Joke Collection Website - Mood Talk - Extra points for the answer Qin Yuanchun Xue How does this text evaluate the historical figures of Qin Wang, Han Wu, Tang Zong, Song Zu, and Genghis Khan?
Extra points for the answer Qin Yuanchun Xue How does this text evaluate the historical figures of Qin Wang, Han Wu, Tang Zong, Song Zu, and Genghis Khan?
On Qin Shihuang and the Great Unification
The unification of China by Qin Shihuang in 221 BC was a great event of epoch-making significance in the history of our country. It expanded China's territory and basically laid the foundation for my country's unified multi-ethnic country; it ended hundreds of years of endless wars of plunder and annexation, created an environment of national unity and social stability, and laid the foundation for the development of the Chinese nation. Development and economic and cultural exchanges among various ethnic groups provide extremely convenient conditions, which are greatly conducive to the prosperity of social economy and culture: it realizes the idea of ??great unification proposed by many outstanding thinkers since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and leaves people with precious ideological heritage.
Therefore, Qin Shihuang, as the greatest contributor to this incident, was crowned with various haloes. He "promoted his strategy and controlled the inner world", and became a great hero with far-sightedness, great talents and great strategies in the minds of future generations. "One emperor through the ages" has been recorded in the glorious annals of history. Sang Hongyang, the imperial censor of the Han Dynasty, said at the Salt and Iron Conference that the great achievements completed by Qin Shihuang were "like mountains and hills, and his fame will be passed down to future generations." The official Yan also said: "When the king of Qin encroached on the world, annexed the Warring States, and was named emperor, all within a sea Government... Yuan Yuan and the people were saved from the Warring States Period, and everyone thought they would be reborn when tomorrow comes." ["Historical Records. Biography of Zhufu Yan"]. However, in fact, I think it is inappropriate to attribute all the achievements of the great unification to Qin Shihuang.
First of all, "Almost all general histories, chronological histories, and articles about Qin Shihuang's evaluation published after liberation support this statement without exception - Qin Shihuang followed the trend of historical development and complied with the people's requirements and desire to complete the cause of unifying China." [Xu ??Yangjie's "Re-Exploration of the Reasons for Qin's Unification of China"]. However, I believe that when evaluating a historical figure, one should objectively analyze and comment on him in the specific historical environment at that time, so as to achieve the unity of subjective and objective concrete history. Qin Shihuang, as a representative of the interests of the feudal landlord class, could not stand in the interests of the people and unify politics, economy, ideology and culture to satisfy the interests of the people and achieve the unification of Chinese society. He may not even think of considering what kind of life the people need and how society should develop, let alone know what the trend of historical development is. What he cares about and constantly strives for is nothing more than to continuously expand the scope of his rule and objects of exploitation, and compete for more land, population and wealth. This is completely a manifestation of personal ambition and the nature of the landlord class - annexation. In fact, the war launched by Qin against the Six Kingdoms brought serious disasters to the people of the Six Kingdoms, and also caused deep hatred between Qin and the people of the Six Kingdoms, leaving hidden dangers for the demise of Qin in the future. Therefore, we should not overestimate his subjective motivation for launching a war of unification; and after the destruction of the Six Kingdoms, he implemented a series of policies that seemed to have a far-reaching impact on later generations, such as unifying writing, restricting thoughts, unifying currency, weights and measures, and driving tracks. Putting aside the pain caused to the people by the extreme measures he took during the implementation of the policies, is his primary subjective purpose in promulgating these policies really to develop society and allow the people to live a happy life? Or is it to consolidate and maintain its own rule and suppress people's resistance?
Secondly, during the Warring States Period, feudal annexation wars were frequent and fierce, and the development trend of annexation wars was to gradually transform into wars of feudal unification, thus resulting in the historical characteristics of moving from feudal separatism to feudal unification. Ending feudal separatism and realizing national unification is the aspiration of the people and the general trend. In other words, unification is the inevitable development of social history. This cannot be created by any great man. So some people say: Qin Shihuang is a lucky man. He waited until the fruits were ripe before coming to the orchard to pick the fruits. "At that time, the land of Qin had been merged with Bashu and Hanzhong,...the two weeks were destroyed and Sanchuan County was established." ("Historical Records. The Chronicles of Qin Shihuang") When Ying Zheng ascended the throne, Qin had become the most powerful among the seven kingdoms. nation. At that time, the Qin State already had unified strength. Although Qin Shihuang showed his extraordinary talents in recruiting talents and strict rewards and punishments, the achievement of unification cannot be entirely attributed to him.
Thirdly, the society and the people who have experienced long-term war and turmoil need great unification. What they need is peace and stability that can enable the people to recuperate and social development and progress. However, what did Qin Shihuang give them after completing his hegemony? It's tyranny!
"The emperor set up the punishment of chariot splitting to suppress evil spirits. He built the Great Wall in the Rong territory to prepare for Hu Yue.
