Briefly talk about Zhuge Liang's coup. We are learning to borrow arrows from grass boats.

There is no such thing. A similar incident happened in the battle between Liu Biao and Sun Quan in Ruxuwu. That's what Sun Quan used.

On the first day of the eighteenth year of Jian 'an, there was mist on the water. Sun Quan broke into the front line of Cao Jun by boat to observe the deployment of Cao Jun .. When Sun Quan's canoe went to Wuliu, drums and music sang together. Cao Cao, who was suspicious by nature, ordered the crossbow to be shot at Wuchuan. Soon, Sun Quan's canoe was in danger of capsizing because there were too many arrows on one side. Sun Quan ordered the bow to be turned around, so that the other side was hit by an arrow again. Soon, all the arrows were gone, and Sun Jun returned safely. Cao Cao was taken in like this. The protagonist of "Borrowing Arrows from Grass Boat" is actually Sun Quan, and this happened in the battle of Sui and Xu.

Although the story of borrowing an arrow from a straw boat is only two and a half pages in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it contains a lot of philosophy of life, which has opened my eyes.

There are four main reasons why Zhuge Liang can calculate skillfully: First, he is broad-minded and knows that Zhou Yu is plotting against him, but he is still willing to borrow an arrow for the sake of the overall situation. Second, he read widely, knowing astronomy above and geography below, and figured that it would take three days for the fog to flood the river before he could sign a military order. Third, he knew something about psychology and Lu Su's faithfulness, so he dared to reveal his plan to borrow arrows and borrowed twenty boats from him. I knew that Cao Cao was suspicious and didn't dare to attack rashly in foggy days, so I dared to let the ship approach Cao Cao's camp. Fourth, he is very careful, and every step is arranged in an orderly way. For example, let the soldiers beat drums and shout, bluff, line up the boats, and hold arrows on both sides.

Where did Zhuge Liang's clever calculation or wisdom come from? Although the reasons are different, I think: one depends on diligent study and the other on diligent practice, which are even the most important and indispensable. According to The Guide to Daoxian, Zhu Gekongming, whose real name is Wolong, once learned from the Duke of Lingshan in Runan, and won The History of the Three Kingdoms, The Art of War and Lonely Prosperity. He went to Wudang Mountain to pay homage to the leader of the Arctic, saw Shu Lang, golden slips, jade books and amulets, mastered Liu Jia's secret skills and moral elements, and became a first-class strategist at that time. Whether this statement is reliable or not is a fact, but at least it shows that Zhuge Liang used to learn from teachers everywhere, so as to accumulate rich knowledge, not just by "parents giving him a good head." I remember that three days ago, Soochow strategist Lu Su asked Mr. Wang, "How do you know there is so much fog today?" Kong Ming seems to have replied modestly: "I didn't know that astronomy, geography, strange doors, yin and yang, arrays and military intelligence were for the general." I am a mediocrity. " According to this, it can be said that "wisdom" cannot be separated from "knowledge", and "ignorance" is bound to be "no plan".

Before he was a rookie, he knew that he had three points in the world; He sized up the situation and always expected the enemy to be like a god; He knows himself and himself, almost invincible; He is not surprised by his distress. He often makes sudden attacks ... It can be said that Kong Ming's justice has made great contributions to "helping Han" with his extraordinary wisdom and outstanding talent of "strategizing and winning thousands of miles". Just as a couplet highly summarizes his life: "Set the two rivers, arrange eight arrays, catch six out of seven, light forty-nine lights in front of five columns, and concentrate on three wishes;" Take western Shu, gather southern Yi, and reject east, west, north and south. In China's military records, Jin Mu's Tuge divination was changed, and the water surface could be attacked by fire. "

Wuhou Temple in the southern suburbs of Chengdu, Sichuan Province was built by Li Xiong of sixteen countries in the late Western Jin Dynasty in memory of Zhuge Liang, Prime Minister of Shu Han. The ancient cypresses in the shrine are lush and magnificent, and there is also a couplet here to praise Zhuge Liang's merits and demerits in Sichuan: "I have been cautious all my life, crossing the southern border for seven times and leaving the northern border for six times, and when it is destroyed, I can respect it; Ten times the glory of lotus, eight wars became famous, two rivers were blessed, and the quartet elite. Three points of merit will be returned to the father. " In addition, "two tables and three notes, one pair is enough for a thousand years. "This pair of couplets only used ten short words, praising Zhuge Liang's brilliant SHEN WOO, devoted himself to his life and died. The so-called "two tables" refers to the first and second "models" that Zhuge Liang made for the great cause of Shu and Han after he entered Sichuan; "Returning a pair" refers to "Longzhong Dui" written by Liu Bei when he visited the Caotang, in which Zhuge Liang made an incisive analysis of "three points in the world".

