Why are classical Chinese texts inverted?

1. Why are there inverted sentences in ancient Chinese

A sentence pattern that reverses the original word order for the purpose of emphasizing, highlighting, etc. is called an inverted sentence.

There are four types of inverted sentences in ancient Chinese.

In exclamatory sentences or interrogative sentences, in order to emphasize the predicate, it is placed at the beginning of the sentence to strengthen the exclamation or interrogative tone.

When the pronoun serves as the object in a negative sentence, the interrogative pronoun serves as the object of a verb or preposition, and the word "Zhi" or "是" is used as a teabing sign, the object is usually preceded.

In ancient Chinese, in order to highlight the modifier, the attributive was sometimes placed after the central word.

①. Most of the preposition phrases composed of the preposition "yu" are postpositioned in classical Chinese. When translated into modern Chinese, except for a few translated as complements, most of them have to be moved. Make an adverbial before the verb. ②. The preposition phrase composed of the preposition "Yi" is postpositioned. In today's translation, it is generally prepositioned as an adverbial.

I won’t give examples in ancient Chinese. Inversion sentences are also used in modern Chinese. For example:

Where can I find it, you? (Interrogative sentence)

Don’t worry, Mom and Dad! (Imperative sentence) This is the first category;

There are many flowers on the head, scattered horizontally and vertically. (Attributive postposition, "的" phrase) This is the third category

He walked onto the podium slowly and shyly. (Adverbial postposition, adjective) This is the fourth category

The second category belongs to the special sentence pattern of ancient Chinese inversion, which is not found in modern Chinese. 2. There are several types of inverted sentences in classical Chinese.

It’s quite complicated~ Classical Chinese sentence patterns are divided into: ①General sentence patterns (including judgment sentences, passive sentences, omitted sentences, and interrogative sentences) ②Special sentence patterns (That is to say, inversion. There are four main types: object preposition, attributive postposition, subject-predicate inversion, and adverbial postposition. Of course, there are also some fixed sentence patterns, which are required by high school) Next we will Talk about how to analyze: (The following content comes from the Liaoning College Entrance Examination Chinese Language Network. I recommend this website here. It is very good) Home page: .cn/ The following content link: .cn/wyyd008 General sentence pattern 1. Judgment sentence (1) Use " "...Ye" means "the honest one is the good general of Zhao"

(2) "Zheye" is used at the end of the sentence to say "Xu Gong in the north of the city is the most beautiful person in Qi" (3). ) Use "Zhe" to express judgment of "four people, Luling Xiaojun Guijunyu, Changle Wang Huishenfu, Yudi An Guopingfu, Anshang Chunfu."

(4) Use the verb "for ” or the judgment word “yes” expresses judgment ① To manage finances for the world, not to collect profits ② You are the son of the family (5) Use “that is”, “nai”, “ze”, “all”, “ben”, “sincerity”, “yi” and “su” The other adverbs express positive judgments and strengthen the tone, and "fei" is used to express negative judgments. ① I am in a hurry today, and this is the autumn of my life. ②This is the time when life and death are at stake.

③Liang General is about to conquer Chu General Xiang Yan. ④This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.

⑤ Chenbenbuyi. ⑥And looks like a plain ***.

⑦ Fish is what I want, bear paws are also what I want. ⑧I am not a scholar or painter.

(6) Unmarked judgment sentences. Some judgment sentences in classical Chinese do not have any signs, and the judgment is made directly from the noun to the noun.

For example: "Liu Bei is a great hero in the world." ("Battle of Red Cliff") Special reminder: "is" appearing before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment word, but a demonstrative pronoun, which is the subject of the judgment sentence , and the word "IS" in some judgment sentences does not always mean judgment. "IS" was rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese in the pre-Qin period, but became more common after the Han Dynasty.

2. The so-called passive in passive sentences means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is a passive relationship. That is to say, the subject is the passive or victim of the behavior represented by the verb, not the active agent. , implementer. lt; 1gt; There is a sign (1) Use "为" or "为.

So.

