Can you introduce the planting techniques of Sophora japonica in detail?

Sophora japonica is deeply loved by residents because of its wide adaptability and specific medicinal, edible and landscaping functions. In order to make readers understand its growth habits and master its cultivation techniques, this paper briefly introduces the ecological habits, variety classification, propagation techniques and pest control of Sophora japonica.

1 overview

Morphological characteristics of 1. 1

Sophora japonica, a deciduous tree in Leguminosae, is native to China. In order to distinguish it from Robinia pseudoacacia in North America, it is also called Sophora japonica, and its height is 15 ~ 25m. Pinnate compound leaves alternate and are 15 ~ 25 cm long; Leaf axis is hairy and the base is enlarged; 9 ~ 15 lobules, opposite, ovoid, 2.5 ~ 7.5 cm long, 1.5 ~ 5 cm wide, tapering at the top, broadly cuneate at the base, grayish white, sparsely pubescent at the lower part. Panicle terminal, calyx bell-shaped, with 5 small teeth; The corolla is milky white, the flag petal is wide and heart-shaped, the claw is short, the pulse is purple, and the edge of the wing petal and the dragon petal is slightly purple; Stamens 10, unequal in length. Pods are fleshy, beaded, 2.5 ~ 5 cm long, hairless and indehiscent; Kidney-shaped seeds 1 ~ 6. The flowering period is from July to September, and the fruiting period is from September to 65438+February.

1.2 growth habits

Sophora japonica is mostly born in temperate zone, which has the characteristics of light-loving, fertilizer-loving, cold-resistant, wind-resistant and pollution-resistant. The cultivation requires little soil, and the moist, fertile and well-drained neutral sandy loam is the best. Seeds are usually sown after germination, and germinate about 1 week, and the germination rate is 40% after storage for 5 months. In the north, Sophora japonica buds expand in late March, crack in mid-April, spread leaves in late April, grow in mid-May, germinate in June-July, bloom in July-August, set fruit in August-September, mature at 9- 10, and 10 leaves to form overwintering buds, enter dormancy period and do not drop fruit in winter.

1.3 geographical distribution

Sophora japonica is native to China and Korea. It is a deep-rooted tree species, likes sunshine and is suitable for wet and fertile soil. It is widely planted in the north and south of China, including Liaoning and Hebei in the north, Guangdong and Guangxi in the south, Shandong and Taiwan Province provinces in the east, Gansu and Yunnan-Guizhou-Sichuan in the west, especially in North China and the Loess Plateau. In addition, Sophora japonica is also cultivated in Vietnam and Japan.

1.4 species classification

Common Sophora japonica trees are Sophora japonica, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sophora japonica and Sophora japonica. In order to let readers have a more detailed understanding of Sophora japonica, the following describes different varieties one by one:

(1) Sophora japonica is a deciduous tree with a round crown. Branchlets are green, stipules are absent, lenticels are obvious, and scales of winter buds are not obvious; Odd pinnate compound leaves, alternate, 7 ~ 17 leaflets, opposite, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, shallow margin; Terminal panicle with butterfly-shaped flowers, pale yellow and green; Pods shrink into beads between seeds, do not crack when mature, are fleshy, and hang on the treetops for a long time; The flowering period is from June to August, and the fruiting period is 65438-1October.

(2) Robinia pseudoacacia: also known as Robinia pseudoacacia, Robinia pseudoacacia and Robinia pseudoacacia, it is a deciduous tree of Butterfly Family, and its height can reach 25m；; The bark is brown with longitudinal cracks; Branches with stipules, pinnate compound leaves with 7-25 leaflets, alternate, ovoid or ovoid, 2-5.5 cm long and 1-2 cm wide, with round or slightly concave top, small top and round base; The flowers are white, fragrant and edible, with red stripes on the calyx tube, and the flowering period is May; The fruit ripens in 10 ~ 1 1 and is a pod.

(3) Sophora japonica: The general characteristics are the same as those of Sophora japonica, but the branches and leaves are drooping.

(4) Robinia pseudoacacia: Robinia pseudoacacia or Robinia pseudoacacia has the same general characteristics, but the color is red.

(5) Robinia pseudoacacia: Robinia of Papilionidae, a broad-leaved deciduous tree, with a height of 25m and a deep longitudinal split dry skin; Odd pinnate compound leaves, 7 ~ 19 leaflets, oval, 2 ~ 5 cm long, entire, slightly concave and spiny at the apex, golden yellow in spring, yellow-green in summer, orange in autumn, and rich in leaf color changes; It blooms in early summer with white fragrant flowers in drooping racemes.

