Du Fu wrote in Shu Xiang: "But before he could conquer, he was already dead, and the heroes of common sense were all in tears." With examples, talk about why this article has such a great shock.

This is Du Fu's poem mourning Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang went to Qishan six times, but failed to make meritorious deeds, and finally died in the army. Later generations can't help crying when they think of it. The full text of the original poem "Shuxiang" is:

Where is the temple of the famous prime minister? It is in a deep pine forest near the Silk City.

The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves.

The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations.

But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats.

Translation:

Where can I find Zhuge Liang ancestral temple in Wuhou? In the dense cypress forest on the outskirts of Chengdu.

The green grass reflects the natural spring scenery on the steps, and the orioles on the trees sing to each other through the branches.

It is believed that the ancestors of the world visited the cottage three times, assisted the founding of the two dynasties, and worked faithfully.

It's a pity that Wei died in the army before he was defeated, and the heroes of past dynasties burst into tears!

In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Shu, and appointed Zhuge Liang as prime minister. This poem, entitled "Shuxiang", is written by Zhuge Liang.

Zhuge Liang was a famous politician and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period. He formulated a series of policies and strategies for Liu Bei to unify the world, assisted Liu Bei in revitalizing the Han Dynasty and establishing the Shu-Han regime, which formed a tripartite confrontation with Cao Wei and Sun Wu. After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang assisted his son Liu Chan in his expedition to the Central Plains many times. Because of physical and mental exhaustion, he eventually died in the army, realizing his solemn oath of "doing my best and dying" and winning the admiration and admiration of future generations.

Although Du Fu cherished the political ideal of "being a gentleman, being Yao and Shun", his career was bumpy and his ambition could not be displayed. When he wrote the poem Shuxiang, the Anshi rebellion had not subsided. Seeing the difficulties and obstacles in the country, the people are dying, and they can't serve the country. Therefore, I have infinite admiration and respect for Zhuge Liang, who started the inheritance and saved the current situation.

In December of the second year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong (AD 759), Du Fu ended his four-year wandering life in Qin Zhou and Tonggu (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province), and went to Chengdu, where, with the support of friends, he settled on the banks of Huanhua River. In the spring of the following year (760 AD, the first year of Shangyuan in Tang Suzong), I visited the Wuhou Temple in Zhuge and wrote this touching poem.

Where is the temple of the famous prime minister in a pine forest near the Silk City?

The Prime Minister's Temple, now called Wuhou Temple, is located in the southern suburbs of Chengdu. Chengdu was the capital of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period. Zhuge Liang presided over the state affairs here for more than 20 years, with remarkable achievements. When Li Xiong was king in Chengdu in Jin Dynasty, he built an ancestral temple for him. Later, Huan Wen Pingshu and Chengdu suffered great damage, only Wuhou Temple was intact. "Jinguan City" is another name of ancient Chengdu. Shu brocade is produced in Chengdu. In ancient times, there were special officials in charge. They live in a small city in Chengdu (the old big city and small city in Chengdu), so Chengdu is also called Jinguancheng, Jincheng or Jinli. Another way of saying it is because Chengdu is close to Jinjiang, where the mountains and rivers are as beautiful as embroidery, hence the name. "Dense" means that cypress trees are tall and dense. According to The Scholars and Taiping Universe, there is a cypress tree in front of Wuhou Temple, which is said to have been planted by Zhuge Liang himself.

These are a few sentences. The first sentence "Where is the Hall of Fame" is asking yourself. Using the word "prime minister" instead of "scholarly" makes people feel very cordial. In particular, the word "Qiu" in it shows that this trip is a purposeful visit, not a casual stroll; Because Du Fu first arrived in Chengdu and was unfamiliar with the geographical environment, he wrote such a word "Qiu". This word search has rich meanings. It also strongly shows Du Fu's strong admiration and nostalgia for Zhuge Liang, and also shows that the Prime Minister's Temple is a place that poets have long yearned for and want to visit. The last sentence is "in a deep pine forest near the Silk City". This is what the poet expected. It is about the location of the ancestral temple of the Prime Minister, pointing out the location of the ancestral temple to echo the previous sentence. The word "Bai Sensen" also renders a quiet and solemn atmosphere. These two poems, which are directly titled as "scholarly", are very prominent and use narrative and descriptive pen and ink.

