Can you tell me something about the typical four misers?

1. Typical corrupt scholars-Zhou Jin and Jin Fan

People who have read The Scholars will never forget the two characters in the book, Zhou Jin and Jin Fan. They are two poor people created by the author in the second and third rounds who failed the imperial examination. This is a typical example of two corrupt scholars. Both of them were poor before the middle school entrance examination, and they were subjected to the supercilious look and ridicule of others.

Zhou Jin is still a young man in his sixties, earning a living by teaching in a private school in the village. Later, he and his brother-in-law kept accounts together. When he visited Hiram Hospital, "Zhou Jin looked at the license plate and hit it. He didn't die this time, but he burst into tears:' People can't persuade him. Jin Youyou said, look, isn't this crazy? Come to Hiram's hospital and have fun. Your family is not dead. "Why is this wailing so painful?" Zhou Jin couldn't hear, just holding the number plate and crying. No.1 cried, and then cried until No.2 and No.3, rolling, crying and crying, and the people who cried were very sad. This is not a problem for today, and his master companions are holding his neck left and right. He refused to get up, crying for a while and crying for a while until blood came out of his mouth. "Later, the merchants promised to donate a Guo-zi-jian diploma to him. He smiled through tears, knelt on the ground and kowtowed, saying that he would replace the donkey with a Malay in return.

Jin Fan is also a old boys who has not been admitted for more than 20 times in a row. He is a typical figure who was admitted at the age of 54, and his psychology has been greatly destroyed. He was humiliated all his life. He will take an exam. His father-in-law called him "a toad wants to eat swan meat". When he heard the news of Zhongju, he couldn't believe it at first and clapped his hands and laughed: "Hey! All right! I won! " Be ecstatic. I didn't wake up until I was slapped by the butcher. Years of wishes have come true, and he can be promoted and made a fortune from now on. How can he not be ecstatic and lose his mind?

From these two figures, we can see that the imperial examination system is deeply toxic to literati. It deeply corrodes the minds of literati, and makes some literati completely lose themselves passively because of their infatuation with career promotion. The author wrote their distortion and depravity in personality consciousness with bitter brushstrokes.

Second, typical corrupt officials-Tang Feng and Wang Hui

If a poor scholar is admitted to the Jinshi, he can enter the official career justifiably. Once those poor scholars become officials, they will soon become corrupt officials. Tang Feng and Wang Hui are two typical examples.

The book describes the Tang magistrate like this: "The next morning, a chicken thief was brought in. The county magistrate said angrily,' You slave have committed several crimes in my hands. You never change careers and are not afraid to fight. "What should you do today?" Because he took a brush, he wrote the words "chicken thief" on his face: he took a flail, tied the stolen chicken forward on his head and tail, and swung it out. Just out of the county gate, the chicken's ass smacked, and a bubble of thin excrement came out, dripping from the forehead to the nose, and the beard stuck together and dripping on the cangue. People on both sides laugh more. The second time, I called the teacher's father up, cursed the' bold dog slave', took the heavy responsibility of 30 boards, took a big cangue, piled all 50 kilograms of beef on the cangue, and tied my face and neck tightly, leaving only two eyes in front of the county gate. It was hot again. The beef was maggots the next day and died the third day. "

Wang Hui, the magistrate of Nanchang, is also a typical corrupt official. He never forgets the general principle of "three years to clear the magistrate, 100 thousand snowflakes and silver" As soon as he arrived, the yamen was full of applause, abacus and silver, and the leaders were beaten by him one by one. Everyone in the city knows how powerful the satrap is and is afraid to sleep. "

These officials rely on the imperial examination to stand tall, promote to a higher position and make a fortune, and use power for happiness; And greed and arrogance have become their characteristics. This further exposed the evil of the imperial examination system and reflected the corruption of the whole feudal official politics at that time.

Third, the typical stereotype-edited by He Lu

Since the imperial examination has become the only means for scholars to pursue fame and fortune, the eight-part essay has naturally become authentic. Therefore, countless feudal literati tirelessly studied stereotyped writing, among which the most devout stereotyped writer was Helu.

