Who can tell me more about horses? Is it true that horses never sleep?

The horse sleeps standing up, which is a natural defensive measure. In order to eliminate fatigue, animals should also sleep. However, they sleep in a variety of positions ... horses sleep in a special way. They always sleep standing up. Because horses have no sharp teeth and claws. Once upon a time, wild horses had to spread their legs and run fast to escape when they met enemies. If a horse sleeps on the ground, it can't escape when it is in danger. They still keep this habit until now.

horse

classify

Field: animal kingdom

Phylum: Chordata phylum

Class: mammals

Objective: Chiroptera

Branch: Kyle

Genus: Equus

Type: horse

scientific name

horse

A horse is a herbivorous animal with a long mane on its neck, long hair on its tail and horseshoes on its feet. Widely distributed in all parts of the world, originated from the grasslands of Central Asia. Domesticated by humans more than 4000 years ago, it was brought to America and Australia by colonists after15th century.

Horses are mainly used as domestic animals for riding, pulling carts and carrying loads, and for war and labor. Played a very important role in history. It was not until the appearance of the steam engine in the industrial revolution that it was the main driving force to pull the car, so that the capacity of the machine was measured by horsepower later. Horses are the main means of transportation on impassable roads in mountainous areas.

In the war, it was also the earliest chariot-pulling, and nomadic people first invented riding. China's cavalry didn't appear until Zhao's mausoleum rode and shot during the Warring States Period, and the late Roman Empire was also learned from nomadic people in Central Asia. Saddle was also invented by nomadic people, and it was improved continuously later; Stirrup was invented by China people in the late Tang Dynasty. At first, it was just a stirrup. In order to get on the horse conveniently, it was later developed into one on each side. The Persians called them "China shoes" and later spread to Europe. It was not until the end of the 20th century that cavalry began to withdraw from the war because of the appearance and popularity of various chariots and helicopters. At present, cycling is mostly used in sports competitions, and some patrolmen in big cities also use horses.

Horses can also be used to produce milk and meat. Islamic law forbids eating horse meat. In 732 AD, Pope Gregory III ordered Christians not to eat horse meat, but it didn't have much effect later. Now the French and Italians eat horse meat, and the Japanese think horse meat is nutritious meat. During World War II, the United States allowed butcher shops to supply horse meat to make up for the shortage of beef, but after World War II, under the pressure of ranchers in the west, it was forbidden to supply horse meat. Horse milk has always been the food of nomadic people, especially suitable for brewing "horse milk wine".

With the weakening of the use function of horses, many countries cultivated various ponies as pets in the second half of the 20th century. Now after thousands of years of cultivation, there are many kinds of horses, from as high as 2 meters to only 0.56 meters. Only one horse is as big as a big dog and has different shapes.

On the evolution of horses:

The fossils of horses are very rich, so the evolution of horses has also been studied in great detail. The evolution of horses is often used as an example of evolution. Horses belong to mammals, Chiroptera. The earliest horse, the ancestor horse, appeared in North America 56 million years ago in Eocene. Ancestral horses are only as big as dogs, with a hunchback and multiple toes (the first three and the last four) on their limbs. There are many branches from the ancestor horse. Some branches are getting bigger and easier to run, while others are developing towards miniaturization. In Miocene, Equidae, represented by three-toed horses, became a very prosperous fauna, a common fossil animal in stratigraphic paleontology, and was often used as an important basis for geological dating. The most direct ancestor of modern horses was horse phobia in the late Miocene12 million years ago, while modern horses appeared in Pliocene 4 million years ago. North America has always been the origin and evolution center of horses and equines. The horse starts from here and radiates around. Horses spread to Eurasia through the Bering Continental Bridge formed during the Ice Age, and finally entered Africa. Horses also spread to South America through the isthmus of China and America. At the latest, about 20 thousand years ago, horses in North America were completely extinct, and horses in South America were extinct earlier. The reason is still a mystery. Some people think it has something to do with the transitional hunting of American Indians. From then on, in nearly 56 million years, there was no horse in North America, the hometown of horses, for the first time, until the Spanish brought horses back to America in the16th century. In a program about horses produced by Discovery, someone said, "When Indians first saw horses brought by Spaniards, they felt like old friends after a long separation.". Modern horses are domesticated by European wild horses. Wild horses are extinct. The existing Platts wild horses are not the ancestors of domestic horses. The evolution of horses is full of difficulties and obstacles. Horses used to be so prosperous that dozens of genera evolved before and after, but in the end only one genus, six or seven species, survived to this day. The rise and fall of horses is actually the rise and fall of odd-hoofed animals, and modern times are generally declining.