.." means passive "Death by one's own body, one who laughs for the world. "(...ridiculed by people all over the world) "(Giant) is far away in a remote county, and its behavior will be conquered by others. "

("Zizhi Tongjian") (2) Use "bei" to express passivity. "If you are loyal and slandered, how can you not complain? ” (How can you not feel resentful if you are loyal but are slandered by others?) (3) Use “See” or “See.”

Yu. ”

It means passive “…I see being deceived” (…being deceived in vain) “I am sincerely afraid of seeing the king being deceived and losing Zhao. ” (4) Use “yu” or “receive.”

Yu.

"Passive" cannot be tolerated far or near. "

(Zhang Pu's "Tombstones of Five People" "I can't lift the land of Jin and Wu, and a hundred thousand followers are controlled by others." ("Zizhi Tongjian") (5) Use "being" to express Passive.

"I still remember that Zhou Gong was arrested, and I looked forward to it in the third month of Dingmao." (Zhang Pu's "Tombstones of Five People" lt; 2gt; This situation refers to the absence of passive verbs. Passive sentence.

For example: "The people of Jingzhou follow the rules and force the troops to force their ears." ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian") The "force the troops" here means "forced by the military force" Meaning.

Note: "Jian" has a special usage that is very similar to the passive "Jian" form, such as "Ji Jun Shi or Jian Ang Ye" ("Reply to Sima's Remonstrance"), but here "See" does not mean passive. It is placed before the verb, indicating that the action refers to one side. Polite expressions of "how do you treat yourself", such as "forgive me" in modern Chinese, are all used in this way. Examples will be given later. Let’s talk about it in detail. 3. Omission of the subject (1) The omission of the subject. The wild snake in Yongzhou, (snake) is black and white... (2) The omission of the predicate “A husband fights with courage.

One drum will make the energy weak, and three drums will exhaust it... (3) The omission of the verb object means that Xiangru has great merit, and worships (referring to Lin Xiangru) as the minister. "("Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru"). 4) The omission of the object of the preposition This person is (for) one by one (5) The omission of the preposition The general fought (in) Hebei, the minister fought (in) Henan 4. Interrogative Sentences Classical Chinese interrogative sentences generally contain interrogative words, interrogatives The words include interrogative pronouns (who, he, he, so, an, yan, shou, etc.), interrogative modal particles (hu, zhu, zai, 椤, ye, etc.) and interrogative adverbs (qi, du, qi, etc.). p>

Sometimes interrogative words are not used. In addition, there are some idioms used to express rhetorical questions.

The following is a special sentence structure that is different from modern Chinese. Several sentence patterns are translated and explained with examples.

1. In order to emphasize the predicate, the predicate is sometimes placed before the subject.

① What a disservice to you (Hui)! ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain") Translation: "You are so unintelligent" ② Mr. An Zai can help others in trouble ("Xinling Lord steals the talisman to save Zhao"). : "Where is the reason why the master is anxious for others' difficulties?" 2. Object preposition 1 Pronoun object preposition format in negative sentences: subject ten negative words no, wei, none, mo, no, fu ten object more, I, you, Zi, Zhi, are ten things. ① Three years old, I am not willing to take care of you ("Shuo Shu") Translation: "Mo I am willing to take care of you" should be understood as "No one is willing to take care of me"

②The people of the time, Mo Zhixu ("Longzhong Dui") Translation: "But the people at that time did not approve of him (see it this way)" ③The people of Qin had no time to mourn for themselves ("On the Passage of Qin") Translation: "The people of Qin were too late Lament yourself”.

④ Avoid being unconfident ("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice") Translation: "Zou Ji does not believe in himself" ⑤ However, he who is not a king has not yet existed ("Qi Huan and Jin Wen Shi") Translation: "This is not enough to be the king of the world, there is no Such a thing" There are also such things as: "If I don't do it, I won't do it" (Translation: "It can't be because of me, (he) is not as good as myself") Idioms include: I have no deceit, you have no danger of me (Translation: "I don't Deceive you, you don't deceive me") From the above example sentences, we can draw the following conclusion: in the negative sentence, the object pronoun must be in front, and two conditions must be met: first, the object must be a pronoun, and second, the whole sentence must be Negative sentences must have negative adverbs such as "no, wei, wu (nothing)" or the indefinite pronoun "mo" that expresses negation.