The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves.

"step by step" step by step Ancient temples had courtyards and halls. People want to enter the temple and climb the stairs. "Good voice", sweet voice, here refers to bird singing.

Like close-ups, these couplets depict the interior of the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister from far and near, from outside to inside. "Spring grass dyed the steps" is the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister who inherited the first sentence. The green grass reflects the steps, showing that the ancestral hall lacks management and repair, and tourists rarely come here. "There are birds chirping happily under the leaves" is the second sentence that Cooper Sensen continued. The oriole is separated by leaves, which shows that the trees are lush; The empty voice of the oriole shows that the mess that Wuhou painstakingly created has been forgotten by future generations. These two poems contrast the desolation of the ancestral temple, and contain the poet's feelings of thinking about things and people and remembering the sages. At the same time, it also contains the meaning that Bicao and oriole don't understand the change of personnel and dynasties. In particular, the clever use of the words "empty" and "self" in the poem enriches the meaning of this couplet. For these two sentences, some critics of Du Fu's poems think that they are writing about scenery, while others think that they are "really lyrical, not really writing about scenery". These two statements certainly have some truth; However, to be more precise, these two sentences should be regarded as "the scenery language contains feelings, and the emotional language contains scenery", which is like the example of "the scenery is harmonious without leaving" mentioned by Fan in the book "Talking about Bed at Night" in the Song Dynasty, which is common in Du Fu's poems. For example, when Du Fu was in Kuizhou, he wrote a poem "Wuhou Temple", which began with two sentences: "The temples were left with painters, and the mountains were covered with vegetation." Writing about the desolation of the scenery outside the temple and expressing the poet's sorrow for the desolation behind Zhuge Wuhou is a vivid example. In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Fuzhi said in "Jiang Zhai Shi Hua" that "the name of the scene is two, but it cannot be separated. God is infinite to poets. Skilled people have feelings in the middle of the scene. " Du Fu's lyric poems about scenery can really reach this situation.

The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations.

The "three visits" here refer to Zhuge Liang's seclusion in Nanyang and Liu Bei's three visits. Zhuge Liang's "Model" said: "The first emperor was not mean to his ministers, he wronged himself and cared for his ministers in the grass." "repeatedly annoyed", repeatedly annoyed. On the other hand, see Wang Shihan's poetics compilation in Qing Dynasty. Wang Shihan thought that "constant annoyance" was a common saying in the Tang Dynasty, and its meaning was similar to "solemnity". "World Plan" refers to the strategy of unifying the world. Specifically, this refers to Zhuge Liang's strategy of taking Jingzhou and Yizhou as bases, rectifying internal affairs, linking Sun Quan in the east and Cao Cao in the north, and then unifying the world. "Two Dynasties" refers to two generations of former Shu ruler Liu Bei and later Shu ruler Liu Chan. "Open economy" and "opening to the outside world" refer to helping Liu Bei start a foundation; "Aid" refers to helping Liu Chan cope with difficulties and dangers. "Economy" means completion, which can also be interpreted as persistence and success. "The heart of an old minister" refers to Zhuge Liang's spirit of being loyal to Shu and doing his best to die.

These two sentences are particularly heavy and rich in meaning, which not only vividly expresses Zhuge Wuhou's great talent, the hardships of serving the country and his lifelong achievements, but also vividly shows his unswerving spirit and character. At the same time, he solemnly revealed the reasons why the poet admired Zhuge Wuhou. Because this couplet is the focus and core of the whole poem, the poet secretly carried the axe pound from the beginning, constantly creating momentum and circling all the way, which made the focus stand out and used powerful pen and ink. This is also in line with the writing principle of "one strong and one weak" in rhyme. This couplet is also an example of Du Fu's comments on poetry. Originally, lyricism is a prominent feature of poetry, which is generally not discussed. However, in this respect, Du Fu broke the routine and often put arguments into his poems, which not only made his poems unique, but also embodied a skill of Du Fu's poems. Shen Deqian once said in Qing Dynasty: "People call poetry the main character, not the main argument. It seems so, but not necessarily. ..... but the discussion must be emotional. " The discussion of Du Fu's poems is precisely because of its emotional charm, which not only does not dilute the atmosphere and complete images of the poems, but makes the lyrical atmosphere and images of the poems richer. Qiu said that these two poems are "solemn and solemn"; Pu Qilong thinks that this couplet is "syntactically like Kim Joo-sung, which is easy to open; It is like gold, too. "Very insightful.

