On Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China.

Time is; 1 900–1901September 7, the reason,1,the political corruption of the Qing government; 2. China's feudal economy was backward; 3. Backward military technology and equipment; 4. The Qing rulers who mastered the leadership of the war were not sure about the war and had improper military command. The root cause: decadent feudalism can't beat emerging capitalism. Eight-Nation Alliance invasion and the battle of dagujin.

After the Boxer Rebellion, imperialist powers repeatedly threatened the Qing government to severely suppress it. 1900 in April, when the Boxer Rebellion just developed in the suburbs of Beijing, Russian Ambassador to China Gert proposed to the Qing government that the Boxer Rebellion should be effectively suppressed while the Boxer Rebellion was "not strong enough to gain followers among a large group of soldiers gathered around Beijing". The envoys of Britain, France, the United States, Germany and other countries also jointly sent a note to the Qing government, "Within two months, it is known that all the Boxers will be eliminated, otherwise the land and water armies will be sent to Shandong, Zhili and other places to suppress Taiping." On April 12, the fleets of Russia, Britain, the United States and France gathered in Dagukou to remind the Qing government again, warning that if the Boxer Rebellion could not be pacified within two months, all countries would "unite to attack it with soldiers". In May, the Boxer Rebellion developed rapidly in Beijing and Tianjin, and many Qing soldiers began to sympathize and join the Boxer Rebellion. The stubborn xenophobic forces headed by Duan Wang Zaiyi gained the upper hand within the Qing government. Seeing that the Qing government could not control the situation, ministers of various countries planned to send troops directly. On May 28th, ministers formally agreed to jointly send troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, and then informed the Qing government of this decision and requested to provide convenient transportation. From May 30th to June 2nd, more than 400 invading troops from various countries left Tianjin for Beijing in two batches in the name of protecting embassies. On June 10, more than 2,000 invading troops from eight countries, including Russia, Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Japan, Italy and Austria, led by Seymour, a British vice admiral, ignored the opposition of the Qing government, detained several trains and forced them to leave Tianjin for Beijing.

When the Seymour Coalition forces invaded Beijing, they met the loyal opposition of the Boxer Movement along the way. In Langfang, Luofa and Yangcun, the invading army was hit hard by the Boxer Rebellion. /KLOC-In June of 0/8, Dong Fuxiang's Gan Jun captured Langfang Station with the Boxer Rebellion and annihilated many enemy troops. Seymour was forced to flee to Yangcun Station, surrounded by the Qing army and Nie Shicheng's regiment, killing nearly 40 people. The allies had to retreat to Tianjin by wooden boat along the North Canal, and were rescued by the Russian army and fled back to the Tianjin Concession. Seymour's plan to invade Beijing failed.

When Seymour allied forces were blocked in Langfang, Kelly Brandt, a Russian vice admiral outside Dagukou, suggested to the allied forces to capture Taigubao. Dagu is the gateway to Tianjin. After the Second Opium War, the Qing government built and renovated Dagu Fort, and there were four forts on the north and south sides. Garrisoned at Dagubao are 300 people from the 6th Battalion of Huai Army and Luo Rongguang's 1 Mine Battalion, commander-in-chief of Tianjin Town. Ye Zugui led the North Sea Navy 1 Cruiser and four torpedo boats to dock at Baihekou. According to the previous unequal treaties, ships from all countries can freely enter and leave the Baihe estuary. 1900 At the end of May, the Dagu garrison was going to set up mines in Baihekou to control the entry and exit of foreign ships. After the invaders got the news, they decided to build a big castle during the attack on June 15. On the night of June 15 and June 16, about 600 people from two armies landed secretly and ambushed near Tanggu Station and behind Dagu Fort. On June 16, the defenders laid mines to block the navigation channel in Baihekou. 16, at 9: 30 p.m. 19: 30, the allies issued an ultimatum to Luo Rongguang, saying that the defenders laid mines and strengthened the battery defense. "It is really inconvenient for us westerners to quell the chaos of bandits. "The defenders were ordered to hand over the batteries at 2 am on 17. Luo Rongguang sternly refused, and immediately ordered the battery to prepare for the battle.

