What kind of global strategy did the United States pursue after the war? why

After World War II, the goal of American global strategy is to seek "world leadership" and "shape the world according to American ideas". Socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and China are regarded as the main factors that hinder the United States from achieving these two goals. Therefore, the post-war foreign strategy of the United States mainly revolves around opposing * * * and seeking hegemony. However, subject to the changes in the international situation and the rise and fall of its own strength, the global strategy of the United States has shown different characteristics in different periods:

(1) The "containment" strategy of Truman Administration (1945- 1953) is a major change in American foreign strategy after the war, which marks the change and leap in the quality of American strategy, shows that the United States and the Soviet Union moved from wartime cooperation to post-war opposition and confrontation, and laid the foundation for America's strategy of dominating the world for decades after the war. In order to fully implement the "containment strategy", the United States launched the "Marshall Plan", established NATO, and formed a strategic encirclement of China in East Asia and Southeast Asia.

(2) Eisenhower Administration (1953- 196 1) Militarily, Eisenhower Administration put forward a "large-scale retaliation strategy" against socialist countries.

(3) The "peace strategy" of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations (1961-KLOC-0/969) "Peace strategy with an arrow in one hand and an olive branch in the other", the essence of which is to use the counter-revolutionary tactics of peace and war to carry out peaceful evolution in socialist countries and promote neocolonialism in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In military strategy, the "flexible response strategy" is implemented.

(4) Nixon and Ford's "Nixon Doctrine" (1969- 1977) refers to a set of diplomatic thoughts and foreign strategies put forward to safeguard the hegemonic position of the United States when the strength and position of the United States have been seriously weakened and the international strategic position has declined. Nixon doctrine has three pillars: partnership, power status and negotiation.

The contents of Nixon Doctrine are as follows: ① Taking the establishment of "partnership" among allies as the cornerstone of American foreign policy, it requires allies to coordinate policies and jointly deal with the Soviet Union; Give in to each other economically to help the United States tide over the difficulties; Militarily, * * * shares the responsibility of military expenditure and national defense. (2) With strength as the backing and negotiation as the means, the Soviet Union is restricted through negotiation to maintain the balance of power between the United States and the Soviet Union. ③ Use China to restrict the Soviet Union and actively open the door to relations with China. (4) Shorten the front and strengthen the key points in the Third World. The essence of Nixon doctrine is the product and expression of the decline of American hegemony. It was put forward under the unfavorable situation that the United States is on the strategic defensive, and its purpose is to continue to safeguard the global hegemony of the United States.

5. Carter's "World Order Strategy" (1977- 198 1). The Carter administration continued Nixon doctrine in the early days and put forward the "world order strategy" after taking office. Its main contents include: ① Strengthening trilateral cooperation among Japan, the United States and Europe. ② Take the US-China relationship as the "central link" of US global policy, promote the normalization of relations, and seek to establish a strategic cooperative relationship against the Soviet Union. (3) Taking easing the relationship between the East and the West as the "primary goal", and emphasizing economic and moral strength to deal with the expansion of the Soviet Union. ④ Attach importance to human rights diplomacy.

[6] The Reagan administration's diplomatic strategy of "seeking peace through strength" ("Reaganism") (198 1- 1989) Facing the domestic and foreign troubles of the United States, Reagan put forward the slogans of "rejuvenating the national prestige" and "expanding the army to resist the Soviet Union". Formulate the "Star Wars Plan", seek the strategic advantage over the Soviet Union, and bring it down economically. Militarily, he put forward a "new flexible response strategy", pursued a tough policy toward the Soviet Union and conducted an arms race with the Soviet Union. In addition, efforts should be made to restore the leadership over the West in order to realize the general strategy of anti-Soviet. All these show that the global strategy of the United States has crossed the scope of simply containing the Soviet Union after the war and entered a new stage of active attack and flexible counterattack.

(7) Bush Administration's Global Strategy (1989- 1993) During this period, great changes have taken place in the global strategy of the United States: First, it put forward a strategy beyond containment, with the intention of bringing the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe into the western system. Second, it is proposed to establish a new European pattern, the essence of which is to ensure the interests in Europe. Third, the concept of "new world order" is essentially to transform the world according to American values under the leadership of the United States.

