Urgently ask for the introduction of all kinds of sailboats.

Water transportation tools originated from ancient people living in Haihe River area. In the early 15th century, Zheng He, a China Ming Dynasty, led a huge fleet to the sea for seven times, reaching more than 3 countries in Asia and Africa. Modern sailing started in Holland. In 166, the mayor of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, presented a sailboat named Mary to King charles ii of England. In 1662, charles ii hosted a yacht race between Britain and Holland. In 172, Ireland established the Royal Cork Sailing Club. In 1851, Britain held an international yacht race around the Isle of Wight. In 187, the United States and Britain held the first transatlantic America's Cup regatta. Sailing boats are divided into two types: steady board sail boats and keel sail boats. Steady board sail boat is light and flexible, and can sail in shallow water. The flying Dutchman, Dutchman, 47, Star and tornado in Olympic Games belong to this category, and it is the most popular sailing boat in the world. Keel sail boat, also known as steady rudder boat, is large and inflexible, has good stability and strong sail, and can only travel in deep water. Storm-type and Sorin-type in Olympic events all belong to this category. The competition is held on the sea surface, and the site is an equilateral triangle composed of three buoys, and the length of each channel is 2 ~ 2.5 nautical miles. The competition is sailing around the standard, and there are 7 games. The sum of the six games with the best performance is taken to evaluate the total score, and the one with the least total score is ranked first. The scoring method for each game is points for the first place, 3 points for the second place, 5.7 points for the third place, 8 points for the fourth place, 1 points for the fifth place, 11.7 points for the sixth place and 13 points for the seventh place, and 1 point will be added for each subsequent ranking. In 1896, it was listed as the first Olympic Games, but it was not held because of bad weather. In 19, it was listed as an Olympic event again. Originally a mixed event for men and women, men and women have been separated since the 1988 Olympic Games.

in the 13th century, the Spanish and Portuguese began to build a light sailboat called caravel, which was mainly used as fishingvessels at first, but it was widely used in other fields because of its good performance. BartholomeuDias)1488 discovered the CapeofGoodHope in 1488, and ChristopherColumbus)1492 discovered the New World in 1492. In 1498, VascodaGama)1498 crossed the Indian Ocean to reach Asia, and in 1519-1522, Ferdinand Magellan completed his first round-the-world voyage, using all these ships. It should not be forgotten that Europeans were able to build such ships because they learned many "long skills" from the East, especially China.

the first skill that Europeans learned from orientalism was the triangularsail of Arab sailors. Europeans have always used a "squaresail", that is, a square sail placed horizontally. More than a thousand years later (6th century AD), influenced by the Arabian dhows in the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, sailors in the Mediterranean gradually switched to this relatively easy-to-operate jib instead of the cross sail. By the 9th century A.D., there were almost no horizontal sails in this area. Incidentally, although the invention right of this kind of sail should belong to Arabs, it is called "Latinsail" or "lateensail" in Europe.

The second "skill" that Europeans learned was "fore and aftsail". China people used this kind of sail as early as the Warring States Period (3rd century BC), but it was not learned by Europeans until the 13th century. Although the jib they had learned from Arab sailors was relatively easy to operate, it was still placed horizontally, and they could only use the downwind. It was easy to use in the northern Indian Ocean where the monsoon was blowing, but it was not suitable in the Mediterranean Sea and other European waters where the wind direction was uncertain. Using the principle of component force and resultant force, the longitudinal sail can "sail in all directions", but only "head wind" can't sail. However, in the 16th century, due to the idea of "adjusting the bucket and fighting the wind", we were able to sail against the wind. The so-called "adjustment" refers to adjusting the direction of the bow and turning the headwind into a crosswind, so that it can also push the ship forward in a zigzag manner.

a necessary condition for using the longitudinal sail is to be able to flexibly adjust the bow direction. In China, it was achieved by using a "rudder" placed at the stern. At present, there is "have it both ways" in the idiom dictionary, which is an idiom from "slang" rather than "literaryquotation". It is about steering the rudder according to the wind direction to adjust the course. It has no derogatory meaning, unfortunately, it is often used to refer to a sleek and sophisticated practice that does not speak principles and falls with the wind. In ancient times, the word "rudder" was also called "rudder", "rudder" and "rudder". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xi explained the word "boat" and said, "The end of it is called" rudder ". The Jade Piece of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (AD 543) said, "Rudder is ship wood." And he said, "hey, the stern is small." These written records all show that the Chinese invented the rudder very early, and the evidence of using the rudder obtained by archaeological excavations is even earlier. Wooden boat models have been unearthed in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty in Guangdong and Hubei, and the rudder was installed at the stern. But the rudder spread to Europe quite late, about the 12th century. Until now, Europeans have been using side oars to control the direction, which is far less than using rudder. Rudder can be said to be the third "long skill" that Europeans have learned.