At 0: 50 on June 1900, 70 minutes before the ultimatum, the Allies launched an attack. The enemy ships moored in Baihe first fired shells at the forts on the north and south sides, and the defenders were forced to fight back. At this time, the allied forces assembled in Tanggu attacked the northwest fort in three ways: left, middle and right. Around 5 o'clock, the northwest fort fell. At about 6 o'clock, the allied forces did not encounter resistance and occupied Beibao. Then on the left bank, the land Coalition forces shelled Nanpu from Beibao, and the Coalition ships shelled from their positions. At the same time, a joint force crossed the south bank of the Baihe River near Beibao and copied Nanbao from the side. The defenders of Nanpu were caught between Scylla and Charybdis, and the ammunition depot was shot and caught fire, resulting in heavy casualties and had to retreat. By 6: 50, all the Dagu forts were lost, and the rest of the Qing army retreated towards the new town. In this campaign, the Qing army sank and injured six enemy ships, killing and injuring more than 30 people/kloc-0. The Qing army suffered more than 700 casualties. Luo Rongguang retreated to Tianjin and committed suicide by taking poison soon.

The fall of Dagubao in Eight-Nation Alliance was caused by many reasons. First of all, the Qing government paid insufficient attention to the defense of Dagu. There are only 3,000 defenders in Dagu, and they have to guard fortresses, railway stations, customs and other places. Under the attack of the superior enemy, the defenders can only fight alone and eventually fail. Secondly, Luo Rongguang was passive because of his late preparation. Originally Luo Rongguang had a plan to block the channel at the end of May, but the mines were not laid until before the start of the battle, and at this time the enemy ships had entered the battle position. Failure to take emergency measures against the enemy who landed secretly led to the success of the enemy's land and water attack tactics. Third, although Dagubao was repeatedly broken, the Qing government did not learn the lesson and did not pay attention to concealment and camouflage in the construction of the fort. Artillery positions and arsenals were all exposed and became targets of the enemy. The ammunition depot caught fire and could not continue to defend. Don't think about pain, don't wake up from failure, and don't think about perfecting defense facilities. Even if the guards are brave and dedicated, it is difficult to take into account the mistakes of failure.

Almost at the same time as the Battle of Dagu, fighting broke out in Tianjin. /kloc-On the evening of June, 0/5, the Russian aggressor troops entrenched in Laolongtou Railway Station (now Tianjin Railway Station) attacked the Boxer Rebellion, and the Boxer Rebellion also dispatched more than 400 people to fight back against the invaders, thus opening the prelude to the defense of Tianjin. Boxers in counties near Tianjin heard the news and rushed to support them. /kloc-On the evening of June 0/7, the invading army who landed from Dagu came to Tianjin by train to fight with the Qing army guarding Tianjin Railway Station. Cao Futian heard the news and led a large group of people to support. After fierce fighting, more than 500 people were killed and injured, forcing the enemy to retreat to the concession. In the following days, the reinforced Coalition forces continued to enter the Zizhulin Concession. As a result, the Qing army and the Boxer began to besiege the concession.

In June of 2 1, the Qing government declared war on all countries. On June 22, the Qing army began to besiege the concession with the Boxer Rebellion. However, because the Qing army only fired shells at the concession, it failed to cause great harm to the enemy. On the contrary, the allies concentrated 3,000 troops on the 27th and captured the East Machinery Bureau, the main arms supply point of the Qing army east of Tianjin. At the end of June, reinforcements from Tianjin arrived one after another. By the beginning of July, there were 25,000 Qing troops in Tianjin, armed with about 1 10,000 people from all walks of life, and as many as 50,000 Boxers were able to participate in the war. At this time, about 654.38+04000 allied troops landed in Dagu, and about 8000 people have arrived in Tianjin Concession. Shicheng and Ma Yukun discussed the battle plan and decided to carry out the plan of "attacking on three sides" against the enemy of the concession. Its deployment is: Cao Futian's Boxer Regiment and Ma Yukun's Wu Wei's Left Army attacked Laolongtou Railway Station from north to south, retaken the East Machinery Bureau, and attacked the concession with cameras from the north; Zhang Decheng of the Boxer Rebellion, Luo Rongguang of the Huai Army and He Yongsheng of the Allied Forces attacked the concession from the west; Nie Shicheng, the former army of Wu Wei, stationed in Guangsi area outside the South Gate, attacked the concession from the southwest, and the other battalions moved.