The object of the pronoun should be placed before the verb and after the negative word. 2. Pronouns and objects are placed in front of the interrogative sentences (1) The object is in front of the verb. Format: Subject and ten objects: who, Xi, Hu, He, He, An, E, and Yan. 3. Inversion in classical Chinese

In classical Chinese sentences, the word order of some sentences is different from that in modern Chinese, which we call inversion.

The main inversion phenomena include: subject-predicate inversion, object preposition, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition, etc. (1) Subject-predicate inversion In order to emphasize the predicate, the predicate is sometimes placed before the subject.

This is simply because of the need for language expression. For example: What a shame, you are so unfair! ("The Foolish Old Man Moves Mountains") Hee! If Yanzi's family was extremely poor! ("Yan Zi Chun Qiu") (2) Preposition of object In modern Chinese, the object is often located after the predicate and serves as the agent of the predicate.

In classical Chinese, under certain conditions, the object is often mentioned before the predicate, showing the phenomenon of object preposition. There are generally two types of such special situations: 1. The phenomenon of object preposition in negative sentences. In negative sentences, when the predicate part is modified by a negative adverb, the object of the predicate will generally be preposed.

For example: I will take care of you when you are three years old. ("Shuo Shu") "No one is willing to take care of me" should be understood as "No one is willing to take care of me".

Such negative adverbs generally include: "no", "wei", "wu", "no", "mo", etc. Another example: The ancients did not deceive anyone.

(Don’t bully others) (Su Shi’s "The Story of Shizhong Mountain"). 2. The phenomenon of pronoun-object preposition in interrogative sentences. In classical Chinese interrogative sentences, when an interrogative pronoun is used as the object of a predicate verb (or preposition), the object is often placed in front of the predicate verb (or preposition).

For example: Liang asked: "What did the king come to do?" ("Hongmen Banquet") "He cao" should be understood as "cao he", which means "what did you bring". In modern Chinese, a preposition is followed by an object to form a preposition-object structure, which is used to modify the verb predicate.

In classical Chinese, the object of a preposition is often placed before the preposition, forming an inversion phenomenon. For example: Ouch! Weisi people, who can I return to? ("Yueyang Tower") "Who returns with you" should be understood as "who returns with you", which means "with whom you return".

Such interrogative pronouns generally include: "Who", "He", "Xi", "曷", "Hu", "E", "An", "Yan", etc. Another example: Is Pei Public Security Bureau here? ("Hongmen Banquet") In addition, there are some relatively fixed "object-preposed" expression structures.

For example: Only Yu Ma leads the way ("Feng Wanzhen"). After hearing the Tao, I think that I am the one who is the best. ("Zhuangzi Qiu Shui") If you don't know how to read a sentence, you won't be able to understand it if you are confused.

(Han Yu’s Theory of Cutting Coins) (3) Attributive postposition Attributives generally play the role of modifying and limiting the noun center word in a sentence. Attributives in classical Chinese texts are often placed after the central word, resulting in the phenomenon of attributive postpositioning.

For example: The sonorous sound of stone is everywhere. (Su Shi's "The Story of Stone Bell Mountain") Translated as: Stones with sonorous sounds are like this everywhere.

The word "songy and sound" was originally the attributive of "stone" and was placed after the central word "stone". Another example: An earthworm does not have the strength of claws and teeth, nor the strength of sinews and bones.

("Encouraging Learning") (4) Postposition of adverbials In modern Chinese, adverbials are placed before the predicate. If they are placed after the predicate, they are complements.

However, in classical Chinese, the components in complements are often understood as adverbials, so the phenomenon of post-adverbials appears.

For example: The general fights in Hebei, and the minister fights in Henan. ("Hongmen Banquet") Translated as: The general is fighting in Hebei, and I am fighting in Henan.

"Zhan Henan" should be understood as "War in Henan". The introductory phrase "Yu Henan" is used as an adverbial and is placed behind the center of the verb "War". Another example: green, taken from blue, and green from blue.

