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How many times did Cixi listen to politics behind the curtain? What's the difference?
Introduction: Cixi was in power for 48 years, and she listened to politics behind the curtain for 38 years, which was mainly divided into two major sections and three stages. The two major sections are to listen to the government behind the curtain with the Empress Dowager Ci'an, and to listen to the government behind the curtain alone. As for the three stages, they are the period of Emperor Tongzhi, before Emperor Guangxu took office, and after Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned. During the 10 years when Emperor Guangxu was in power from 1889 to 1898, it is tentatively assumed that Cixi no longer listened to politics from behind the curtain.
01 Empress Dowager Cixi teamed up with Prince Gong Yi? to seize power in the government and remained in power for 13 years. As early as when Emperor Xianfeng was alive, Empress Dowager Cixi showed her talents in governing the country and often helped Emperor Xianfeng with ideas. However, Xianfeng refused to allow the harem to interfere in politics, so he did not promise Empress Dowager Cixi to govern in the future. Before the death of Emperor Xianfeng, he left a posthumous edict instructing the eight ministers Gu Ming, headed by Sushun, to serve as auxiliary ministers. The empress dowagers of the two palaces listened behind the curtain and supported Emperor Tongzhi.
At the end of Emperor Wenzong's reign, the two empresses Xiaozhen and Xiaoqin took over the political power. There were virtuous kings inside and famous generals and ministers outside. They overcame the great difficulties and praised ZTE. Unfortunately, when Mu Zong died, Empress Xiaozhen died. Empress Xiaoqin stayed in charge for a long time, left the palace for a while, and held a ceremony. She regarded the Holy Ancestor as the Empress Xiaozhuang and the Emperor Gaozong as the Holy Empress Xiaozhuang, not even one tenth of them. However, the emperor secretly had private discussions. However, foreign aggressions multiply frequently and disasters occur frequently, which is not the right time. ---"Manuscript of Qing History"
Emperor Tongzhi was Cixi's biological son. Of course Cixi wanted to control Emperor Tongzhi alone. In the imperial edict, Emperor Xianfeng excluded all his brothers from the scope of auxiliary ministers. This obviously meant that Emperor Xianfeng could not trust his own brothers, especially Prince Gong Yi? Because Yi? was so smart, Emperor Xianfeng was worried that Emperor Tongzhi's throne would be affected. But Yi? is very talented, and of course he is not willing to be lonely. So the Empress Dowager Cixi took the initiative to contact Yi Yu, hoping that he could help her seize the power of the eight ministers Gu Ming.
So a political struggle without war began. As a result of the Xinyou coup, the empress dowager of the two palaces and Prince Gong Yi? were in charge of the government together, while the eight ministers Gu Ming all lost their power. Several people led by Sushun were even executed by Cixi. From this coup, we can see that Cixi is a very capable woman. From then on, she began her political career of listening to politics behind the curtain.
Although Empress Dowager Ci'an was also by her side, Empress Dowager Ci'an had no interest in politics at all, so Empress Dowager Cixi basically controlled the world's situation. From the death of Emperor Xianfeng in 1861 until Emperor Tongzhi came to power in person in 1873, the Empress Dowager Cixi had been in a state of listening behind the curtain and was the true leader of the empire.
02 Supported Guangxu to ascend the throne. Cixi was in power for 13 years before Guangxu took charge. After withdrawing the curtain and returning to power, Empress Dowager Cixi lived peacefully in the harem for two years. Unfortunately, Emperor Tongzhi failed to live up to his expectations and died of illness after only two years of pro-government. The year was 1875. The extremely sad Empress Dowager Cixi immediately realized a problem. Emperor Tongzhi had no son. Who should succeed him as the future emperor?
In this case, she thought of her sister's son, Aixinjueluo Zaitan, the son of Prince Chun Yixuan and Cixi's sister. This child is related to him by blood, and Prince Chun obeys Cixi's orders. Unfortunately, he was at odds with De Zong, which led to the 1898 War, and then to the Gengzi Rebellion. In the late period, he carried out reforms with one intention. He was worried about the difficulty of destiny, and observed that people's hearts were about to be in disarray, so he wanted to save it by establishing a constitution. The rise and fall of a generation depends on the palace. Alas! Isn’t it heaven? Isn’t it heaven? ---"Manuscript of Qing History"
Under the control of Cixi, Aisin Gioro Zaitan ascended the throne in 1875, that is, Emperor Guangxu. At this time, the empress dowagers of Cixi and Ci'an once again came out to listen to politics behind the curtain. It was not until 1889 that Emperor Guangxu could take charge personally, and then Empress Dowager Cixi gradually delegated power and allowed Emperor Guangxu to govern on his own. During this period, Cixi was in power for 15 years. Adding the previous 13 years, Cixi already had 28 years of ruling experience.
During this period, Empress Dowager Ci'an died suddenly in 1881, so for the next nine years, Empress Dowager Cixi was in power alone. This was a very important period, because during this period, Earth-shaking changes took place in the Qing Dynasty. The Westernization Movement has been changing with each passing day, and the Qing Dynasty is also flourishing.
At this time, Cixi was very satisfied with her governance. She believed that she was a wise queen mother because she quelled the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, suppressed the Nian Army uprising, and established Westernization, making the country prosperous and strong.
In the 10 years since Emperor Guangxu came to power in 03, the Qing Dynasty began to decline. I have to say that Cixi’s rule some time ago saved the Qing Dynasty. In particular, the attitude of supporting Zuo Zongtang in regaining Xinjiang saved our land of more than one million square kilometers. Later, after Guangxu took office, the situation actually changed dramatically. At this time, Li Hongzhang patted his chest and told Emperor Guangxu that the navy of the Qing Dynasty was the first and strongest in the Far East.