But before he conquered, he died and the hero burst into tears.

The phrase "starting a career" refers to Zhuge Liang's six visits to Qishan in order to attack Wei. In the 12th year of Jianxing at the end of Han Dynasty (AD 234), he led the army out of Gu Jie and occupied Wuzhangyuan (now Shaanxi Province)? Southwest of Wei County), and Sima Yi were deadlocked for more than one hundred days across Wei River. In August, he died in the army. "Hero" here generally refers to people with lofty ideals who cherish the memory of Zhuge Liang, including the poet himself.

These two sentences are followed by five or six sentences, which shows the poet's lofty admiration for Zhuge Liang's dedication and his regret for his unfinished business. Are these two poems both narrative and lyrical? Are you kidding? Easy to slack? Human power; Coupled with the powerful foreshadowing of the previous six sentences, readers feel both spiritual and memorable. Wang Yuyang once said in Qing Dynasty: "It is always necessary to do something healthy for poetry." Shen Deqian also thinks that "walking out of the distance" is a good way to end a poem. All these beauties are fully reflected at the end of this poem.

In China's classical poems, there are many works mourning historic sites. Some people go to a historic site to write a poem as usual. Is there any emotion in it? A little, but not deep. We say Du Fu is an opponent of lyricism. In the poems mourning the historic sites, although they are about ancient times, they also express his inner feelings. The book is a typical example. The first half of this poem is about scenery, and the second half is lyrical. The front part and the back part are connected by a word "Zi" and a word "Empty". The poet saw that the temple of such a memorable great man had become so shabby and desolate, which caused all kinds of feelings. These poems seem to express mourning for the past, but in fact they are also the authors' expressions of their inner feelings.

The artistic form of the book is also perfect.

Like ancient prose, ancient poetry attaches great importance to the elements of inheritance and integration. The so-called "one law is the same". The first sentence and the second sentence of the poem "Shuxiang" are closely related to the title of the poem. It is a "departure" to write a special trip to visit the ancestral temple of the Prime Minister. The third and fourth sentences, directly inheriting the above, write the spring scenery of the ancestral temple, which is "bearing"; The fifth and sixth sentences, pushing aside a layer, write an evaluation of Zhuge Wuhou, which is "turning"; In the seventh and eighth sentences, the whole poem is collected and the mourning for Zhuge Wuhou is written. This is "combination". In just eight sentences, there are narratives, scenery descriptions, arguments, lyricism, pen and ink dripping, deep feelings and solid body, which fully embodies the "depressed and frustrated" style of Du Fu's poems.

Another writing feature of this poem is that it successfully describes the specific situation of the ancestral temple of the Prime Minister, and accurately captures the dense cypress trees, the spring grass reflected on the steps and the orioles separated by leaves, thus setting off a quiet and solemn atmosphere to express the poet's special mood of mourning for the ancients in this atmosphere. In addition, this poem also has extraordinary generalization power, which is prominently reflected in the expression of Zhuge Liang's life and achievements in the fifth and sixth sentences.

"The article is high, which is the law of Du Fu and China's poetry." Du Fu's metrical poems have indeed made achievements that others can't reach, especially those after Kuizhou, which are more mature. His metrical poems are well written, his writing style is good and his temperament is harmonious. As he himself admits, "the evening festival is getting better and better at poetry" and "the words are not surprisingly endless." These advantages of Du Fu's metrical poems can be realized by reading the poem "Shuxiang" carefully.