(6) Robinia pseudoacacia: Robinia pseudoacacia, deciduous tree, with 2-4m branches and pedicels densely covered with red bristles, odd pinnate compound leaves, 7-15 leaflets, nearly round or rectangular, and 2-5cm long; Racemes, with 3 ~ 7 flowers, corolla rose or lavender; The fruit is 5 ~ 8 cm long and rarely develops; The flowering period is July and the fruit ripens in September ~ 10.

(7) Sophora alopecuroides: deciduous tree of Sophora in Butterfly Family, with a height of16m; ; Bark brown to grayish brown, smooth; Leaves alternate, with 7 ~ 1 1 leaflets forming pinnate compound leaves, ovoid, ovoid to oblong, 4 ~ 12 cm long, sharp apex and slightly skewed base; Inflorescence axillary, red and fragrant; The flowering period is May-July, 20 days in May, 40 days in July-August, and it continues to bloom in the south in spring, summer and autumn. Corolla is butterfly-shaped, pink or purple-red, with a few small thorns; The fruiting period is 10 month.

(8) Sophora pentaphylla, also known as Sophora japonica, is a variety of Sophora japonica, with 3-5 lobules clustered, terminal lobules, often 3-lobed, lateral lobules with large lobes at the lower part and hairs on the back.

(9) Sophora alopecuroides: also known as Sophora alopecuroides, deciduous trees, with a spherical or obovate crown and a height of 25m；; Branches are golden yellow, odd pinnate compound leaves, small leaves opposite, entire; The inflorescence is a terminal panicle with yellow-white flowers, and the flowering period is from June to September.

2 seedling propagation

2. 1 sowing and propagation

2. 1. 1 land selection and preparation

Before sowing, choose the land for soil preparation, and choose sunny, fertile, loose and well-drained loam. Dig deeply 60cm, level off the fine harrow, make a ridge with a width of 70 ~ 100 cm, apply base fertilizer, use 500kg of decomposed organic fertilizer or 5kg of urea every 667㎡, and sprinkle about 3000kg of ring fertilizer on the ridge.

2. 1.2 seed treatment

Choose mature and full seeds, soak them in warm water at 70 ~ 80℃ for 24 hours, take them out, mix them with 2 ~ 3 times of fine sand, and pile them indoors. When accelerating germination, we should pay attention to frequent turning to make the upper and lower temperatures consistent, so as to make germination orderly. Generally, it takes 7 ~ 10d and the crack is 25% ~ 30% to sow.

2. 1.3 seedling raising

In spring and autumn, drilling or hole sowing, the drilling mode is based on the sowing width 10 ~ 15 cm, and the covering soil thickness is 2 ~ 3 cm. After sowing in the north, it needs to be suppressed, and the amount of seeds used is10 ~15 kg per 667㎡; Hole sowing method, hole spacing 10 ~ 15 cm, sowing amount of 4 ~ 5 kg per 667㎡.

2. 1.4 heel at transplantation

In the north, after defoliation in late autumn and before soil freezing, roots are left in winter, and roots are left in ditches, with a width of 1 ~ 1.2m and a depth of 60 ~ 70cm. In the spring of the following year, plant with a row spacing of 60cm×40cm, and water it after planting.

2.2 tillering and ramet propagation

When the tillers are propagated by ramets, the seedlings of mature trees can be dug. In www.nczfj.com, according to the plant spacing of 1.8m× 1.3m, each hole 1 plant can grow in 4-5 years.

2.3 Grafting propagation

2.3. 1 skin transplantation

This method is simple to operate and has high survival rate. Before grafting, an annual branch with a diameter of about 65438±0cm was selected as a scion, cut to a length of about 65438 00 cm, sealed with wax to prevent water loss, and then stored in a cool leeward place for later use. In the middle and late April, after the Sophora japonica germinated, seedlings with DBH greater than 3 cm and straight trunk were selected, cut off at appropriate positions and grafted. First, cut the bud back at the lower end of the scion into a 3-5 cm section, which should be straight and exceed the pith center, and cut the end of the back of the long section into a small inclined plane of 0.5-0.8 cm. At the trunk of Sophora japonica, select a smooth and straight place, vertically cut the cortex of Sophora japonica into small holes, the length of which is 1/2 ~ 2/3 of the long section of the scion, insert the scion between the xylem and phloem of the cut, the long section faces the xylem, and the back of the scion is aligned with the center of the cut, leaving a blank section of 0.3 ~ 0.4 cm. After grafting 1 month, the surviving scion can germinate, and at the same time, the hidden buds on the rootstock will germinate. After the sprout is formed, it should be pulled out in time to avoid affecting the growth of the scion. Because the scion grows vigorously, it is necessary to untie it in time and tie the new tip to the stick to prevent it from being damaged by the wind.