After the start of the Three-way Attack, Ma Yukun's troops shelled the Concession and Laolongtou Railway Station from the north, and the Boxer organized many charges, forcing the Russian troops stationed at the station to retreat for a time. The allied forces sent more Japanese, British and French troops to defend their positions. From July 7 to 1 1, the Boxer Rebellion and the Qing army organized hundreds of people to charge almost every day, which caused great losses to the enemy. In the west, Zhang Decheng's Boxer Rebellion and some Qing troops fought fiercely with the allied forces in Majiakou near the concession on the evening of July 5, annihilating a large number of enemy troops and reaching the edge of the concession. On July 6, the Boxer Rebellion, with dozens of powder kegs as the precursor, stepped on the mines laid by the Allied Forces and immediately launched a charge, once rushing into the concession. In the southwest, on July 6th, Nie Shicheng shot and bombarded the concession on the mound of Xiaoximen fence, and five or six hundred allies were forced to hide in the tunnel of the racetrack. That night, Nie Shicheng's troops stationed in Balitai, Racecourse and other places, and the next day attacked Xiaoyingmen area on the south outer side of the concession, posing a great threat to the concession. On July 9, in order to remove the threat of Nie Shicheng's artillery fire, the Allies launched a counterattack to the southwest of the concession. Nie Shicheng led a fierce battle with the allied forces, was shelled by the enemy, and was killed because of his injuries. At this time, the Qing government was ready to compromise with the invaders, and the voice of peace spread throughout Tianjin, which seriously affected the will of the military and civilians to resist the enemy. In addition, in the days of offensive operations, the Qing army led the Boxer Rebellion with crude weapons and suffered heavy casualties, which weakened Tianjin's strength against the allied forces. On the contrary, the allies poured into the concession from Dagu. By July 2002 12, the number of allied troops in the concession had increased to17,000. As a result, the allies began to turn from defense to attack.

12 in July, the allies decided to attack Tianjin in two ways. From journey to the south on the east bank of Baihe River, attack the Sanchahekou and the Navy Camp in the northeast of Tianjin City, and cut off the connection between the Qing army and the Boxer Rebellion in Hedong and the city. There are about 3000 allies on this road. All the way to attack the south gate of Tianjin, with about 4500 troops.

At that time, most of the ministries of the Qing army were stationed outside the city, and there were few troops stationed in the city. The organizational system was messy and there was no preparation for unified command and defense. Boxers are scattered all over the city, and there is no unified command.

12 On the night of July, the allied forces on the east bank of Baihe River attacked north. /kloc-on the morning of 0/3, the allied forces shelled the powder magazine outside the wall in the northeast of the city, causing an explosion. The allies took the opportunity to storm the positions of the Qing army, and the Qing army retreated to the northern suburbs. The allies reached the northeast gate. Allied forces on the west bank of Baihe River also advanced to the south gate of Tianjin on 13. Outside the south gate, the Qing army rose to resist. 14, allied forces invaded the city. The Boxer started street fighting with the enemy who entered the city, killing hundreds of people, but in the end it was forced to retreat because of strong artillery bombardment. The allies went north to cooperate with the allies in the northeast of the city to attack the naval camp. The Boxer Rebellion and some officers and men there still killed and injured the enemy in large numbers and finally withdrew from their positions. On that day, the allies occupied Tianjin and looted the whole city. Most of the boxers fighting in the city were killed, and the delisted boxers were slaughtered by Song Qing, vice minister of Beiyang military affairs, with thousands of casualties. However, more than 20,000 Qing troops stationed outside the city fled when the enemy attacked the city. Yulu fled to Yangcun with Song Qing the day before the city was broken, and Ma Yukun fled to Beicang. Only the Boxer Rebellion resisted.

The final failure of Tianjin's defense war was entirely due to the Qing government's support and policy for war and the fear of war of frontline commanders and fighters. Originally, when Tianjin Boxer Rebellion and some officers and men of the Qing army besieged Zizhulin Concession, they were very enthusiastic about killing the enemy, the battlefield situation was also very favorable, and they also had an absolute advantage in power comparison. However, at the most critical moment of the battle, the attitude of the Qing government towards peace became increasingly clear. Song Qing, who retired from the Sino-Japanese War in 1894-1895, was sent to Tianjin as Yulu's assistant to explain this change. As soon as Song Qing arrived in Tianjin, he suppressed the Boxer Movement. In the battle, the Qing army let the Boxer take the lead, but they shot the Boxer from behind. This despicable act greatly destroyed the anti-imperialist and patriotic situation in Tianjin. In addition, Yu Lu and others who commanded the battle did not have the determination to stick to Peiping and Tianjin. When attacked, the allies abandoned the array and fled to the west, so that they captured the whole city of Tianjin in two days.

After the Allied forces captured Tianjin, the invading armies of various countries occupied the whole city in different regions, and set up the Tianjin yamen headed by Russia, Britain and Japan to colonize Tianjin.

Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing and the invasion and expansion of the allied forces.

After the fall of Tianjin, the Qing government ordered the troops evacuated from Tianjin to fortify Beicang and Yangcun, and at the same time dispatched other troops to strengthen the defense in Beijing and its nearby areas. There are 60,000 to 70,000 troops stationed in Beijing and 50,000 Boxers in Beijing. In total, the front line of Beijing and Tianjin, the Qing army is around 65438+ 10,000, and the Boxer Rebellion is around 70,000.