(8) The Clinton administration's "participation and expansion" strategy (1993-200 1) has "one goal" and "three pillars". "One goal" is to consolidate and expand America's "leading position" in the world, that is, America's world hegemony. Therefore, it is necessary to guard against potential strategic rivals and new superpowers, and focus on curbing those countries that have the potential to become global powers, such as China and Russia. The so-called "three pillars" refer to economic security, military strength, democracy and human rights. Its contents are as follows: ① Put economic issues at the center of foreign policy. Highlight the ideological factors in American diplomacy, vigorously promote American values such as "freedom", "democracy" and "human rights" in diplomacy, and strive to establish a world dominated by capitalism headed by the United States. (3) Maintain a strong military force to meet new security challenges. A first term 1993 65438+ 10/3 secretary of state Christopher pointed out at the nomination hearing of the Senate foreign relations Committee that after the cold war, the United States "needs to design new strategies" to protect its interests: first, it must promote its economic security; second, it must maintain a strong national defense force; and third, it must encourage the ongoing global democracy. 65438+ 10 18, Clinton once again stressed in his speech that the world has undergone fundamental changes, and that American foreign policy must adapt to this change in order to achieve its own goals, and once again stressed that American foreign policy will be based on the above three pillars. 1In July, 1994, the Clinton administration published its first national security strategy report after taking office, and put forward the "participation expansion strategy", saying that the "participation expansion strategy" can be summarized as: taking advantage of the international situation that is generally beneficial to the United States after the Cold War, strengthening its involvement and participation in international and regional affairs, "expanding the borders of the free world" and realizing the "world leadership position" of the United States. During the first term, although the Clinton administration put forward the strategy of participation and expansion, its foreign policy was still widely criticized at home and abroad. B. During the second term, the United States began to evaluate the international environment in the near future and the trend of world powers, and focused on the competition of great powers in 2 1 century, formulated the global strategy of the United States in 2 1 century, and clearly pointed out for the first time that Russia and China may become global competitors of the United States in 20 15 years, indicating that the United States is worried about the medium-and long-term prospects of maintaining the status of independent countries. During the Clinton administration, the trend of multipolarization accelerated, the relations between major powers were deeply adjusted, and the outline of the international strategic pattern began to appear. The global strategy of the United States has gradually completed the transformation from "cold war type" to "post-cold war type" and established the basic framework of global strategy facing the new century. This transformation basically started with 1993' s "expansion strategy" and 1994' s "participation expansion strategy" and ended with 1997' s new strategic concept of "shaping-reacting-preparing". The global strategy of the United States facing the new century has become the greatest diplomatic legacy left by the Clinton administration to the Bush administration.

Bush administration's unilateral policy and preemptive strategy. After taking office, Bush's foreign policy mainly includes the following aspects: ① pursuing unilateralism policy and seeking to establish the hegemonic position of the United States. (2) Emphasize military priority and pay attention to cultivating American military strength. ③ Pay attention to American security. ④ Taking the fight against international terrorism as the central task of the Bush administration's foreign policy. ⑤ The global strategy of the United States has further shifted to the Asia-Pacific region. ⑥ In March 2003, the United States launched a war against Iraq without the consent of the United Nations, aiming at controlling oil in the Middle East, promoting American democracy in the Middle East, shaping a new pattern in the Middle East and influencing international politics. ⑦ Propose a preemptive strategy to crack down on "rogue states" and terrorists. It is not difficult to see from the changes in the above period that "hegemonism" that dominates the world is a main line in the policy, and the core is the national interests of the United States. With the development of history, the United States has gradually approached its hegemonic intentions. At present, the rise of China and Russia, the development of Japan and Western Europe, and the revitalization of developing countries are still insurmountable obstacles for the United States to dominate the world. In order to break through obstacles, the United States uses its military superiority to control global strategic locations; Woo some capitalist forces; Attract interested developing countries; Measures such as suppressing its potential opponents.