister again, and the political reform movement was launched on a larger scale.

The scope of Wang Anshi's political reform is very extensive. Generally speaking, there are four main aspects.

First, adjust the bureaucracy, promote the lower-class literati, and change the imperial examination system and school system. Wang Anshi learned from the failure of Li Qing's political reform, and avoided the primary problem of traditional political reform, that is, "rectifying bureaucracy" and related issues such as eliminating redundant staff, so as to reduce the opposition of the bureaucratic class to the political reform. He even took measures such as raising officials' salaries and expanding the preferential treatment system for retired officials to win over the on-the-job and off-the-job officials, so as to win the support of the bureaucratic class for the political reform in this way. Because Wang Anshi's political reform was closely focused on two key points: "financial management" and "army consolidation", Wang Anshi intensified the transformation and utilization. Idle institutions such as Sinong Temple, Water Superintendent and Ministry of War all played a role in varying degrees during Wang Anshi's political reform. According to the needs of political reform, Wang Anshi also added many new institutions, such as the Department of Laws and Regulations, the Department of Municipal Affairs, and the Department of Military Equipment Supervision. Wang Anshi, like the way to deal with bureaucrats, on the one hand, did not lay off redundant officials, on the other hand, he broke the old rule of promotion according to capital, and promoted a large number of capable lower-level officials, literati and even civilians who were interested in reform, and let them join the upper-level institutions. In this way, the number of bureaucrats and officials increased slightly compared with that before the political reform, and the financial expenditure increased, but this was the need of the political reform.

In view of the disadvantages of the imperial examination system, Wang Anshi reformed it. However, in the new imperial examination, the methods of "emphasizing strategy and giving up poetry and fu" and "giving up classics and giving birth to simple learning, examining righteousness without scribbling" are divorced from reality. However, the purpose of Wang Anshi's reform of the imperial examination is not here, but to use the imperial examination to restrain the opposition and absorb the supporters of the reform, so as to make it more conducive to the development of the reform. In terms of academic system, Wang Anshi published the book "Three Classics and Pro-righteousness" written by himself and Lv Huiqing at school, which is a required reading material for students and serves the reform with academic education.

Second, reserve soldiers and deploy troops to strengthen the combat effectiveness of the army; Establish a Baojia system to consolidate local public security. "Rectifying the army" is an important aspect of Wang Anshi's political reform. A large number of redundant staff, a large number of old and weak soldiers who lack fighting capacity, and serious vacancies in military camps are the three major ills of the Northern Song Dynasty army. In this regard, Wang Anshi cut 300,000 redundant soldiers and saved nearly 10 million military expenses. In addition, Wang Anshi also reformed the old anti-change system-the anti-change law, and expanded the Art of War founded by Fan Zhongyan and others. That is to improve the power of military commanders and separate them from the local administrative system, so as to specifically manage soldiers, make soldiers get along with each other for a long time, and improve their combat capability. The implementation of this "general placement law" has solved the problems of excessive fatigue of soldiers caused by frequent garrison, and the resulting separation of soldiers from soldiers, lack of training, and inability to command for a long time, resulting in lax orders and command. In addition, the establishment of military equipment supervisors also provided excellent equipment for the army, which had a great impact on improving Song Jun's combat effectiveness.

In the vast rural areas, the family security system is implemented, and rural soldiers' organizations such as Jiabao and rural grassroots organizations are established. This is garbo's law. The law of tongzhi was implemented to strengthen the public order in feudal society. In addition, maintain local public security, select Baoding, train regularly, and be responsible for patrolling. On the one hand, its purpose is to strengthen feudal public order, on the other hand, it is to explore a road of combining military and agriculture through this method to reduce redundant troops.

The establishment and development of Garbo Law provided conditions for the establishment of Garbo Law. In order to solve the problem of large land occupation and high cost of official horses, Wang Anshi used the Baojia system to distribute official horses to private households for breeding, stipulating that horse owners could be free of discount and accommodation. The implementation of the Law on the Protection of Horses has saved financial expenses and provided better military horses for the army.