After learning to use jib, longitudinal sail and rudder, sailors can use wind more freely, which leads to an increase in the number of masts and sails, especially the number of sails, because it is easier to operate with multiple smaller sails than with a single large sail. "caravel" is a kind of light multi-masted sailboat, which usually has three masts, the foremast and the main mast fore hung with transverse sails, and the mizzen is hung with triangular longitudinal sails. Some even set up a fourth mast and hung a jib. There are also some ships that extend a bowsprit forward from the bow, on which a small sail is hung, and a top sail is added above the main sail and the front sail. In this way, we can make full use of wind power, have speed, be flexible and easy to operate, and can drive in various wind directions. It should be noted that the wind blowing on the upper part of the sail not only produces horizontal thrust, but also produces upward lift. When the lift is small, it is beneficial to the navigation of the ship, but if the lift is too large, it may capsize the ship. The use of jib and top sail can reduce the lift and help the ship sail stably.

Europeans began to build larger ships after Columbus discovered the New World and plundered a lot of wealth there. From about the middle of the 16th century, Spain organized a huge fleet, which traveled between the east and west coasts of the Atlantic Ocean twice a year, bringing back looted treasures from American colonies. According to official statistics, in about a century and a half before 16, more than 18,6 tons of silver and 2 tons of gold were shipped back to Spain after paying taxes. It is not easy to estimate the amount of smuggling. In addition, many ships sank in the middle or due to storms or pirate attacks, and a lot of gold and silver were buried at the bottom of the sea. Until today, they are still important targets for treasure hunters and salvage companies all over the world. Later, with the establishment and development of sugarcane, cotton and tobacco plantation economy in the New World, the cargo transportation increased greatly, and the fleet transportation in the Atlantic Ocean became busier. Of course, we should not forget the related slave trafficking. According to some scholars' research, this evil trade began in the 15th century and was officially abolished by European and American countries in the 19th century. The total number of blacks who were loaded on slave ships on the coast of West Africa reached 12 million, about one sixth of them died on the way, and about 1 million of them landed in the New World, so it is not difficult to see that their traffic volume is quite large.

in order to protect the transport fleet from pirates and ships from other countries, the Spanish built a warship named "galleon", which is actually a large multi-masted sailboat developed on the basis of "caravel". Since 165, the Atlantic Ocean has entered an era of frequent naval battles. European colonial countries such as Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, France and Britain, as well as pirates who "occupy the island as king" (perhaps the most famous is "pirates of the Caribbean"), have turned the Atlantic Ocean into a big battlefield. This greatly stimulated the development of warships. At first, the largest warship consumed about 1,5 tons of water, but by 175, 2, tons of ships were very common, and by 18, there were more than 2,5 tons. Hulls are usually made of solid oakplanks, and they are double-layered, with a total thickness of 46 cm, which makes shipbuilding a very wood-intensive thing. For example, the construction of HMSVictory, the flagship HoratioNelson (1758-185) in Trafalgar naval battle, required cutting down 2,5 adult oak trees. Later, the same technology was also used to build civilian ships. For example, the "Mayflower" that British immigrants first took to North America belongs to this type. Before the appearance of ships powered by steam engines and propelled by propellers, large-scale dhows have always been the main ship types of European merchant ships and warships.

It is worth noting that learning to use sails (jib, longitudinal sail) and rudder is a collective act. It is difficult to determine when and who learned it from the East. Only the fourth "long skill" (watertightbulkheads) can determine the specific importer, that is Samuel, who was ordered to build a ship for the Royal Navy in 1795. SamuelBentham (1757-1831). The use of watertight compartments not only greatly increases the strength of the hull, but more importantly, it will flood the whole ship without one damage, which is difficult to block. With watertight compartments, European ships can be said to have reached the highest level in the sailing era.