Then Emperor Guangxu asked Li Hongzhang if he could fight Japan? Li Hongzhang shook his head repeatedly and said that my navy can only be left in the bay to rust, and it must not be used for fighting. In Gengchen, Prince Yizhigong returned to the position of Minister of Military and Aircraft. Xin Si was exempted from being assigned to Shuizhou County. In Bingxu, Japan fell into Fuzhou. In Wuzi, the Japanese soldiers gathered gold and restored the two states.
Order Song Qing to lead the armies in a decisive battle. Feng Sheng'a and Nie Guilin rushed to Ximucheng from Xiuyan. When they heard that the enemy was coming, their divisions collapsed again, and the Japanese captured Ximucheng. Cheng Wenbing was appointed as the land admiral. Ji Chou, Song Qing and the Japanese fought in Haicheng, were defeated, and surrendered Tianzhuang Terrace. Gengyin, Yiketang Aji and the Japanese fought in Fenghuang City, and the bodyguard Yongshan died. Ronglu was ordered to work in the Prime Minister's Office of International Affairs. ---"Manuscript of the History of the Qing Dynasty"
Of course Emperor Guangxu didn't listen. Hundreds of millions of military expenditures were given to Li Hongzhang every year. Can such a powerful navy not fight? So the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War broke out. As a result, we all know that the Qing government lost face by ceding territory and paying compensation. There are many reasons for the failure, but the main culprits are three people, Cixi, Guangxu and Li Hongzhang. Cixi and Guangxu were national leaders. Even if they did nothing, they were still guilty. For the sake of his own political future, Li Hongzhang refused to confront the Japanese army, and finally lost the opportunity to counterattack.
The second thing is the Reform Movement of 1898, which was a reform movement launched by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others. Reforms have been painful since ancient times, and the Reform Movement of 1898 was no exception. This was a reform activity that lasted only one hundred days, so it was also called the Hundred Days Reform. If it succeeded, the Qing Dynasty might enter a constitutional monarchy, but unfortunately it failed in the end. Empress Dowager Cixi sensed something strange and decisively seized power, imprisoned Guangxu, and hunted down the elements of the 1898 Reform Movement.
After imprisoning Guangxu in 04, Empress Dowager Cixi once again listened to politics behind the curtain for 10 years. In fact, when Emperor Guangxu was in charge, the Empress Dowager Cixi had no intention of delegating power for a moment. Her close ministers, such as Li Hongzhang, were all watching the Emperor Guangxu for Empress Dowager Cixi! Therefore, Emperor Guangxu's 10 years of personal rule can actually be regarded as the 10 years that Empress Dowager Cixi was in power. However, formally speaking, this period was Emperor Guangxu's 10 years in power.
When Dezong was in charge, he was prosperous in the Spring and Autumn Period. He had great ambitions and wanted to attack the country in order to wipe out the national humiliation. Now that the master and apprentice have been defeated and lost territory, they have introduced new ministers and are determined to strengthen themselves in order to strive for self-improvement. However, the men of fame and fame are so impetuous and conceited that they forget the taboo of surrendering to rats, and yet they are not sympathized with their recklessness and help, saying that they can do something for the city. Ji Chui Lian comes out again and hides Yingtai. When external aggression comes, provocation comes from within. He sent troops from eight countries to join forces and six dragons hunted to the west. After Gengzi, he was depressed, hurt, and dying, and the fate of the country also collapsed because of it. Wow, isn't it heaven? ---"Manuscript of Qing History"
After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned in Yingtai. Empress Dowager Cixi was once again forced to come to the forefront and became the master of the empire. At this time, the Qing Dynasty had completely begun to decline, and Empress Dowager Cixi began to sign various unequal treaties. She wanted to preserve the living space of the Qing royal family as much as possible by ceding territory and paying compensation. As long as the Qing Dynasty does not collapse, everything can be discussed.
It is a pity that everything is difficult to recover, because the corruption and incompetence of the Qing Dynasty has reached the extreme, and selling out national interests to maintain the rule of one's own family is even more unpopular. Therefore, destruction is inevitable. After Cixi's death, the Qing Dynasty perished in just 3 years. Summary: In power for 48 years and in power for 38 years, Cixi’s faults outweighed her merits. There are many people in history whose merits and demerits are difficult to evaluate. For example, does Li Hongzhang’s merits outweigh his faults or his faults outweigh his merits? It is difficult for us to evaluate this matter. After all, there are many supporters of anti-dumping and countermeasures. However, Cixi's history is certain, because Cixi's faults definitely outweighed her merits.
Let’s talk about the credit first. She supported Zuo Zongtang to regain Xinjiang, supported Li Hongzhang to establish Westernization, supported Shen Baozhen to open a shipyard, and supported Zhang Zhidong to open an arsenal. This series of support gave the late Qing Dynasty a certain degree of success. Resistance capital also made efforts to fight for sovereignty. Looking at his fault again, she betrayed the interests of the country and ceded land to pay compensation for personal gain. Abandoning the capital to escape the war and signing various unequal treaties put the Qing Dynasty in a passive state.
After losing power and humiliating the country, she actually imprisoned Emperor Guangxu and abolished reforms. It is difficult to imagine that her rule will have any good results. Therefore, Cixi was in power for 48 years and listened to politics behind the curtain for 38 years. He was the last ruler of the Qing Dynasty with real power. Her selfishness led to the demise of the Qing Dynasty.
Reference material: "Manuscript of Qing History"
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