(Xunzi's "Encouragement to Learning") This so-called war was used in the imperial court. ("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice"). 4. What are the inverted sentence patterns in classical Chinese?

The following is an example of translation and explanation of several special sentence patterns in ancient Chinese that are different from modern Chinese.

1. Subject-predicate inversion In order to emphasize the predicate, the predicate is sometimes placed before the subject. This is simply because of the need for language expression.

①What’s more, you are being unfair (wisdom)! ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain") Translation: "You are so unintelligent" ② It is because the young master can worry about others' difficulties. ("Jun Xinling steals the talisman to save Zhao") Translation: "Where can the young master be anxious for others' difficulties?" 2. Object preposition 1 Pronoun object preposition format in negative sentences: subject ten negative words no, wei , Wu, Mo, Wu, Fu Shi Bin Yu, I, Er, Zi, Zhi, this is ten moves ①Three years old, I am willing to take care of you ("Shuo Shu") Translation: "Mo I am willing to take care of" should be understood as "Don't care about me."

②The people of the time, Mo Zhixu ("Longzhong Dui") Translation: "But people at that time did not approve of him (see it this way)" ③The people of Qin had no time to mourn for themselves ("On the Passage of Qin") Translation : "The people of Qin had no time to lament themselves." ④ Avoid lack of self-confidence ("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice") Translation: "Zou Ji does not believe in himself" ⑤ However, he who is not a king has not yet existed ("Qi Huan and Jin Wen Shi") Translation: "This is not enough to be the king of the world, there is no "Such a thing" is also like: "If I don't do it, I won't do it" (translation: "It can't be because of me, (he) is not as good as myself"). The idioms include: I have no deceit, you have no danger of me (translation: "I don't Deceive you, you don’t deceive me”) From the above example sentences, we can draw the following conclusion: in the negative sentence, the object pronoun must be in front, and two conditions must be met: first, the object must be a pronoun, and second, the whole sentence must be Negative sentences must have negative adverbs such as "no, wei, wu (nothing)" or the indefinite pronoun "mo" that expresses negation.

The object of the pronoun should be placed before the verb and after the negative word.

2 Preposition of pronoun and object in interrogative sentences (1) The object is in front of the verb format: subject and object who, xi, hu, he, he, an, evil, yan and ten move? ① Liang asked: "What did the king do when he came?" Translation of "Hongmen Banquet": "Zhang Liang asked Justice: 'What did the king take when he came?'" ② What did the girl think about? ("Mulan Ci") Translation: "Ask my daughter what she is thinking about?" ③ When the king saw it, he said: "Where is the cow?" ("Yan Zi's Journey to Chu") Translation: "The king saw it and asked: 'Where to take the cow? ?'"④What's the harm? ("The Matter of Qi Huan and Jin Wen") Translation: "What is the hindrance (what is the hindrance)?" ⑤ The king said: "Who is bound to do it?" ("Yan Zi's Mission to Chu") Translation: "The king asked: 'Tie What do these people do?'"⑥Who dares to complain? ("Snake Catcher's Talk") Translation: "Who can I dare to blame?" ⑦ How can we put earth and rocks away? ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain") Translation: "Besides, where should the earth and rocks be placed?" (2) The object is placed in front of the preposition. Format: Who is the subject, Xi, Hu, He, He, An, E, Yan, Shijie and Shimo? ① Otherwise, why would we get to this point? ("Hongmen Banquet") Translation: "Otherwise, why would I (Xiang Yu) get to this point?" ②Who is the mourner? ("Tombstone Story of Five People") Translation: "Who are you weeping for?" ③Why did Lord Chang'an entrust himself to Zhao? ("The Crab Dragon Talks about the Queen Mother of Zhao") Translation: "Why does the Lord of Chang'an stand firm in the State of Zhao?" ④ How should the country show sympathy? ("On Accumulation and Storage") Translation: "What does the state use to relieve the common people?" ⑤ Assumption! Who will return to me from Weisi? Translation of "Yueyang Tower": "Oh! Who else can I be with except such a person?" ⑥ Although he was born, how could he return to the Han Dynasty? ("Su Wu Biography") Translation: "Even if I am alive, why should I go back to the Han Dynasty with dignity?" 3 Declarative sentence preposition format of interposition object: Bin, ten, introduction, ten movements ① hook to write dragon, chisel to write dragon ( "Ye Gong Loves Dragons") Translation: "Use hooks to draw dragons, use chisels to carve dragons" ② I remember it ("Travel to Baochan Mountain") Translation: "That's why I wrote down this matter" ③ In one sentence Translation: Summarize it in one sentence ④ Chu warriors are all equal to ten ("Gou Jian's Destruction of Wu") Translation: There is no warrior in Chu who does not fight desperately without one resisting ten.