Mr. Ma Er, depicted in The Scholars, is a victim who spent his whole life trying to promote his career, but he always regarded it as a "sacred and inviolable career" and even believed in stereotyped writing to such an extent that he said: "The word" promoting career "has been necessary for everyone since ancient times. Just like in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius used "threatening to do something" to be an official, so Confucius only said "I am ignorant, sorry, I am among them". This is the cause of Confucius. ..... Even now the master, also want to read articles, do business. If you don't say the words "vague and regretful", why not? Pay attention to' less words, less words, less regrets' every day. what can I do for you? Confucius' Tao won't work. " Teacher Ma Er is a Ding Bai who has been in and out of the examination room for 24 years. He still lives as a trainee, but he is still a keen advocate of the promotion industry. He "persuaded" Kuang to say, "As the old saying goes,' There is a golden house in the book, a thousand catties of millet in the book and Yan Ruyu in the book. "What is a book now? This is our anthology. "

This not only shows that Mr. Ma Er and others were unconscious when they were killed, but also points out the reasons why they were unconscious. It is the only way for them to be officials, which touches on the fundamental drawback of feudal society: the irrationality of selecting talents with the decadent imperial examination system.

Lu Xiu, another stereotyped writing fan, said, "If stereotyped writing is well written, whatever you do, whether you want to write poems or assign homework, it is a whip, a scar, a slap, and a palm of your hand pays no attention to stereotyped writing, and whatever you do is a wild fox Zen, and evil spirits are crooked. "Lu's compilation reached the highest level of the imperial examination and realized the highest ideal of his life. However, the author writes that he started on his way home from Beijing, where he was too poor to live. His opening remarks after his appearance were: "A poor academician only looks at a few errands. Today's fat job has been exploited by others. Sitting in Beijing for nothing, losing money to live. Besides, my brother is almost 50 years old and has no children. He only has a little daughter, and he didn't promise to start a family. He thinks it's better to ask for leave to go home, do some housework and be reasonable. "The author wrote this" Successful Man "with such a shabby pen, and its voice-over obviously means that the editing and editing work of Hanlin at the expense of the whole personal dignity and material life has no practical significance except in name only.

Four, positive typical-Wang Mian and Du.

The Scholars not only exposes and satirizes the ugliness of the Scholars, but also affirms and praises the positive figures. The intellectuals who are most affirmed by the author are those who don't pursue fame and gain, among which Wang Mian and Du are typical representatives.

For the first time, the author portrays the image of Wang Mian, a poet at the end of Yuan Dynasty, as "Gai" and "Gai Quan Wen", and takes this as his ideal model and the standard of concealing characters. Wang Mian was born in Tianjia, and he is proficient in astronomy, geography and economy. But he was content with poverty, selling paintings for a living, and didn't associate with dignitaries as their agents. The author used his mouth to attack the imperial examination system. "This law is not good, and scholars will have this road of honor in the future, underestimating the source of that article." In the author's view, only by emphasizing the source of literary works Rainbow Mian can the literati be freed from the cage of fame and fortune, which can be called "the highest state of quality", which was crucial at that time.

Du, a positive figure, was created according to the author himself. Not keen on fame, opposed to stereotyped imperial examination, unwilling to be an official. He is regarded as "a rare man in ancient and modern times". His contempt for the imperial examination is particularly prominent. He said, "The scholars in this school don't look like slaves." This is a mockery and criticism of the system of selecting officials in feudal society.

He dared to question authority and challenge Zhu. He said, "It is natural for Zhu Wengong to interpret the Confucian classics, and it is also for future generations to refer to the Confucian classics. Now I have lost all the Confucian scholars, relying only on Zhu Zhu's notes. This is the ignorance of future generations and has nothing to do with Zhu. " In fact, this is a denial of Zhu Zhu's theoretical standards and Zhu's authority.

Du despised ethics, opposed discrimination against women and concubinage, and had a preliminary democratic thought. He is the ideal figure in the author's mind, because he is ready to help others and loves others equally.