Verb ing as adverbial

In English, the verb ing appears in the form of adverbial, and the verb v-ing has the characteristics of verb, noun, adjective and adverb, so it can be used as subject, predicative, attribute, object, object complement and adverbial in a sentence.

When the verb ing is used as an adverbial, we call it a non-predicate form. such as

They walked out of the classroom talking and laughing. They walked out of the classroom talking and laughing. The ing form here is used to express "the state when they left the classroom" and belongs to the accompanying adverbial.

Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well. Having lived in this city for three years, she is already familiar with it. The ing form here and the following phrases can be regarded as the reason why "he is familiar with this place" and belong to the adverbial of reason.

The above are some usages of the verb ing as an adverbial. Generally speaking, in this case, using the verb ing as adverbial directly can avoid the tedious expression of adverbial clauses and make the sentences more concise, written and authentic.