⑤ Idioms include: night and day (translation: using night to follow day) 4 The preposition format of the object marked with "zhi" and "shi": subject ten object ten (yes) ten move ① Husband Jin, what's the crime? ("Zhu Zhiwu Retreats the Qin Army") Translation: "What sin does Jin have to do?" ② Wei Yi Qiu's teachings ("Yi Qiu") Translation: "Only listen to Yi Qiu's teachings" ("Wei" is translated as "Only listen") ", the same below) ③ If you don't know how to read a sentence, you will be confused ("Shi Shuo") Translation: "If you don't understand how to read a sentence, you can't answer your doubts" ④ Only to state the affairs ("Reply to Li Yishu") Translation: "Just be sure to get rid of those things Old words" ⑤ Parents only worry about his illness Translation: "Parents only worry about his illness" ⑥ Only look at the horse's head ("Feng Wanzhen") Translation: "Only look at my horse's head to act" ⑦ The king will not show mercy when he dies, but the ministers are worried . Translation: "Our king (Jin Hui Gong) does not pity himself for being in exile, but he is worried about our ministers." There is also an idiom: mercenary (translation: "only seeking benefits") and mercenary (translation: "only appointing those who are good"). Talented person") 5 When the word "xiang" is interpreted as "the action refers to one side", it can be translated as "me, you, him (her)". At this time, "xiang" is used as an object before the verb predicate, and the translation Time is placed after the verb predicate.

① I have lost my kindness and will not agree to her ("The Peacock Flies Southeast") Translation: "I have no feelings for her anymore, and I will never agree to you" ② I am diligent in raising my father-in-law. A good person supports one another ("The Peacock Flies Southeast") Translation: "Serve your mother-in-law with all your heart, serve her well" ③ When children don't recognize each other, they smile and ask where the guest is from ("Returning to Hometown") Translation: "Children "See me but don't know me" also has reservations in modern Chinese, such as: Please believe 6 When the word "see" is interpreted as "the action refers to one side", it can be interpreted as "I", in which case "see" is used as the object It is placed before the verb predicate, and when translated, it is placed after the verb predicate.

① The government official met Ding Ning ("The Peacock Flies Southeast") Translation: "(When I came back) the government official told me" ② The child was born in six months, and the loving father saw his disapproval ("Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi") Translation: "I was six months old when I was born Months ago, my father abandoned me (meaning my father passed away)." This situation is also reserved in modern Chinese, such as: Wang Jian Shu (I hope you forgive me); He Jian Jiao (What can you teach me) ; I made you laugh (I made you laugh at me); I hope you will forgive me (I hope you forgive me).

7.

5. Detailed explanation of several sentence patterns in classical Chinese, especially several forms of inverted sentences