The Battle of ruxu Mouth was a battle between warlords Cao Cao and Sun Quan in ruxu Mouth in the first 2 13 years of the Three Kingdoms period. This battle was caused by Cao's repeated attacks and was finally repelled by Sun Quanjun.

Cao Battle of Red Cliffs, the former 2 13 warlord, fought Ma Chao and Sun Quan after his defeat. In the battle with Sun Quan, Cao Cao appointed Qi Xie as a farmer in Qichun, arranged in Wancheng to threaten Sun Quan, and extended the army to Qichun, making Sun Quan uneasy.

In order to prevent Cao Cao from harassing him, Sun Quan sent Monroe to persuade Qi Xie to surrender. Qi Xie refused, and Monroe then fought back; Sheikh was easily defeated and retreated. Qi Xie's grandson and Song Hao soon surrendered to Lumen, and their morale was exhausted. Cao Cao immediately began to attack Ruxukou, breached Sun Quan's camp in Jiangxi, and captured Sun Quan's commander-in-chief Gongsun Yang alive. In response, Sun Quan ordered Lv Meng to stop Cao Cao from personally leading the army into ruxu.

When Sun Quan was planning to defend the mouth of ruxu, Lv Meng organized a Meng Chong to be built on the dock to fight against Cao Cao's March in the foreseeable bloody battle in the near future.

According to historical records, Sun Guanke, who was killed in battle, was fatally wounded by Xu Sheng when he attacked Sun Quan's defense line in this war. Sun Guan died shortly after he was rescued to Cao Ying.

Lu Meng's foresight was soon proved to be correct. Sun Quan began to send Meng Chong to attack Cao Jun, but some of them were blown away by the wind. This may be the cause of Dong's death. Although Cao Jun had many people, Cao Cao saw that Sun Quan's army was well trained, so he decided to move his troops to the south of the Yangtze River.

Other departments of Sun Quan will take this opportunity to join Lv Meng's subsequent attacks on Wancheng and Lujiang.

After this war, Zhang Liao was stationed in Hefei and played an important role in the xiaoyaojin War in 2 15.

The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a collection of past legends, unofficial history, operas, local stories, official taboo stories, spoken scripts and stories of Zhuge Liang in folklore. He is described as the embodiment of wisdom, which is quite different from Zhuge Liang in the history of the Three Kingdoms, and his deeds are also different, such as burning Wang Bo and Xinye, and Zhuge Liang has not yet become the official Liu Bei; Three visits to the thatched cottage, seven arrests of Meng Huo, and six visits to Qishan (in fact, five northern expeditions, only the first and fourth visits to Qishan) are all exaggerations and plots. In history, Zhuge Liang's achievements in using troops are not as dazzling as his achievements in governing Shu. The Confucian debate, the grass boat borrowing arrows, the Dongfeng borrowing arrows, Zhou Yu's intellectual stimulation, Sanyu and the empty city plan are all fictitious or will replace trees with flowers. But these stories have become household names, and some plots in the novel describe Zhuge Liang as a Taoist, such as offering sacrifices to the wind at the seven-star altar and prolonging life with seven-star lanterns. In A Brief History of China's Novels, Lu Xun criticized Zhuge Liang in the popular romance of the Ancient Three Kingdoms as "wise SHEN WOO, close to a demon". He deified Zhuge Liang, who has always been a legalist, into a perfect figure with brilliant wisdom, super ability and mastery of military and strategic planning.

The full name of Romance of the Three Kingdoms is Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which is a long historical novel by China and the first novel in ancient China. The author is generally regarded as Luo Guanzhong at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, and is also the only novel adapted from historical facts in Four Great Classical Novels.

Love is based on history and Confucianism, emphasizing "loyalty"; It mainly describes the war, tells the history of the Yellow Scarf Uprising in the late Han Dynasty, the separatist regime in Wei Shuwu and the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty for more than a hundred years, and depicts a large number of heroes. The book States that "according to the official history, adopt novels and testimonies, and be decent." The combination of reality and reality makes music beautiful. [Source request] Li Yu has a saying: "The book of romance is so strange that a bachelor can read it quickly, and people who don't learn it will read it quickly; Heroes read fast, and ordinary people read fast. "

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the stories and legends of the Three Kingdoms period had a far-reaching impact on East Asian culture. At the latest in the late Tang Dynasty, the story of the Three Kingdoms has been circulated among the people. Li Shangyin has "Poems of Pride", "either teasing Zhang or laughing at Wargo to eat"; According to "Dream of China in Tokyo", an expert named Hoss who said "three points" appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty. The folk stories of the Three Kingdoms in the Northern Song Dynasty showed a tendency of "respecting Liu and belittling Cao". Su Dongpo's "Dongpo Zhi Lin" said: "The children of the native land are poor and mean, and their families are tired and bitter, so they have to spend money to make people sit together and listen to the old saying. To say three things about state affairs, I heard that Liu Xuande was defeated, and some people cried; When you hear that Cao Cao was defeated, you will sing with joy. Therefore, it is known that a gentleman is a villain and eternal life is not dangerous. "