Third, adjust the relationship between the central and local governments and farmers and pay attention to the development of agricultural production. In view of the rampant usury activities, a large number of farmers went bankrupt because of borrowing, which seriously affected social stability and national fiscal revenue, Wang Anshi promulgated the Young Crop Law. The so-called young crops law means that the state lends money to private families. If a private family borrows money, it must ensure that it borrows money from the government according to the loan amount stipulated by the family. The loan is divided into two installments a year. Loans are issued during the immature period of summer grain and autumn grain, and are repaid after summer harvest and autumn harvest. Whether the interest is three points or two points. This is essentially the state lending usury to private individuals. The implementation of the Young Crop Law, to a certain extent, reduced the burden of farmers' loans, cracked down on usurers, and increased the state's fiscal revenue.

Officers are one of the heavy burdens of farmers in the Northern Song Dynasty. Although the state does not stipulate that business trips should be based on households, in fact, due to the exemption and escape of the rich and powerful, all kinds of servants have fallen on farmers. Therefore, an important content of Wang Anshi's political reform is to implement the exemption law. That is, the old system of taking turns as officers by households in the past was abolished, and money was paid according to grades and hired by the government. This kind of money is called spare money; In the past, six types of households, such as state households, official households, female households and temple households, which were exempted from service, also paid half of their money by households, and their money was called service money; In addition, in order to prevent water shortage and drought, families have to pay more for two services, which is called exemption. The exemption law averages the burden on officers, reduces the pressure on farmers and benefits the country greatly. In addition to completing state chores through employment, the financial resources of feudal countries have greatly increased.

1072 (the fifth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty), the Tianfang Tax Law was implemented. The purpose is to clear the field, check tax evasion and determine land tax. Its implementation has restricted the merger of powerful countries to varying degrees and stimulated farmers' enthusiasm for production.

The Farmland Water Conservancy Law, which was implemented earlier than the Farmland Equalization Tax Law, also promoted the continuous development of farmland water conservancy construction to varying degrees, achieved certain success in the construction of the Yellow River regulation project, and greatly developed social production.

Fourth, the supplier countries need and restrict the implementation of the commercial capital policy and the reform of the patent system. In view of the serious disconnect between the demand for Bianjing materials and the supply of Southeast Sixth Road, Wang Anshi introduced the equal loss method. Its main content is to improve the organization's ability to deliver goods equally. The government has increased huge investment, reformed the old disadvantages in transportation, purchase and sale, and implemented the system of "paying money and grain on behalf of others" in areas with poor harvests. After the implementation of equal loss law, it lightened the burden of local governments and farmers, restricted the profiteering activities of merchant capital, and enabled feudal countries to share the commercial profits monopolized by merchants before.

After the establishment of the City Easy Law, businessmen's capital was more severely restricted. The purpose of market change law is to stabilize prices, crack down on speculation, and put the market controlled and dominated by big businessmen under the control of feudal government. The specific measures are: setting up city offices in Bianjing, setting up city offices in some border areas and important cities, and the state has invested huge sums of money to make them monopoly market institutions. After the implementation of the municipal easy law, the goal has basically been achieved.

Wang Anshi also actively reformed the patent system of tea, salt, wine, alum, gold and silver pit smelting and currency casting. We have strengthened the control over the patents of tea salt, wine and alum, and relaxed the restrictions on the patents of gold and silver pit smelting, all of which can be developed.

This series of reform measures did play the role of a rich country, Qiang Bing, but they violated the vested interests of big bureaucrats, big landlords, wealthy businessmen and usurers. In addition, during the implementation of the new law, things that disturb the people keep happening, so the implementation of the new law has great resistance. Among them, the young crops law, the exemption law and the market change law were particularly attacked by conservative officials. From the central government to the local government, from words to actions, represented by Sima Guang, Fan Ju, Zhao Zhan, Han Qi, Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yang, Jiang Qian and Fu Bi, they are in tit-for-tat with political reform officials.