Words about horses:

A stallion

A mare

Pony, pony

A castrated and infertile horse

A yellow horse.

A red horse with a black mane and a black tail

A light black and white horse.

Hua, jujube red horse

Heimali

? Huang Ma, Duckmouth.

Qi, a blue-black horse

A horse with black and white hooves.

Qi, a blue and white horse.

Dragon, pure white horse

A slow horse, a bad horse.

About horse culture:

It ranks seventh among the traditional Zodiac animals in China. There is a man named Ma in China. Ma surname is one of the common surnames. Besides the Han nationality, there are many other ethnic minorities whose surnames are Ma. Ma surname is one of the most popular surnames in Hui nationality. Almost all Hui people in Yunnan are surnamed Ma.

Six Horses in Zhaoling: (Horses of Ancient Kings)

The Six Horses in Zhaoling refer to the six reliefs on the east and west sides of the North Altar of Zhaoling in Li Shimin Mausoleum of Emperor Taizong in Liquan, Shaanxi Province. Each stone carving is about 2m wide and1.7m high. Liu Jun was a war horse that Li Shimin rode before the establishment of the Tang Dynasty. They are called "boxing hairs?" , "stone method opens", "white hoof is black", "Tele", "green" and "spreading the floor". In order to commemorate these six war horses, Li Shimin ordered craftsman Yan Lide and painter Yan (Yan Lide's younger brother) to draw the reliefs of six war horses in front of the mausoleum.

"Six Horses in Zhaoling" is a precious ancient stone carving art treasure with beautiful shape, smooth carving lines and fine and round knives. "dew purple" and "fist hair" in the six generals? 19 14 was broken, packed and smuggled to the United States, and now it is in the University of Pennsylvania Museum. The other four pieces were also broken packages and were intercepted in the process of smuggling. Now they are displayed in Xi 'an Beilin Museum.

This group of stone carvings shows the heroic spirit of the war horse that Emperor Taizong rode in the great cause of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Boxing hair? Darkmouth, with yellow skin, has a string of spinning hairs. He was shot nine times when he tied Liu Heita. Li Shimin praised: "The moon is bright and carefree, the sky is high and the clouds are light, the arrow is loaded, and the gas is clear and positive."

Shivachi: When Hulao Pass defeated Wang and Dou Jiande one by one, he got five arrows in the hip.

Bai Tiwu: I took it with me when I was buried, and there was no arrow wound. Li Shimin praised, "Relying on the heavenly sword, chasing the wind and stabilizing your feet, return to the saddle and settle in Shu."

Teller: It's white and yellow. I rode it when I painted Song Jingang, and there was no arrow wound.

Qingzhui: Dou Jiande and I rode horses in a draw, flying on all fours, with five arrows in our body, one in the front and four in the back.

Salou Zi: When Wang was the capital of Luodu, he rode a horse with an arrow in his chest. Qiu Hanggong and Li Shimin exchanged mounts and drew an arrow for Saluzi. Li Shimin praised: "Yan Zi jumped, his bones soared, his spirit expanded into three rivers, and his strength expanded into eight arrays." There is a man attached to the relief, imitating Qiu Hua's arrow.