Conquer the big and swallow up the small, and shock the world. Generals are rampant in order to subjugate foreign countries. Meng Tian suppressed chaos from outside, while Li Si governed from within. If things are too troublesome, the world will be in chaos. The law was more than beneficial to the Qin Dynasty, but the treachery was more than blazing. The troops and horses are getting better and better, and the enemies are more numerous. Qin Fei did not want to rule, but those who failed still resorted to mob violence and tortured Tai Chi. "[Lu Jia's "Xinyu"]
"The King of Qin was greedy and tyrannical, tyrannizing the world, and impoverishing all the people just to satisfy his desires...Those who stopped working were not allowed to rest, and those who were hungry and cold were not allowed to have food and clothing, and committed a crime of death. The torturer had nothing to tell the people and the emperor, "having a greedy heart, acting on the wisdom of self-improvement" and "beginning the world with tyranny." At the same time, it is resentment and the family is in trouble. When Qin Shihuang was alive, the world was in ruins, but he didn't know it himself. ...However, only a few months after his death, the world attacked him from all sides, and the ancestral temple was destroyed. ""Book of Han. Jia Shan Biography"
"When Qin Shihuang unified the world, his master was not as good as the three kings, and his ministers were not as good as his assistants... At this time, the achievements of the three kings could not be achieved. And the end of the decline is also due to unworthy people who believe in slanderers, excessive palaces, endless desires and people's strength, and unruly tax collection... The orders are annoying, and the punishments are cruel... The reason why the officials invaded first during the Qin Dynasty The poor and untouchables also invaded the families of rich officials in the middle section; and the families of the clan and ministers were invaded in the final stage. Therefore, all relatives and strangers are in danger, there is resentment from outside and inside, people are scattered and fleeing, if people have their own intentions, Chen Sheng is the first to advocate, the world will collapse, and Jue Si will die, which is a blessing for people with different surnames. "["Book of Han. Chao Cuo Biography"]
"Master Qin applied the methods of Shang, followed Han Fei's teachings, hated the ways of emperors, and regarded coveting wolves as a custom. There is no literary virtue to teach the world. ["Book of Han. Biography of Dong Zhongshu"]
1. Qin Shihuang, the General Agent of Chinese Tyrants
When people mention tyrants, the first thing they may think of is Qin Shihuang, and Qin Shihuang has become an eternity. The first tyrant, the flag of the tyrant, the pronoun of the tyrant. Yes, Qin Shihuang was indeed a tyrant, and a very cruel tyrant: he burned books and harassed Confucian scholars; he implemented harsh punishments; he imposed arbitrary taxes and expropriations. However, comparing him with other brutal and horrifying tyrants in Chinese history, he is really not qualified to be called China's first tyrant, at least that's what I think. His most famous misdeeds were burning books and entrapping Confucian scholars. He only killed a few hundred Confucian scholars and burned tens or hundreds of thousands of books. The number of people he killed was not that many. From the time he unified China until his death, no one heard about the Qin Dynasty. Why did the population decrease? He is not cruel enough. If he could kill all the nobles of the six countries, just like Zhu Yuanzhang killed all the heroes, he would still be able to preserve the Qin Dynasty even if he relied on pig-dog partners like Zhao Gao and Hu Hai later; his cruelty It is mainly reflected in the aspect of tyranny, that is, severe punishment and excessive taxation.
The former is that he inherited and carried forward the tradition of Qin since Shang Yang's reform. Although it is indeed quite cruel, it can also be understood as a policy choice of the ruling group to maintain rule. Its initiator Shang Yang, the successive Qin kings who implemented this policy, and Li Si, the advocate and accomplice of Qin Shihuang's policy, have never received any bad reputation for this; part of the reason for the latter, in a positive sense, can also be considered to be to resist the Xiongnu To defend the country and protect the people, it cannot be wiped out. For example, 400,000 people were recruited to build the Great Wall. Here, I have no intention of excusing Qin Shihuang's cruelty. I just want to explain that his cruelty was entirely due to the nature of a strong-armed feudal emperor, entirely out of the need to maintain his rule, and entirely because he combined Legalist politics Pushed to the extreme, not because he purely regards killing as a politics, as a means, purely as fun, purely bloodthirsty.
I think there are several reasons why Qin Shihuang became the most representative figure among tyrants: 1. Qin Shihuang was too famous, had great influence, and was early; 2. Qin Shihuang burned books in the pit Confucianism has offended intellectuals all over the world, and history books are written by intellectuals; third, Qin Shihuang's tyranny has become the opposite of all those who pursue benevolent politics in the past and even those who pursue democratic politics in the present; fourth, the Qin Dynasty was too short-lived. The tyranny of Qin Shihuang has been used by scholars of all ages as a mirror to draw lessons from history; 5. The last and probably most important thing is that except for a very few people with brains and profound thoughts, the vast majority of people, including the vast majority of scholars, just follow what others say. Whoever makes the most noise or is hurt the most will be considered the best or the worst. This is how idols are established, and this is how negative examples are erected. Therefore, like a supernova, Super Girl can become famous all over the country overnight, covering all other stars that are also red and purple. However, Qin Shihuang must bear all the responsibilities that other tyrants should also bear on their own, as the representative of his own tyranny. The funerary objects were also buried deeply together.
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