2.3.2 Buding with xylem

This method has the advantages of simple operation, high survival rate, fast healing and firm combination, which is beneficial to the growth of grafted seedlings and is widely used in growth. In addition, high grafting can also be grafted on the main side branches of Sophora japonica seedlings by bud grafting.

Abdominal junction

The grafting period can be carried out in spring, summer and autumn, and it is not limited by peeling or not. The specific method is as follows: (1) Cut off the annual branches as scions, and remove the compound leaves for later use. Because of the hot weather and other reasons, it is best to graft the scion to avoid the long harvesting time and water loss and reduce the survival rate; (2) Cut the scion from the bud at a height of 1 ~ 1.5~2cm, flatten the xylem slightly downward, cut the bud slice horizontally at a position below the base of the bud 1.5~2cm, and then select the rootstock with a ground diameter greater than 0.5cm and cut it from top to bottom at a smooth windward surface about 5cm from the ground. The lower end is cut horizontally with a 1 knife to remove debris, then the bud is inserted into the rootstock interface, so that the alignment layer of the section is close to the rootstock section, and then it is wrapped with a plastic film strip with a thickness of 0.03cm and a width of about 1.2cm, and all wounds should be tightly wrapped; If it is summer grafting, after 15d, the plastic film near the bud should be cut with a knife to expose the bud and extract the new bud. At the same time, we should check the survival rate, and then patch those who survive. Unbind after 1 month. After the new buds grow, the rootstock should be cut off in time to remove the rootstock sprouts and promote the growth of Sophora japonica. If it is autumn grafting, the rootstock should be cut off before germination in the following spring after unbinding, and the grafted seedlings should be pulled out in time after germination in summer to promote the growth of new shoots. When the seedling height is 60cm, in order to cultivate a straight trunk, the new buds should be tied with bamboo or wooden sticks until they reach the expected height. Rhizosphere bud grafting seedlings can reach 3 cm in height and 2 cm in diameter at breast height, and can be used for greening projects in 2 ~ 3 years.

3 Site management

3. 1 seedling farm management

When all the seedlings emerge, the seedlings should be thinned for 2-3 times, and the seedlings should be fixed in the same year of sowing 10 ~ 15 cm. Apply appropriate amount of zinc sulfate or diluted human excrement from May to June, and pay attention to weeding and loosening soil from July to August.

3.2 Greening maintenance

Sophora japonica, as a "four-sided" greening tree species, is often planted as street trees, garden trees and environmental protection forest belts in all parts of North China. During the closing period, the dead branches should be pruned, protected and tended in time to beautify the tree shape.

4 pest control

4. 1 canker

Canker disease occurs in seedling stage or drought after transplanting, which mainly harms branches.

Control methods: (1) Strengthen management, apply sufficient water and fertilizer, and enhance disease resistance; (2) Mix lime: sulfur: salt: water according to the ratio of 5: 1.5: 2: 36 and coat it on the trunk; (3) The seriously ill seedlings should be cut off in time and re-cultivated.

4.2 locusts

/kloc-0 occurs for multiple generations every year. Adults and nymphs gather on shoots, inflorescences and pods to suck juice, and the damaged shoots shrink and droop, which hinders the growth of the top, and the seriously damaged inflorescences can't bloom, and at the same time induce sooty blotch. In the first half of March every year, the insect began to multiply in large numbers, and winged aphids were produced in April, and migrated to Sophora japonica in early May, with the most serious damage from May to June. In early June, they moved to live in weeds, and in August, they moved back to China to live in Sophora japonica for a period of time, and then wintered with wingless viviparous female aphids and a few eggs in the rhizosphere of weeds.