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes the history of nearly a hundred years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty, reflecting the political and military struggles and the infiltration and transformation of various social contradictions during the Three Kingdoms period. In the attitude towards the Three Kingdoms, respecting Liu and opposing Cao is the mainstream. Taking Liu Bei Group as the center of description implies people's hope for the revival of the Han Dynasty and the orthodoxy of imperial power, although these old views are no longer suitable for today. When Shi Mao and his son collated The Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the Qing Dynasty, they deleted the irony and Machamp's confusion in the version handed down from the Ming Dynasty. Lu Xun said in "Historical Changes of China's Novels": "Because things in the Three Kingdoms are not as chaotic as in the Five Dynasties; Not as simple as Chu Han; It is not simple or complicated, and it is suitable for writing novels. Moreover, the heroes of the last days of the Three Kingdoms are very moving, so everyone likes to use them as the base of novels. "

The book also depicts nearly 200 characters, among which Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Liu Bei and others are the most successful. Zhuge Liang is the incarnation of the "saint" in the author's mind. He has the lofty spirit of "devoting all his efforts to death" and the ambition to help the people and rebuild a peaceful and prosperous world. The author endowed him with the peculiar ability to give orders and calculate skillfully. Cao Cao was portrayed as a traitor who "would rather teach me to be negative to the world than to teach the world to be negative to me". He is a political careerist and schemer, both clever and treacherous. Guan Yu is "brave and resolute" and "righteous as Mount Tai", but it is mainly based on personal grievances. Liu Bei was molded into a kind-hearted and caring person, a corporal with courtesy, righteousness and shame, and a typical benevolent gentleman who knows how to be kind and do his duty.

In the war, there are various methods, and readers will often feel the bloody war scenes. Among them, the description of the Battle of Guandu and Battle of Red Cliffs is considered to be ups and downs, ups and downs, which makes people soul-stirring, and describes the plot that is not in the history books in great detail. However, in the first 33 chapters, it was 24 years from Taoyuan to Cao Cao's unification of the north, and in chapter 7 1, it was 27 years from Liu Bei's visit to the cottage to Zhuge Liang's death in Wuzhangyuan. In the next 46 years, it only took 15 and a half chapters to end.

Due to the spread and influence of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms among the people, it is unique in China's ancient historical novels, which makes ordinary people, even some experts and scholars, lack correct common sense about the general situation, events and characters of the historical period described in the novel from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period. To some extent, the content of the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms has occupied a real historical position in the minds of Chinese people. This phenomenon has recently occurred. People have been arguing about this phenomenon.

Extraordinary narrative ability, panoramic war description, artistic typical characterization and simple classical Chinese constitute the main features of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

On the winter solstice in the twelfth year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei, who was stationed in Xinye at that time, visited Zhuge Liang in Longzhong three times at the suggestion of Xu Shu. I haven't seen Zhuge Liang twice before, but I finally met him for the third time. In Longzhong Dui, Zhuge Liang analyzed the world situation for Liu Bei and put forward a strategic idea of taking Jingzhou as his home, Yizhou as his foothold and the Central Plains. After three visits to the thatched cottage, Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain to become Liu Bei's strategist, and all kinds of strategies after Liu Bei Group were based on this.

Liu Bei once said "goodness" after listening to "Longzhong Dui", which can be interpreted as "goodness". In the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, Zhuge Liang went to Jiangdong and found that Sun Quan was interested in Jingzhou, so he no longer insisted on the idea of "crossing the Jing and benefiting". After Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei borrowed the land of Jingzhou from Sun Quan, but Zhuge Liang objected. After Sun Quan lent Liu Bei the land, he always wanted Jingzhou back, which eventually led Guan Yu to accidentally "lose Jingzhou". Cui Hao once said: "I abandoned Jingzhou and quit Bashu ... the people under this policy are also." Su Xun said, "I know there is nothing he can do to abandon Jingzhou and take West Shu." Mao Zedong pointed out: "The defeat of Shu Han began with' Longzhong Dui'. Thousands of miles apart, divided into two forces, how to be unbeaten? " Some experts pointed out: "Later generations commented on Zhuge Liang and his" Longzhong Dui ". For various reasons, there are often words of praise and protection. The wise judgment in Longzhong Dui is sometimes endowed with transcendental color; The embarrassment in yoga is even considered to be the true face of Meiyu. " "The northern expedition of Qinchuan, Wan and Luobei mentioned in Longzhong's dialogue, if it is not a scholar's discussion on politics and an armchair strategist, it can only be a bluff."

In the fifth year of Jian 'an (200 years), Lu Su put forward a couch strategy similar to that of Zhuge Liang Longzhong to Sun Quan.