Is the pipa in Zhao Jun's hand the same as that in history when he left the fortress in drama and painting?

When it comes to Zhaojun's departure from the fortress, we always think of such a picture: the desert is lonely, the sun is setting, and geese are flying south. Zhao Jun put on a cloak and hugged the pipa, staring at the horizon or looking back at his hometown.

There are many movies and TV dramas related to Zhaojun, and there are also many paintings, and there are also many bridges where Zhaojun holds the pipa.

So, does modern Zhao Jun hold the pipa like this? If you really hold the pipa like modern times, it's wrong. Because the modern pipa originated from the ancient country of Qiuci, it was introduced to China through the Silk Road in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Therefore, even if Miss Zhaojun really has a pipa, it must not be like this.

Pipa is a plucked instrument, a plucked instrument. Wooden, the speaker is half pear-shaped with four strings on it. Originally made of silk thread, now it is made of steel wire, steel rope and nylon. The neck and panel have "phase" and "product" for determining phonemes. It is an important national musical instrument for solo, accompaniment, ensemble and ensemble.

Modern pipa

Pipa was originally named after the right-handed technique of playing these instruments. Around the Qin Dynasty, a round musical instrument with a long handle began to circulate. Because there are two main ways to play: popping forward is called "batch" and picking it up is called "ba", so people call it "batch ba". Liu Xi's explanation of names and musical instruments in the Han Dynasty: "The batch originated from Hu Zhong, and then drummed. Say yes when you push your hand, and say yes when you pull it, just like when you drum, because you feel famous. " This means that the batch handle is an instrument that is played on a horse. When you bounce forward, it's called batch, and when you pick backward, it's called handle. According to its performance characteristics, it is named "batch handle".

In ancient times, knocking, striking, bouncing and beating were all called drums. At that time, nomadic people were good at playing pipa on horseback, so they "immediately beat drums." Technical Record of Wang Sengqian in Southern Dynasties: "Empress Wei Wende plays the pipa with graceful charm. Ming Di tasted the clothes behind him and begged for music. Yangfu stood by and asked the emperor,' Empress Dowager, your majesty's mother, is your ceremony evil?' The emperor withdrew his hand in shame and went out. Well, the emperor said to Fu Shuo,' I know your respect, but I can't speak from you now because I'm worried about injustice. How can I meet Iraqis? The melody after this sentence is exquisite. "Visible, in the Wei and Jin dynasties, the name" pipa "officially entered the court.

surname

Later, in order to write in a unified way with Qin, Qin and other musical instruments at that time, it was renamed Pipa. This kind of pipa is called Qin Pipa or Han Pipa. Ruan Xian, a famous person in Wei and Jin Dynasties, was very good at playing this instrument, so some people called it Ruan.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, pear-shaped speakers, curved necks and four-stringed instruments came from the Western Regions, and some people combined them with China's pipa to make a new pipa. In the method of playing, the horizontal grip is changed to the vertical grip, and the plucking is changed to the five fingers of the right hand. After improvement by many artists, it has become two kinds of pipa: four-phase thirteen-grade and six-phase twenty-four-grade.

The Tang Dynasty was the peak of the development of pipa, and a large number of pipa players and music emerged. For example, Cao Bao, Cao Shancai and Cao Gang of Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty were all famous pipa players, and they were highly praised by the world. The poet praised their superb skills. Cao Gang's right hand is vigorous and powerful, and Pei Xing, an equally famous woman, is exquisite in pressing strings with her left hand and good at twisting strings.

Father Pei, a famous "five-string" performer in Shule, Western Regions, is one of the most valued court musicians of Emperor Taizong, who initiated the fingering method of pipa. Kang Kunlun is known as the first hand of pipa, and Duan Shanben is a famous Buddhist musician. After competing with Kangkunlun Pipa, he entered the court and became a royal musician.

Tong Dian, a friend of the Tang Dynasty, said: "The geisha is Le Yan, who is mainly pipa, so it is called pipa music." There are many wonderful chapters describing pipa music in the literature records and poems in the Tang Dynasty, which shows that the pipa playing skills at that time have made great progress and the expressive force is very rich.

Among the poems and songs praising pipa in history, Bai Juyi's famous poem Pipa Xing in the Tang Dynasty is the most representative, extremely vivid and vivid, and has become a famous sentence that has been passed down through the ages. For example, "We called for it a thousand times and urged it a thousand times before she started to walk towards us and hid half her face behind the guitar so that we wouldn't see it" and "She brushed the string, slowly twisted, swept and plucked", beginning with "Nishang" and ending with "Liu Yao". Big strings hum like rain, and small strings whisper like secrets. Humming, whispering-and then mixing together, like pouring large and small pearls into a plate of jade. ""Don't be sad and hate, tell more in silence than in voice. A silver vase suddenly burst, water gushed out, armored horses and weapons jumped out, conflicts and blows, beware of the end of the stroke song, all four strings made a sound, like tearing silk. " Pipa performance and its sound effects are vividly portrayed.

Finally, let's talk about Zhao Jun's The Girl and the Pipa. Some experts have verified that Zhao Jun didn't bring the pipa when he went to the cottage, but someone else did, namely Sara, the daughter of Liu Jian, the king of Jiangdu in the Western Han Dynasty.

In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (before 105), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent an envoy to Wusun State to crusade against Xiongnu, and Wusun Wang wanted to marry a great man. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named Liu Xijun as a princess, a pro-martial grandson, and a domineering right lady, ranking below the left lady of the Xiongnu princess, and made a musical instrument to relieve the feelings of missing from afar. This musical instrument is Ruan, also known as Qin Pipa.

After Liu Xijun arrived in Wusun, he built his own palace to live in. He meets arrogant hunters several times a year, drinks and rewards them with property and silk products. Old and arrogant, and unable to speak the local language, Liu Xijun was very sad. He wrote a song for himself, saying, "My family married me, and I am far away in a foreign country. The vault is a room with a wall. Meat is food and cheese is pulp. I often have a lingering fear and wish to return to my hometown for Huang Wei. " Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took pity on her when he heard about it, and sent messengers to send curtains, splendid pictures and other things every other year.