Young crops law is the first focus of the struggle between the two sides. This opposition not only made Song Shenzong shake, but also made Su Shi, Su Zhe, Chang Li, Cheng Hao and other reformist officials shake and change. However, Wang Anshi finally remained calm and persuaded Song Shenzong to make a compromise on the young crops law, thus stabilizing the situation. Subsequently, around the exemption law, the two sides launched a fierce contest. Later, due to the implementation of the Municipal Easy Law and the occurrence of major disasters, conservatives once again set off a climax of the struggle against political reform. Later, there was a split within the reformists, and Wang Anshi was forced to resign in April of 1074 (the seventh year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty). Although Wang Anshi was re-appointed as prime minister in February of the following year, the situation of political reform was not as good as before. The indecision of the young emperor, the constant attacks of the old guard, the disagreement of important members of the reformists, and the death of Wang Kaiwen, his beloved son, made Wang Anshi feel depressed and overwhelmed. Therefore, Wang Anshi went on strike again and returned to Jiangning in 1076 (the ninth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty).

After returning to Jiangning, Wang Anshi initially held the title of "Judge of jiangning house", but he never went to yamen to handle government affairs. In June of the following year, he simply resigned from this official title. On weekdays, in addition to traveling to find scenic spots, wandering in the wild is reading and writing. Zi Shuo was written in this period.

At this time, although the new law continued to be implemented under the auspices of Lv Huiqing, Han Jiang and others, the whole political reform movement had slipped out of the normal track. Chen Kui said that "Yuanfeng government is different from Xining", which is correct.

5. 1069 In February (the second year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty), Song Shenzong appointed Wang Anshi as political adviser and began political reform. In the second year of 65438+ February, Wang Anshi was appointed as prime minister again, and the political reform movement was launched on a larger scale.

The scope of Wang Anshi's political reform is very extensive. Generally speaking, there are four main aspects.

First, adjust the bureaucracy, promote the lower-class literati, and change the imperial examination system and school system. Wang Anshi learned from the failure of Li Qing's political reform, and avoided the primary problem of traditional political reform, that is, "rectifying bureaucracy" and related issues such as eliminating redundant staff, so as to reduce the opposition of the bureaucratic class to the political reform. He even took measures such as raising officials' salaries and expanding the preferential treatment system for retired officials to win over the on-the-job and off-the-job officials, so as to win the support of the bureaucratic class for the political reform in this way. Because Wang Anshi's political reform was closely focused on two key points: "financial management" and "army consolidation", Wang Anshi intensified the transformation and utilization. Idle institutions such as Sinong Temple, Water Superintendent and Ministry of War all played a role in varying degrees during Wang Anshi's political reform. According to the needs of political reform, Wang Anshi also added many new institutions, such as the Department of Laws and Regulations, the Department of Municipal Affairs, and the Department of Military Equipment Supervision. Wang Anshi, like the way to deal with bureaucrats, on the one hand, did not lay off redundant officials, on the other hand, he broke the old rule of promotion according to capital, and promoted a large number of capable lower-level officials, literati and even civilians who were interested in reform, and let them join the upper-level institutions. In this way, the number of bureaucrats and officials increased slightly compared with that before the political reform, and the financial expenditure increased, but this was the need of the political reform.

In view of the disadvantages of the imperial examination system, Wang Anshi reformed it. However, in the new imperial examination, the methods of "emphasizing strategy and giving up poetry and fu" and "giving up classics and giving birth to simple learning, examining righteousness without scribbling" are divorced from reality. However, the purpose of Wang Anshi's reform of the imperial examination is not here, but to use the imperial examination to restrain the opposition and absorb the supporters of the reform, so as to make it more conducive to the development of the reform. In terms of academic system, Wang Anshi published the book "Three Classics and Pro-righteousness" written by himself and Lv Huiqing at school, which is a required reading material for students and serves the reform with academic education.