After the allied forces occupied Tianjin, they continued to dispatch troops and prepare to invade Beijing. By the beginning of August, the allied forces in Tianjin had reached 34,000. On August 3rd, the Allies drew up a battle plan, concentrated their forces to capture the strategic points on both sides of the North Canal, and finally captured Beijing.

On the night of August 4, the allied forces concentrated18,000 people from Tianjin and invaded Beicang along the banks of the North Canal. At 2 o'clock on August 5, the allied forces attacked the defensive positions of the Qing army, such as Liujiabaidu, Hanjiashu and Gunpowder Bureau, and the Qing army was defeated. At about 5 o'clock, the defensive position of 1 was completely broken by the enemy. The allies continued to attack the second defensive position of the Qing army. In the first part, after the Allies bypassed Ma Yukun, the defenders of the Qing army were caught between Scylla and Charybdis. Under the attack of the allied forces, the Qing army retreated while fighting. Thousands of people from the nearby Boxer came to help. Although it dealt a great blow to the allied forces, it failed to stop the momentum of the allied attack. At 9 o'clock in the morning, the Beicang defense line and the Beicang stronghold all fell into the hands of the enemy. In this battle, the allied forces also paid the price of more than 600 casualties. On the morning of August 6, the allied forces attacked the Qing positions in Yangcun. Song, who was stationed here, collapsed at the touch of a button and retreated to Tongzhou with the remnants of Beicang. Zhili Governor Yulu committed suicide after fleeing to Nancai Village. On August 8, Nancai Village fell.

Before the Qing army lost Beicang and Yangcun, the Qing government ordered Li Bingheng, minister of the Yangtze River Navy, to lead the loyal divisions from all over the country to defend Hexi affairs. On August 6th, Li Bingheng came to Beijing and went to Hexi on August 8th. On the morning of the 9th, before the Qing army built the fortifications, the allies had already outflanked them. Li Bingheng supervised all walks of life of the Qing army to welcome them. However, some troops were defeated in a short battle, and some were brave but unable to repel the allied attack because of insufficient strength. Ma Yukun led the remnants to Hexi, but was defeated by the enemy and fled to Nanyuan. Li Bingheng was furious when he saw tens of thousands of Qing troops fleeing without fighting, but he couldn't stop them. On August 10, Li Bingheng retreated to Zhangjiawan and committed suicide the next day. The allied forces captured Zhangjiawan the next day and sent troops to attack Tongzhou. Tongzhou defenders abandoned the city and fled. 12 in August, the allied forces took Tongzhou without fighting. In just eight days, the allied forces with less than 20,000 troops successively captured tens of thousands of strategic places defended by the Qing army, such as Beicang, Yangcun, Hexi Affairs and Tongzhou, which was the result of the Qing army being dominated by defeatism. Except for a few Qing troops, a few generals and the Boxers who fought bravely against the enemy, most of the generals of the Qing army were on the verge of collapse or even retreated without a fight. Failure is like a mountain. Although Li Bingheng has made up his mind, he can't go back to heaven, because the morale of the army has been scattered.

After the fall of Tongzhou, 78,000 Qing troops gathered in Beijing, and more than 50,000 Boxers defended Beijing. /kloc-on the night of August, 0/3, 15, the allied forces entered Beijing in three ways in the rain; L Road attacked Chaoyangmen (Japanese army) from Tongzhou via Baliqiao and Guandongdian; 1 attack Dongbianmen (Russian army) along the north bank of Tonghui River via Balizhuang and Langjiayuan; 1 The road attacked Guangqumen (British troops) along the south bank of Tonghui River via Sujiagou and Guanxiang, and another 3,000 allied troops set out from Tianjin as backup.

The Russian vanguard troops arrived at Dongbianmen at midnight on August 13, and immediately attacked the city. The defenders and the Boxers resisted tenaciously. The Russian army had to ask the Japanese for help, and the Japanese sent some troops to help. 14 at 2 am, Dongbianmen fell. On the morning of June 8, 5438+04, the Japanese army shelled the city outside Chaoyangmen and Dongzhimen, and the Qing army fired back. Dong Fuxiang learned that the above-mentioned three gates were attacked, but he urgently dispatched the defenders of Guangqumen to rescue them. At about 1l in the morning, the British army arrived at Guangqumen, attacked the city by taking advantage of weakness, entered the city at 14, and arrived at the embassy district at 15. Russian troops entered the city in the afternoon of 14 with the cooperation of American troops. The Japanese army attacking Dongzhimen collapsed the city wall with artillery and explosives, occupied Dongzhimen around 2 1, then occupied Andingmen in the north, attacked Chaoyangmen in the south, and broke into the city around 22: 00.