Examples of common special sentence patterns in classical Chinese There are four common special sentence patterns in classical Chinese in junior high schools: judgment sentences and omitted sentences , passive sentences, inverted sentences. 1. Judgmental sentences express affirmation or negation of objective things and form a relationship between the judgment and the judged. They are called judgment sentences. They are usually composed in the following ways: 1. Use function words to match a certain sentence pattern Judgmental sentences expressed, for example, are formed by borrowing words such as "Zhe" and "Ye". (l) Chen Shengzhe, a native of Yangcheng, "Chen She's Family" (2) Hu Zhan, Courage Ye, "Cao GUI's Lun Zhan" (3) Huan Chu "The Drunkard's Pavilion" by Jieshan (4) Xu Gong in the north of the city, the beauty of Qi. "Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice" 2. With the help of "nai", "is", "wei", "ze", It is composed of words such as "Xi" and "Ben". (1) The person who should be established is the young master Fusu "Chen She Family" (2) Sushi's humble house "Humble Room Inscription" (3) Xiang Yan was a general of Chu "Chen She Family" ( 4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower, "Yueyang Tower" (5) This is the story of Zhenliang's death, "Chu Shi Biao" (6) Chen Benbuyi, "Chu Shi Biao" (7) This is the autumn of Cheng's life and death, also "Chu Shi Biao" 3. "Zhe" and "Ye" are omitted, and only a noun or noun phrase is used as a predicate to express judgment, which is also a form of judgment sentences in classical Chinese. (1) Qilue Siku, Huang Sheng's Book Borrowing Theory, the Book of the Emperor 》 (2) Sweating cows blocking the house, the book of a wealthy family "Huang Sheng Borrowing Books" 2. Elliptical Sentences Some sentences omit certain components of the sentence in a certain language environment. This kind of sentence is called an elliptical sentence. Ancient Chinese The common forms of omitted sentences are as follows: 1. Subject omitted (1) A strange wild snake in Yongzhou, [snake] is black and white. Chapter "Snake Catchers Say" (2) [People in Peach Blossom Spring "Meet the Fisherman" , was shocked "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring" 2. Predicate omission (1) one drum to make a strong effort, then [drum] to fade away, three [drums] to be exhausted "Cao GUI's Debate" (2) Chen She established himself as a general, and [established] Wu Guang as the captain. "The Family of Chen She" 3. The object is omitted (l) The envoy [Fusu] is a foreign general "The Family of Chen She" (2) The [fisherman] is about to return home "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring" 4. The preposition is omitted (l) Place [in "The Chen She Family" (2) People in Wuling [make] fishing as their occupation "Peach Blossom Spring" 3. Passive Sentences In ancient Chinese, narrative sentences in which the subject and the predicate belong to the passive relationship are called passive sentences. Generally, There are the following forms: l. Use "wei...suo..." and "weisuo" to express passiveness. (1) The seal is "Flower Board" obtained by the group (2) "Zhou Chu" for the troubles in the village (3) Two insects were swallowed up "Childhood Notes" 2. Use the verb "to" to express passiveness. (1) Wu Guangsu loved people, and most of his soldiers were servants ("Chen She Family") (2) The rabbit cannot be recovered, And as Song Guoxiao's "Sit back and wait for the rabbit" 3. Use "yu" to express passivity. (1) Only humiliated by the hands of slaves "Ma Shuo" (2) Fortunately, Wuzong's "Musician Luo Cheng" 4. Inverted sentences Inverted sentences in modern Chinese are to meet the needs of rhetorical expression, but in ancient times, inverted sentences were normal syntax, so appropriate adjustments were sometimes made when translating classical Chinese. Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese usually have the following Forms: 1. Inversion of subject and predicate (1) What a shame, you are not in favor of "The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain" (2) What a sad world it is "The Overseas Chinese Offers His Qin" 2. Object preposition a. Use the particle "zhi" to make the object In advance, He Huuzhiyou "Hou Shi Ming" b. The interrogative pronoun is used as an object and is placed in front of the verb or preposition "Who am I and Gui" in "Yueyang Tower" 3. The attributive postposition is often marked with "人", and is placed in front of the noun during translation. (1) The one who repaired the narrow peach core on the cover is called "He Zhou Ji" (2) A horse can travel a thousand miles, and one meal or one stone can be eaten by the horse "Shuo Ma" (3) The three husbands who led their descendants to carry the load "The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain" 4. Introduction The object phrase is placed after the adverbial in modern Chinese, and it should be placed before the predicate when translated. (1) To cast a bone "Wolf" (2) To fight in Changshao "Cao GUI's Debate" (3) To sacrifice the head of Wei "Chen Sheshi" Home》 The above four special sentence patterns in classical Chinese are often encountered in the study of classical Chinese in junior high school. Mastering the usage of these special sentences will be of great help in improving our reading ability in classical Chinese. Special sentence patterns in classical Chinese Passive sentences The so-called passive refers to The relationship between the subject and the location is a passive relationship, that is, the subject