Second, reserve soldiers and deploy troops to strengthen the combat effectiveness of the army; Establish a Baojia system to consolidate local public security. "Rectifying the army" is an important aspect of Wang Anshi's political reform. A large number of redundant staff, a large number of old and weak soldiers who lack fighting capacity, and serious vacancies in military camps are the three major ills of the Northern Song Dynasty army. In this regard, Wang Anshi cut 300,000 redundant soldiers and saved nearly 10 million military expenses. In addition, Wang Anshi also reformed the old anti-change system-the anti-change law, and expanded the Art of War founded by Fan Zhongyan and others. That is to improve the power of military commanders and separate them from the local administrative system, so as to specifically manage soldiers, make soldiers get along with each other for a long time, and improve their combat capability. The implementation of this "general placement law" has solved the problems of excessive fatigue of soldiers caused by frequent garrison, and the resulting separation of soldiers from soldiers, lack of training, and inability to command for a long time, resulting in lax orders and command. In addition, the establishment of military equipment supervisors also provided excellent equipment for the army, which had a great impact on improving Song Jun's combat effectiveness.

In the vast rural areas, the family security system is implemented, and rural soldiers' organizations such as Jiabao and rural grassroots organizations are established. This is garbo's law. The law of tongzhi was implemented to strengthen the public order in feudal society. In addition, maintain local public security, select Baoding, train regularly, and be responsible for patrolling. On the one hand, its purpose is to strengthen feudal public order, on the other hand, it is to explore a road of combining military and agriculture through this method to reduce redundant troops.

The establishment and development of Garbo Law provided conditions for the establishment of Garbo Law. In order to solve the problem of large land occupation and high cost of official horses, Wang Anshi used the Baojia system to distribute official horses to private households for breeding, stipulating that horse owners could be free of discount and accommodation. The implementation of the Law on the Protection of Horses has saved financial expenses and provided better military horses for the army.

Third, adjust the relationship between the central and local governments and farmers and pay attention to the development of agricultural production. In view of the rampant usury activities, a large number of farmers went bankrupt because of borrowing, which seriously affected social stability and national fiscal revenue, Wang Anshi promulgated the Young Crop Law. The so-called young crops law means that the state lends money to private families. If a private family borrows money, it must ensure that it borrows money from the government according to the loan amount stipulated by the family. The loan is divided into two installments a year. Loans are issued during the immature period of summer grain and autumn grain, and are repaid after summer harvest and autumn harvest. Whether the interest is three points or two points. This is essentially the state lending usury to private individuals. The implementation of the Young Crop Law, to a certain extent, reduced the burden of farmers' loans, cracked down on usurers, and increased the state's fiscal revenue.

Officers are one of the heavy burdens of farmers in the Northern Song Dynasty. Although the state does not stipulate that business trips should be based on households, in fact, due to the exemption and escape of the rich and powerful, all kinds of servants have fallen on farmers. Therefore, an important content of Wang Anshi's political reform is to implement the exemption law. That is, the old system of taking turns as officers by households in the past was abolished, and money was paid according to grades and hired by the government. This kind of money is called spare money; In the past, six types of households, such as state households, official households, female households and temple households, which were exempted from service, also paid half of their money by households, and their money was called service money; In addition, in order to prevent water shortage and drought, families have to pay more for two services, which is called exemption. The exemption law averages the burden on officers, reduces the pressure on farmers and benefits the country greatly. In addition to completing state chores through employment, the financial resources of feudal countries have greatly increased.

1072 (the fifth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty), the Tianfang Tax Law was implemented. The purpose is to clear the field, check tax evasion and determine land tax. Its implementation has restricted the merger of powerful countries to varying degrees and stimulated farmers' enthusiasm for production.

The Farmland Water Conservancy Law, which was implemented earlier than the Farmland Equalization Tax Law, also promoted the continuous development of farmland water conservancy construction to varying degrees, achieved certain success in the construction of the Yellow River regulation project, and greatly developed social production.

Fourth, the supplier countries need and restrict the implementation of the commercial capital policy and the reform of the patent system. In view of the serious disconnect between the demand for Bianjing materials and the supply of Southeast Sixth Road, Wang Anshi introduced the equal loss method. Its main content is to improve the organization's ability to deliver goods equally. The government has increased huge investment, reformed the old disadvantages in transportation, purchase and sale, and implemented the system of "paying money and grain on behalf of others" in areas with poor harvests. After the implementation of equal loss law, it lightened the burden of local governments and farmers, restricted the profiteering activities of merchant capital, and enabled feudal countries to share the commercial profits monopolized by merchants before.

