What are the architectural styles of traditional buildings in Hainan?

Abstract: Most of the earliest immigrants in Hainan migrated from southern Fujian, and the early buildings showed profound southern Fujian customs. Subsequently, immigrants from Lingnan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Southeast Asia brought their own cultures, and Qiongbei architecture gradually joined Lingnan style. At the same time, a large number of troops from the Central Plains brought the Central Plains culture, which made Qiongbei architecture integrate some elements of the Central Plains architecture. So what are the style characteristics of Hainan architecture? The following article will introduce the architectural style and characteristics of Hainan for everyone. Let's have a look! Most of the earliest immigrants in Hainan migrated from southern Fujian, and the early buildings reflected the profound southern Fujian customs. Subsequently, immigrants from Lingnan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Southeast Asia brought their own cultures, and Qiongbei architecture gradually joined Lingnan style. At the same time, a large number of troops from the Central Plains brought the Central Plains culture, which made Qiongbei architecture integrate some elements of the Central Plains architecture. In modern times, a large number of Hainanese went to Nanyang to make a living, bringing back the Nanyang culture influenced by western colonization at that time. Hainan's architecture was integrated with European style, which not only influenced traditional architectural forms, but also brought new architectural forms. The blending of various architectural elements is the biggest feature of Hainan architecture.

First of all, talk about the local environment in Hainan:

1. Climate characteristics: tropical monsoon climate, long summer without east, with an average annual temperature of 22~26℃. Even in cold 1 and February, the temperature still reaches 16~2 1℃, the annual illumination 1750-2650 hours, and the illumination rate is 50%-. As an island, you can't escape the typhoon. The windy season is May -65438+ 10.

2. Topographic features: the periphery is low and flat, and the middle is high, with Wuzhishan and Ying Ge Ridge as the core of uplift.

3. Based on the above characteristics, with the changes of the times, Hainan gradually derived buildings with the following characteristics:

(1) Elegant tone. Most of the residential buildings are masonry walls, blue-gray tube and white mud tile roofs, black or dark stringers, webs, doors and windows, window frames and white mud square bricks. The color tone is elegant, it looks dignified and heavy, without a sense of noise, and it is gorgeous and frivolous. Compact layout. Traditional houses are all low-rise, one after another, standing shoulder to shoulder. Even quadrangles occupy a small area and are arranged tightly.

(2) Exquisite and transparent artistic conception. Hollow flower covers, drooping, transparent doors, windows, horizontal curtains and railings, and the alternate layout of reality and reality create a delicate and transparent artistic conception. There are many halls. They are tall and open.

(3) Exquisite artistic style. Different from the rough and unconstrained in the north, the buildings in Fujian and Guangdong are more exquisite and meticulous. The walls are decorated with color, gray and brick carvings, and wood carvings are applied to beams and partitions.

* * * Same features: adapting to production and satisfying life, adapting to local conditions, using local materials, randomly arranging, concise appearance and flexible internal layout.

At present, Hainan has different architectural styles, different layouts, structures and shapes, and uneven aesthetic styles, which have not formed Hainan's unique architectural and cultural characteristics. Hainan's architectural styles can be roughly divided into four categories: traditional architectural styles in Han areas, architectural styles of ethnic minorities (including Li, Miao and Hui) and imported architectural styles (including Southeast Asian arcade styles and European styles). ) and modern architectural style. From the Li boathouse preserved for thousands of years, to the thousand-year customs brought by the migration of Han nationality in Qiongbei area, to the arcade-style buildings and European-style buildings introduced in modern times, and then to various hotels in modern coastal areas. Hainan is located in the tropics, with a tropical monsoon climate, high temperature all year round and strong sea breeze. Buildings should be as insulated and corrosion-resistant as possible.

2. The following specific analysis of the characteristics of various traditional houses:

1. quadrangles with Hainan characteristics.

Wenchang folk houses, among the Han folk houses in Hainan, have very typical characteristics, not only in the general quadrangle layout with strong Hainan characteristics, but also in the selection of materials, such as imported cement and Kundian wood, which are called "red hair ash" and are more exquisite in the local treatment of houses such as wood carvings, murals and paintings. The characteristics of Hainan folk houses are vividly reflected here.

Representative: Ancient buildings in Shibaxiang Village, Huiwen Town, Wenchang

2. Traditional architecture of ethnic minorities: boathouse

The ancient folk houses of Li and Miao nationalities in Hainan are the crystallization of their ancestors' wisdom. Known as the watcher of the spiritual home of the Li nationality, it has been listed in the national intangible cultural heritage list.

Li nationality boathouse is a kind of Li nationality residential building, which is popular in the Li nationality inhabited area in Hainan. To commemorate the ancestors of the Li nationality who came here across the ocean, Li compatriots built their house into a boat shape. Because it looks like a canopy, it is often called a boathouse.

Boathouse is the oldest residential building in Li nationality, which can be divided into elevated boathouses and low-rise (floor-standing) boathouses. It is shaped like a crown and an arch with red and white vines tied on it. The arched herringbone roof is covered with thick grass or sunflower leaves and extends almost to the ground. Seen from a distance, it looks like an upside-down ship. Its circular arch is beneficial to typhoon resistance, the overhead structure has the functions of moisture-proof, moisture-proof and rain-proof, and the thatched roof also has better functions of moisture-proof and heat insulation. Moreover, local materials can be used, and the demolition and construction are also very convenient.

Representative: Baicha Village, Bian Jiang Township, Dongfang City

3. Imported characteristic building: Hainan arcade

Haikou arcade has a long history as a gallery architecture art. The white arcade building in Haikou not only has strong characteristics of China ancient traditional architecture, but also imitates western architecture, as well as the architectural and decorative style of Nanyang culture, which is obviously influenced by Indian and Arabic architectural culture. These unique architectural styles form a landscape painting of arcade.

Due to the unique strong sun and rainy climate in Hainan, as early as 1395 (during the Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty), when the market street was built in Waisha area of Haikou (that is, Boai Road and Deshengsha Road), there was already a long corridor-style "shop row house" that could shelter from rain and sun. After 1930, a wave heading for South Asia blew away in Hainan. After a long journey in a foreign land, Hainanese who went out to sea for South Asia "returned to their roots" and returned home to build houses with their hard-earned money. While the ancestors brought back the thought of Nanyang, many European arcade buildings with Nanyang style appeared in Hainan.

At that time, several or more uneven arcades were adjacent, and the long corridor in front of the store connected the whole block, which could provide a world for pedestrians to shelter from the hot sun and storm, create a relatively cool environment, and become an open communication place for businesses to apply for jobs and attract customers. Arcade became the regional feature of commercial culture and social culture at that time.

Representative: Haikou Qilou Old Street

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