/kloc-in the early morning of August, 0/5, the allied forces attacked Donghuamen, the imperial city. Empress Dowager Cixi fled with Emperor Guangxu in panic, dressed in plain clothes in Tsing Yi, accompanied by princes and eunuchs such as Lan, Zai Feng, and resolute Li, from Xihuamen to Deshengmen, through the Summer Palace and Juyongguan, and finally fled.

After the allied forces entered the city, most of the Qing troops guarding the city were scattered, and only the Boxer Rebellion and some patriotic officers and soldiers built barricades to continue to fight against the invading army. On August 15 and 16, the allies captured the city gate and the Forbidden City, and occupied the whole city on August 17. On the third day of the Allied robbery, China's "savings since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, from legal relics to national treasures, were swept away". Subsequently, the Coalition forces established the Beijing Management Committee, which divided Beijing into 1 1 districts and occupied them by districts. On September 25th, Allied Commander-in-Chief Wadesi arrived in Dagu, and went to Beijing in June+10/October+July, 65438, and set his headquarters in the Palace Museum. At this time, the allied forces have exceeded 65,438+million, and the allied forces stationed in Beijing have exceeded 30,000. In order to intimidate the Qing government into submission, the allies also attacked the city and expanded the scope of aggression. Russian, German and British troops occupied Beitang, Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan, and took control of the railway line from Beijing to Shanhaiguan. 10 year 10 on October 20th, the allied forces sent troops from all parts of Beijing and Tianjin to capture Baoding and Zhengding. Allied forces continued to attack Shanxi until Niangziguan and Guguan. In June 65438 +065438+10, German and Italian troops captured Xuanhua and Zhangjiakou in the north of Beijing. At this point, after months of attack and plunder, the allied forces controlled the pass around Zhili, reaching Zhengding in the south, Zhangjiakou in the north, Shanhaiguan in the east and Niangziguan in the west.

In the face of the powerful offensive of the allied forces, the Qing government completely gave in. Long before the fall of Beijing, the Qing government appointed Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary minister for peace and went to Beijing from Guangdong to negotiate with the great powers. On August 24th, the imperial edict told Li Hongzhang to handle affairs cheaply, and he was soon tied with the Prince of Yi Xu in Qing Dynasty. On September 7th, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict to suppress bandits, and formally ordered to "severely suppress" the Boxer Rebellion, so as to make peace with the imperialist aggressors. In this way, the Boxer Rebellion failed miserably under the bloody slaughter of imperialism and the deception and betrayal of the Qing government.

1 90 1 September1day, after nearly1year of great-power disputes, the "Xin Chou Treaty" was signed, and Li Hongzhang signed it on behalf of the Qing government. According to the treaty, China paid 450 million taels of silver to other countries and paid it off in 39 years, with an annual interest of 4% and principal and interest of 980 million taels. Demolition of Dagu and the battery from Dagu to Beijing; Beijing has an embassy district, and the embassy district and the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan are stationed by various countries; It is forbidden for China people to form or join various anti-imperialist organizations forever, and offenders will be put to death; The Prime Minister's yamen was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking first among the six ministries. The signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" marked that China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Results: Eight-Nation Alliance's military action ended with the signing of a treaty between the Qing government and eleven countries, which stipulated that the Qing government should pay 450 million taels of silver (450 million taels was the total population of China at that time to show one person and one tael to humiliate the people of China), which was called boxer indemnity. After the allied forces occupied Beijing, they plundered the imperial city, yamen and government in Beijing, resulting in a large number of China cultural relics and heritages (including the Forbidden City, Summer Palace, Xishan Mountain and Yuanmingyuan) being stolen and destroyed. During the war, Russia occupied the whole northeast of China, which also laid the groundwork for the future Russo-Japanese war. Objectively speaking, the Eight-Nation Alliance incident accelerated the demise of the Qing Dynasty. Later, in order to rule China ideologically and spiritually, the United States reduced its compensation to the Qing government by about 654.38+200 million taels of silver. The refund is mainly used to develop education in China, giving China the opportunity to send overseas students to the United States on a large scale. Tsinghua University was founded under this background. The two refunds in the United States have a great influence in the world. In addition, after the First World War, China also set foot as a victorious country, and all countries expressed their willingness to be "friendly" with China and safeguard and expand their interests in China by peaceful means. So everyone started to refund in the footsteps of the United States. On the one hand, it indirectly promoted the process of China's learning from the West, on the other hand, it strengthened the control of foreign powers over China.