After the establishment of the City Easy Law, businessmen's capital was more severely restricted. The purpose of market change law is to stabilize prices, crack down on speculation, and put the market controlled and dominated by big businessmen under the control of feudal government. The specific measures are: setting up city offices in Bianjing, setting up city offices in some border areas and important cities, and the state has invested huge sums of money to make them monopoly market institutions. After the implementation of the municipal easy law, the goal has basically been achieved.

Wang Anshi also actively reformed the patent system of tea, salt, wine, alum, gold and silver pit smelting and currency casting. We have strengthened the control over the patents of tea salt, wine and alum, and relaxed the restrictions on the patents of gold and silver pit smelting, all of which can be developed.

This series of reform measures did play the role of a rich country, Qiang Bing, but they violated the vested interests of big bureaucrats, big landlords, wealthy businessmen and usurers. In addition, during the implementation of the new law, things that disturb the people keep happening, so the implementation of the new law has great resistance. Among them, the young crops law, the exemption law and the market change law were particularly attacked by conservative officials. From the central government to the local government, from words to actions, represented by Sima Guang, Fan Ju, Zhao Zhan, Han Qi, Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yang, Jiang Qian and Fu Bi, they are in tit-for-tat with political reform officials.

Young crops law is the first focus of the struggle between the two sides. This opposition not only made Song Shenzong shake, but also made Su Shi, Su Zhe, Chang Li, Cheng Hao and other reformist officials shake and change. However, Wang Anshi finally remained calm and persuaded Song Shenzong to make a compromise on the young crops law, thus stabilizing the situation. Subsequently, around the exemption law, the two sides launched a fierce contest. Later, due to the implementation of the Municipal Easy Law and the occurrence of major disasters, conservatives once again set off a climax of the struggle against political reform. Later, there was a split within the reformists, and Wang Anshi was forced to resign in April of 1074 (the seventh year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty). Although Wang Anshi was re-appointed as prime minister in February of the following year, the situation of political reform was not as good as before. The indecision of the young emperor, the constant attacks of the old guard, the disagreement of important members of the reformists, and the death of Wang Kaiwen, his beloved son, made Wang Anshi feel depressed and overwhelmed. Therefore, Wang Anshi went on strike again and returned to Jiangning in 1076 (the ninth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty).

After returning to Jiangning, Wang Anshi initially held the title of "Judge of jiangning house", but he never went to yamen to handle government affairs. In June of the following year, he simply resigned from this official title. On weekdays, in addition to traveling to find scenic spots, wandering in the wild is reading and writing. Zi Shuo was written in this period.

At this time, although the new law continued to be implemented under the auspices of Lv Huiqing, Han Jiang and others, the whole political reform movement had slipped out of the normal track. Chen Kui said that "Yuanfeng government is different from Xining", which is correct.

5. 1069 In February (the second year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty), Song Shenzong appointed Wang Anshi as political adviser and began political reform. In the second year of 65438+ February, Wang Anshi was appointed as prime minister again, and the political reform movement was launched on a larger scale.

The scope of Wang Anshi's political reform is very extensive. Generally speaking, there are four main aspects.

First, adjust the bureaucracy, promote the lower-class literati, and change the imperial examination system and school system. Wang Anshi learned from the failure of Li Qing's political reform, and avoided the primary problem of traditional political reform, that is, "rectifying bureaucracy" and related issues such as eliminating redundant staff, so as to reduce the opposition of the bureaucratic class to the political reform. He even took measures such as raising officials' salaries and expanding the preferential treatment system for retired officials to win over the on-the-job and off-the-job officials, so as to win the support of the bureaucratic class for the political reform in this way. Because Wang Anshi's political reform was closely focused on two key points: "financial management" and "army consolidation", Wang Anshi intensified the transformation and utilization. Idle institutions such as Sinong Temple, Water Superintendent and Ministry of War all played a role in varying degrees during Wang Anshi's political reform. According to the needs of political reform, Wang Anshi also added many new institutions, such as the Department of Laws and Regulations, the Department of Municipal Affairs, and the Department of Military Equipment Supervision. Wang Anshi, like the way to deal with bureaucrats, on the one hand, did not lay off redundant officials, on the other hand, he broke the old rule of promotion according to capital, and promoted a large number of capable lower-level officials, literati and even civilians who were interested in reform, and let them join the upper-level institutions. In this way, the number of bureaucrats and officials increased slightly compared with that before the political reform, and the financial expenditure increased, but this was the need of the political reform.