This poem was written by Du Fu in pursuit of Zhuge Liang when he was wandering in the southwest. This poem is quite unique in art: first of all, it captures the characteristics of the typical environment of the ancestral temple, renders a quiet and solemn atmosphere, and truly shows the poet's nostalgia for Zhuge Liang. The second is to give a general description of Zhuge Liang's political activities and outline the image of a promising politician. The last two sentences are remembered by future generations from Zhuge Liang's unsuccessful career, expressing his praise and regret for Zhuge Liang. These two desolate and tragic sentences are famous sentences handed down through the ages.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of the Shu and Han Dynasties, assisted the royal family and devoted his life to the life of the Qing Dynasty, becoming an example for later patriotic scholars to worship and learn. Whenever the country is in turbulent autumn or local peace, there are always some poets who express their hope that contemporary heroes will stand up and calm down the world by earnestly calling for heroes. This poem was written by Du Fu when he arrived in Chengdu at the beginning of the first year of Shangyuan (760). At this time, the Anshi Rebellion, which lasted for five years, was still unsettled, and the fate of the country was still in turmoil. In this context, Du Fu went to the Wuhou Temple on the outskirts of Chengdu to pay homage and wrote this poem, which is naturally not only a nostalgia, but also a deep concern for the country. Reading this poem, we will not only see the image of Zhuge Liang, an ancient hero. There are also lyric heroes who feel sorry, sigh and cry when they are hurt. This is a political lyric poem with strong feelings. The mourning for the hero and the sadness about current affairs permeate every sentence and word, but the expression is quite strange. We don't express our feelings bluntly, and we don't evade the importance tactfully. Instead, we use the method of describing the scenery in the first half and reasoning with things in the second half, taking the psychological activity when writing the scenery as a clue to open an accurate comment on the mourning object, from which the poet's passion is naturally revealed. The first four sentences of the poem describe the scenery of the ancestral temple, revealing Du Fu's ardent admiration for Zhuge Liang, who was also a loyal patriot. The first sentence is a question and answer, remembering the location of the ancestral temple, but the purpose is not to explain the geographical location, but to express feelings, so "where to find" is used to express the urgency of visiting the ancestral temple. In the second couplet, I wrote about the desolate scene of the temple. The two empty words "Zi" and "Kong" are the eyes of this couplet, which has two functions: first, it laments that the green grass is not appreciated, and Yingying is beautiful, showing that the hero has passed away and the legacy is barren; Secondly, it is a pity that even plants and birds with spiritual companions do not understand human metabolism and will not mourn this great ancient man. The sighs of "white spring scenery" and "empty good voice" reveal deep sorrow for Zhuge Liang. From the sentimental description in this scene to the second half of the article, the author stood up and commented and mourned Zhuge Liang himself, which seemed to be closely echoed and his feelings were very sincere and strong. After the Song Dynasty, many poets did not advocate discussion in poetry. It is considered that the principle of non-crime in poetry is not the true nature of poetry, and the discussion will fall short. Some critics in the Ming and Qing Dynasties even thought that many of Lao Du's masterpieces, including the book fragrance, were "pure argumentative essays". In my opinion, since a poem wants to express the author's feelings, sometimes discussion is inevitable. The question is not whether it can be discussed, but whether it is well discussed and measured, which will help deepen the author's feelings and artistic conception in the article. The four comments in the second half of this poem are successful examples, which can be imitated by later poets. First of all, this discussion naturally comes from the vivid description of the scene, which is not blunt and boring at all, but full of emotion. It not only conforms to the image connotation of the object of chanting things, but also carries the strong feelings of the lyric hero himself. Concise, sublimated the theme of the whole article. Secondly, Zhuge Liang's own stories are used in the discussion. These stories are extremely general and contain image thinking, which can arouse readers' association with Zhuge Liang's life. The sentence "three visits" reminds us of the decision of three visits to the cottage and the decision of Longzhong. The sentences of "two dynasties" and "establishing a career" remind us of the touching stories of Zhuge Liang who assisted Liu Bei and Liu Chan in the previous dynasties, took two rivers to build Shu Han, entrusted an orphan to Bai Di, left Qishan six times and died in Wuzhangyuan. This is absolutely different from the general abstract exposition, which can not only pin the author's feelings, but also stimulate the reader's passion. From the lyric level of the whole poem. "The plan of the world" praised him for his bold strategy, and "the heart of the old minister" praised him for being loyal to the country. Lao Du's own concern for the country is also faintly pinned on it. Only these two sentences are solemn and solemn, and then combined with sad and sad words at the end, can the whole article be refreshed and have great power of shocking people. At the end of the sentence, the same feeling of frustrated heroes in past dynasties was expressed. Wang Zhen, the leader of Yongzheng innovation in Tang Dynasty, and the national hero in Song Dynasty both recited these two sentences angrily when their careers failed, which shows how the tragic beauty created by the ideological content and artistic skills of this poem lasts forever.