It is even later for Europeans to learn the fifth "long skill" from us, and it has been after the Opium War. It turns out that in ship design, although they used the principle of bionics as we did, they designed the hull to be streamlined, but the imitation objects were different; Europeans imitate fish, while China imitates waterfowl. In this way, the widest part of their hull is in the front of the middle, while the widest part of China's hull is in the back of the middle. Later research on fluid mechanics proved that China people's practice was more scientific, because ships generally do not swim in water like fish, but paddle between water and air like waterfowl (such as ducks and geese). After realizing this, western ships, like China's ships, put the widest part at the back of the middle.

among the ancient shipbuilding techniques in China, probably only scull was not learned by Europeans. China began to paddle as early as the Western Han Dynasty (about the 1st century BC). Paddling needs to lift the paddle out of the water, which is both a waste of time and a waste of time. Paddling paddles continuously, using the principle that the fish wags its tail to move forward, so it is called "one paddle with three paddles". Europeans began to think about replacing their paddles with paddles from China very late, but they didn't think about using paddles because they invented paddlewheel with better propulsion efficiency soon. However, it should be pointed out that the real inventor of the paddle was also from China, more than a thousand years before Fulton. Old Tang Book? Biography of Li Gao contains: "Dancing with two wheels, the wind is blowing and the waves are beating, and the disease is like hanging a sail mat." It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty (8th century A.D.), it was already known that paddle wheels were used for pedaling instead of paddles by hand. Ships were called "boats and ships" in ancient China. According to existing records, the water war between Yue Fei and Yang Yao in the Song Dynasty (12th century) was a boat-ship war.

In a word, besides the compass, one of the "four great inventions" in ancient China, we have made many important contributions to shipbuilding and navigation technology. Of the five technologies that Europeans learned from Orientalism, four originated from China, and these technologies played a very important role in shipbuilding and navigation in their sailing age. Now it is the "post-sailing era", except for sports, sailboats are basically not seen, but the three technologies of rudder, watertight compartment and hull shape are still being applied, and there is no doubt that they will continue to be applied.

a water sport in which boats are propelled by sails to race within a specified distance. In 19, the 2nd Olympic Games began to be listed as an event. Sailing is an ancient means of water transportation, which originated from 16 ~? Holland in the 17th century. In the 19th century, Britain, the United States and other countries set up sailing clubs one after another, and in 187, they held the America's Cup sailing race across the Atlantic. The competition is held in the open sea, and the site is an equilateral triangle composed of three buoys, and the length of each channel is not less than 2 ~ 2.5 nautical miles. The competition is sailing around the bid, and the organization and command use the international flag to convey the order. The red flag means to sail around the bid clockwise, the green flag means to sail around the bid counterclockwise, and the P flag means to prepare for 5 minutes. Failure to circumvent the bid in accordance with the regulations during the voyage is regarded as not completing the race; Collision sign, penalty 36 degrees around the sign; Collision with another ship, penalty for rotating 72; Competition * * * 7 games, take the sum of the scores of the best 6 games to evaluate the total score, and the one with the least total score is the winner. The scoring method for each game is: the first place gets points, the second place gets 3 points, the third place gets 5.7 points, the fourth place gets 8 points, the fifth place gets 1 points, the sixth place gets 11.7 points, and the seventh place gets 13 points. After that, each place will be added with 1 point. Sailing boats are generally divided into keel sail boats and steady board sail boats. The keel sail boat has a protruding iron rudder in the middle and lower part of the hull, and its length is between 6.5 and 22 meters, so it has good stability and can only sail in deep water. The middle part of the hull of the boat is provided with a stable board which can move up and down. The length of the boat is less than 6 meters, so it is light and flexible and can sail in shallow water. The above two types of sailboats can be divided into various models according to different lengths, widths, weights, draft, sail area and quantity, and the number of drivers. The ship types in previous Olympic Games were not fixed. Before the 9th Olympic Games, they were classified according to weight or length, such as .5-ton type, .5-1 ton type, 12-meter type, 8-meter type and so on. After the 1th Olympic Games, ship types were gradually classified according to various performances and data, and many models were named after the nationality or name of the designer. Such as Sorin type, Finnish type and so on. The recent Olympic Games mainly include: ① The Finnish figure was designed by Finnish salbu, and the sail sign was "≈", which belongs to the stable board sail boat category and was listed as an Olympic event in 1952. (2) Sorin-type Norwegian Sorin design, sail sign "Ω", three people driving, belonging to keel sail boat, which was listed as an Olympic event in 1972. ③ The flying Dutchman was designed by Essen, a Dutchman, with the sail symbol "FD". It is a steady-sailing boat, which was listed as an Olympic event in 196. ④ Designed by Roquete, a stormy Englishman, the sail is marked "T", which is driven by two people. It belongs to the keel sail category and was listed as an Olympic event in 1972. ⑤ Type 47 has a hull of 4.7 meters, and the sail sign is "47". It is driven by two people and belongs to a steady board sail boat, 19.