In view of the disadvantages of the imperial examination system, Wang Anshi reformed it. However, in the new imperial examination, the methods of "emphasizing strategy and giving up poetry and fu" and "giving up classics and giving birth to simple learning, examining righteousness without scribbling" are divorced from reality. However, the purpose of Wang Anshi's reform of the imperial examination is not here, but to use the imperial examination to restrain the opposition and absorb the supporters of the reform, so as to make it more conducive to the development of the reform. In terms of academic system, Wang Anshi published the book "Three Classics and Pro-righteousness" written by himself and Lv Huiqing at school, which is a required reading material for students and serves the reform with academic education.

Second, reserve soldiers and deploy troops to strengthen the combat effectiveness of the army; Establish a Baojia system to consolidate local public security. "Rectifying the army" is an important aspect of Wang Anshi's political reform. A large number of redundant staff, a large number of old and weak soldiers who lack fighting capacity, and serious vacancies in military camps are the three major ills of the Northern Song Dynasty army. In this regard, Wang Anshi cut 300,000 redundant soldiers and saved nearly 10 million military expenses. In addition, Wang Anshi also reformed the old anti-change system-the anti-change law, and expanded the Art of War founded by Fan Zhongyan and others. That is to improve the power of military commanders and separate them from the local administrative system, so as to specifically manage soldiers, make soldiers get along with each other for a long time, and improve their combat capability. The implementation of this "general placement law" has solved the problems of excessive fatigue of soldiers caused by frequent garrison, and the resulting separation of soldiers from soldiers, lack of training, and inability to command for a long time, resulting in lax orders and command. In addition, the establishment of military equipment supervisors also provided excellent equipment for the army, which had a great impact on improving Song Jun's combat effectiveness.

In the vast rural areas, the family security system is implemented, and rural soldiers' organizations such as Jiabao and rural grassroots organizations are established. This is garbo's law. The law of tongzhi was implemented to strengthen the public order in feudal society. In addition, maintain local public security, select Baoding, train regularly, and be responsible for patrolling. On the one hand, its purpose is to strengthen feudal public order, on the other hand, it is to explore a road of combining military and agriculture through this method to reduce redundant troops.

The establishment and development of Garbo Law provided conditions for the establishment of Garbo Law. In order to solve the problem of large land occupation and high cost of official horses, Wang Anshi used the Baojia system to distribute official horses to private households for breeding, stipulating that horse owners could be free of discount and accommodation. The implementation of the Law on the Protection of Horses has saved financial expenses and provided better military horses for the army.

Third, adjust the relationship between the central and local governments and farmers and pay attention to the development of agricultural production. In view of the rampant usury activities, a large number of farmers went bankrupt because of borrowing, which seriously affected social stability and national fiscal revenue, Wang Anshi promulgated the Young Crop Law. The so-called young crops law means that the state lends money to private families. If a private family borrows money, it must ensure that it borrows money from the government according to the loan amount stipulated by the family. The loan is divided into two installments a year. Loans are issued during the immature period of summer grain and autumn grain, and are repaid after summer harvest and autumn harvest. Whether the interest is three points or two points. This is essentially the state lending usury to private individuals. The implementation of the Young Crop Law, to a certain extent, reduced the burden of farmers' loans, cracked down on usurers, and increased the state's fiscal revenue.