Prevention and control methods: (1) Spraying sulfur mixture in autumn and winter to eliminate overwintering eggs; (2) When aphids occur in large quantities, 50% malathion emulsion,1000 ~ 2,000 times rotenone, 3,000 ~ 4,000 times 10% chlorfenapyr wettable powder or 3,000 times 2.5% deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate can be sprayed for control; (3) At the early stage of aphid occurrence, or before a large number of overwintering eggs are hatched and rolled, the cotton wool is dipped with 40% omethoate emulsion for 8- 10 times, the cotton wool is wound around the trunk once, and then wrapped and bound with plastic sheets.

4.3 Tetranychus cinnabarinus

1 year can occur for many generations, and fertilized female mites overwinter in soil pores, bark cracks, litter and other places. Mites are all harmful to the back of leaves, and the damaged leaves are yellow and white spots at first, and then spread to the whole leaves with dense mesh. In severe cases, the leaves of the whole tree turn yellow and fall off.

Control method: (1) overwintering prevention. Spraying with a mixture of sulfur and stone to scrape off rough skin and upturned skin, or trapping wintering mites with trunk sokcho, and then burning them in the following spring; (2) chemical control. It is found that Tetranychus urticae should be sprayed as soon as possible when there are many leaves, and the key to control the late pests is to control the early damage. It can be controlled by spraying 3000 times of 20% Misanli EC, and the spraying should be uniform, meticulous and thoughtful. If it is serious, spray 1 time every half month for 2 ~ 3 times continuously, and you can get good results.

4.4 locusts

Also known as inchworm, there are 3-4 generations in 1. The first generation of larvae began in early May, and the peak periods of each generation were late May, mid-July and late August to early September respectively. Pupa overwinters in the loose soil around the trees, and larvae and adults eat the leaves, causing them to carve flowers. In severe cases, almost all the leaves of the whole tree were eaten up.

Control method: (1) Dig pupae in loose soil from defoliation to germination under and around the crown to eliminate overwintering pupae. (2) chemical control. In mid-May and late June, we should focus on the prevention and control of the first and second generation larvae. We can use 50% acetaminophen EC, 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 ~ 1500 times, 50% phoxim EC 2000 ~ 4000 times, or bromine 2000 ~ 4000 times. (3) Biological control can be carried out with 600 times solution of Bacillus thuringiensis.

4.5 Apriona germari

It occurs every two years 1 generation, and is mainly damaged by larvae. In the first ten days of March every year, the larvae begin to move, and the feces and sawdust of longicorn larvae are suspended in the boreholes. The locust tree eaten by longicorn beetles is weak, its leaves turn yellow, its branches wither, and even the whole tree dies.

Control method: (1) killing adults artificially. Adult longicorn beetles have weak flight ability and are easy to fall to the ground due to vibration. Every year from mid-June to late July, female ovipositors are killed on tree trunks at night. (2) artificially killing eggs. July-August is the spawning period of longicorn beetles every year. Find the egg pieces on the trunk and smash them with iron. (3) Chemical control of adults. During the peak period of adult activity from mid-June to mid-July every year, spraying 2000 times of liquid on the crown of Sophora japonica to kill pyrethroids, spraying 1 day, and spraying twice continuously, can achieve good results. (4) Chemical control of larvae. The active period of longicorn larvae is from March to10 every year. Larvae can be poisoned by injecting 80% dichlorvos or 50% phoxim into the wormhole for 5 ~ 10 times, and then sealing it with toxic mud mixed with chemicals. (5) Using lime 10kg+ sulfur 1kg+ salt 10g+ 20 ~ 40 kg of water to make whitening agent, and brushing the trunk to prevent the longicorn beetle from laying eggs.

4.6 locust moth

/kloc-0 occurs twice a year, and the larvae overwinter in the cracks of bark or seeds, with the most serious damage in July and August. Larvae mostly feed from the base of compound leaf petiole, which causes the compound leaves of trees to dry up and fall off. In severe cases, the crown appears baldness and necrosis, which affects the appearance.

Control methods: (1) In winter, the overwintering larvae are trapped and killed by tying straw stalks or straw ropes to the trunk; (2) Spraying 50% chlorfenapyr 1000 times or 50% malathion EC 1000 ~ 1500 times during the pest occurrence period.

5 harvesting and processing

Collecting in summer when flower buds are formed, drying in time, and removing branches, stems and impurities to obtain medicinal Sophora japonica. The dried Sophora japonica is oval or ovoid, with a length of 2 ~ 6 mm and a diameter of about 2 mm. In case of rainy days, it can be dried at about 40℃ or on the kang. Fruits are ripe after autumn, impurities are removed after harvesting, and Sophora japonica is processed and dried.