It is the passive person or victim of the behavior represented by the verb, rather than the active agent or implementer. Use "wei" to express passiveness, "die for the world, laugh for the world." (...be laughed at by the world) Use "being" "It means being passive. "How can you not feel resentful if you are slandered when you are loyal?" (How can you not feel resentful if you are loyal but slandered by others?) Use "见" to express passive "... only see deceit" (...be deceived in vain) Use "Yu" means passive, "subject to others" (controlled by others) "cannot be tolerated far or near." (cannot be tolerated by neighbors). In classical Chinese, the subject of the passive sentence is the passive agent of the action represented by the predicate verb, the recipient, not The active person, the agent. In ancient Chinese, there are two main types of passive sentences: one is the passive sentence with signs, that is, expressed with the help of some passive verbs; the other is the passive sentences without signs, and It is called a passive sentence of idea. Passive sentences with signs generally have the following forms: The preposition "yu" is used after the verb to express the passive, and "yu" plays the role of introducing the active agent of the action. For example: "Therefore, I am confused by Zheng Xiu, externally deceived Zhang Yi." ("Historical Records. Biography of Qu Yuan") The actions of "confused" and "deceived" here are issued by "Zheng Xiu" and "Zhang Yi" after "Yu". Sometimes it is also used in the preposition " "Yu" or adding "Shou" before the verb forms the form of "Shou. Yu." to express passiveness. For example: "I can't lift the land of Jin and Wu, with a hundred thousand followers, and be controlled by others." ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian") Used "Jian", "Yu", "Jian.Yu." express passiveness. For example: "I am afraid that the city of Qin will not be gained, but I will be deceived when I see it." ("Historical Records. Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") "I am sincerely afraid of being deceived by the king." Defeat Zhao." (ibid.) "See the king violently." ("Mencius. Part 2 of King Hui of Liang") "Jian" has a special usage that is very similar to the form of "Jian" expressing passiveness, such as: "Ji Jun is real or angry when he sees it." ." ("Reply to Sima's Remonstrance") The word "jian" here does not mean passive. It is before the verb "fengfeng", which means a polite way of saying something about oneself, such as "forgiveness" in modern Chinese. Use "wei" and "wei.su" to express passiveness. For example: "(Ju) is located in a distant county, and its behavior will be merged by others." ("Zizhi Tongjian") Use "bei" to express passiveness. For example: "give" I still remember that Zhou Gongzhi was arrested and looked forward to it in the third month of Ding Mao." (Zhang Pu's "Tombstones of Five People") Unmarked passive sentences, this situation refers to passive sentences without passive verbs. For example: "The people of Jingzhou attached Operator, force the troops to force the ears." ("Zizhi Tongjian") "Forcing the troops to force the force" here means "to be forced by the force of the soldiers". Being. 6. What types of inversion sentences are there in classical Chinese and how to distinguish them?

In fact, there are three main types of inversion in middle school: subject-predicate inversion, object preposition and adverbial postposition.

The inversion of subject and predicate is relatively simple, so I won’t go into more details. For example, the preposition of object is: Why is there such a thing? Translated: What's wrong? That is, what's so crude about it? "Hecuo" is originally an object, and "you" is a predicate, so it should be subject, predicate and object. However, in classical Chinese, it is said to be object predicate, that is, the object is prepositioned. Regarding the postposition of adverbials, we must first clarify what adverbials are.

In ancient Chinese, directional words generally represent adverbials. But the adverbial postposition refers to the component that is in the complement.

Example: Green, taken from blue, and green from blue. In this sentence, the introductory phrase "Yu Lan" should be moved to the front of "Qi" as an adverbial; the latter "Yu Lan" should be moved to the front of "Qing" as an adverbial, which is translated as "Bi Lan". green".

But there is another attributive postposition. You can refer to the attributive in English to understand and digest this.