Officers are one of the heavy burdens of farmers in the Northern Song Dynasty. Although the state does not stipulate that business trips should be based on households, in fact, due to the exemption and escape of the rich and powerful, all kinds of servants have fallen on farmers. Therefore, an important content of Wang Anshi's political reform is to implement the exemption law. That is, the old system of taking turns as officers by households in the past was abolished, and money was paid according to grades and hired by the government. This kind of money is called spare money; In the past, six types of households, such as state households, official households, female households and temple households, which were exempted from service, also paid half of their money by households, and their money was called service money; In addition, in order to prevent water shortage and drought, families have to pay more for two services, which is called exemption. The exemption law averages the burden on officers, reduces the pressure on farmers and benefits the country greatly. In addition to completing state chores through employment, the financial resources of feudal countries have greatly increased.

1072 (the fifth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty), the Tianfang Tax Law was implemented. The purpose is to clear the field, check tax evasion and determine land tax. Its implementation has restricted the merger of powerful countries to varying degrees and stimulated farmers' enthusiasm for production.

The Farmland Water Conservancy Law, which was implemented earlier than the Farmland Equalization Tax Law, also promoted the continuous development of farmland water conservancy construction to varying degrees, achieved certain success in the construction of the Yellow River regulation project, and greatly developed social production.

Fourth, the supplier countries need and restrict the implementation of the commercial capital policy and the reform of the patent system. In view of the serious disconnect between the demand for Bianjing materials and the supply of Southeast Sixth Road, Wang Anshi introduced the equal loss method. Its main content is to improve the organization's ability to deliver goods equally. The government has increased huge investment, reformed the old disadvantages in transportation, purchase and sale, and implemented the system of "paying money and grain on behalf of others" in areas with poor harvests. After the implementation of equal loss law, it lightened the burden of local governments and farmers, restricted the profiteering activities of merchant capital, and enabled feudal countries to share the commercial profits monopolized by merchants before.

After the establishment of the City Easy Law, businessmen's capital was more severely restricted. The purpose of market change law is to stabilize prices, crack down on speculation, and put the market controlled and dominated by big businessmen under the control of feudal government. The specific measures are: setting up city offices in Bianjing, setting up city offices in some border areas and important cities, and the state has invested huge sums of money to make them monopoly market institutions. After the implementation of the municipal easy law, the goal has basically been achieved.

Wang Anshi also actively reformed the patent system of tea, salt, wine, alum, gold and silver pit smelting and currency casting. We have strengthened the control over the patents of tea salt, wine and alum, and relaxed the restrictions on the patents of gold and silver pit smelting, all of which can be developed.

5. The root cause of failure: This series of reform measures did play the role of a rich country, Qiang Bing, but they infringed on the vested interests of big bureaucrats, big landlords, wealthy businessmen and usurers. In addition, during the implementation of the new law, things that disturb the people keep happening, so the implementation of the new law has great resistance. Among them, the young crops law, the exemption law and the market change law were particularly attacked by conservative officials. From the central government to the local government, from words to actions, represented by Sima Guang, Fan Ju, Zhao Zhan, Han Qi, Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yang, Jiang Qian and Fu Bi, they are in tit-for-tat with political reform officials.

Young crops law is the first focus of the struggle between the two sides. This opposition not only made Song Shenzong shake, but also made Su Shi, Su Zhe, Chang Li, Cheng Hao and other reformist officials shake and change. However, Wang Anshi finally remained calm and persuaded Song Shenzong to make a compromise on the young crops law, thus stabilizing the situation. Subsequently, around the exemption law, the two sides launched a fierce contest. Later, due to the implementation of the Municipal Easy Law and the occurrence of major disasters, conservatives once again set off a climax of the struggle against political reform. Later, there was a split within the reformists, and Wang Anshi was forced to resign in April of 1074 (the seventh year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty). Although Wang Anshi was re-appointed as prime minister in February of the following year, the situation of political reform was not as good as before. The indecision of the young emperor, the constant attacks of the old guard, the disagreement of important members of the reformists, and the death of Wang Kaiwen, his beloved son, made Wang Anshi feel depressed and overwhelmed. Therefore, Wang Anshi went on strike again and returned to Jiangning in 1076 (the ninth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty).

At this time, although the new law continued to be implemented under the auspices of Lv Huiqing, Han Jiang and others, the whole political reform movement had slipped out of the normal track. Chen Kui said that "Yuanfeng government is different from Xining", which is correct.