Qu Yuan, Sima Qian and Tao Yuanming, which is a model of physical disability and strong will in the ancient history of China? Try to talk about their main experiences and achievements respectively.

Sima Qian is a model of China's ancient history.

Sima Qian was born in Longmen, xia yang, Western Han Dynasty. Xia yang, county name, now Hancheng, near Longmen. Therefore, Sima Qian claimed to be "moving to Longmen" (Preface to Taishi Gong). Longmen, Longmen Mountain, is very famous. Legend has it that Dayu once opened a mountain in Longmen to control water. To the south of Longmen Mountain is the Yellow River. Sima Qian's home is between the Yellow River and Longmen. There are many local places of interest. Sima Qian liked scenic spots since childhood, but he also had the opportunity to hear many historical legends and stories.

There is no clear history of Sima Qian's birth and death. According to Wang Guowei's research on Taishi Gongxing Year, Sima Qian was born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (145 BC) and died in the first year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (86 BC) at the age of 60. It is said that Sima Qian's family is a historian and writer who passed down from Tang Yu to Zhou. Sima Cuo was a famous soldier when King Hui of Qin attacked Shu, and Sima Chang was an iron-fisted official of Qin Shihuang. Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, was also an official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he resumed his ancestral career as a historian.

In Sima Qian's youth, he "cultivated the grandchildren of rivers and mountains". Sima Qian is embedded in this "landscape belt"? NB02 1？ Growing up in the natural environment (preface to Hancheng County Records), I was not only influenced by the elegance of mountains and rivers, but also experienced some folk life.

At the age of ten, Sima Qian followed his father to Chang 'an, the capital, where he studied under the old doctor Fu Sheng and the great scholar Kong Anguo. Family learning is deeply rooted, and it has benefited a lot from the education of famous teachers and inspiration. At this time, the Han Dynasty was strong, the economy was prosperous, and the culture was prosperous. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing wiped out the Xiongnu, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Yuefu ...; That's when Sima Qian was rich in knowledge and keen to be born in Beijing.

Around the age of twenty, Sima Qian began to travel abroad-"traveling south to Jianghuai, attending meetings, exploring Yu caves, spying on nine doubts, floating in Yuan, Xiang, covering Wen and Si in the north, talking about the capital of Qi and Lu, observing the legacy of Confucius, and shooting Zou, Yi, Er, Kun, Xue, Yu Xiang, Du Liang and Chu back to China." After returning to Chang 'an, he became a close minister of the emperor, and went to Pingliang and Kongtong with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to serve Bashu and Kunming in the south.

In the first year of Yuanfeng (1 10 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made a grand tour to worship Zen, with 180,000 cavalry and thousands of flags. Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, is a historian. He should have gone to work, but he died in Luoyang. Sima Qian accepted his father's wishes, rushed to Mount Tai, attended meditation, and then returned to Chang 'an along the East China Sea, bypassing the Great Wall beyond the Great Wall. ?

In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), when Sima Qian was 38 years old, he officially wrote a letter to revise the history, and had the opportunity to read all the books, archives and various historical materials collected by the Han Dynasty court. While sorting out historical materials, he participated in the revision of the calendar. In the first year of Tai Chu (BC 104), China's first almanac, taichu calendar, was written, and he began to write historical records.

In the second year of Tianhan (the first 99 years), Li Ling went to the Xiongnu and was defeated and captured. Sima Qian said a few words of explanation for Li Ling, which angered Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and threw him into prison. The following year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's family and sentenced Sima Qian to castration. Castration is a great shame and pollutes ancestors, so meet friends and relatives. Sima Qian was humiliated in prison. "Hand in hand, tied by a wooden rope, exposed skin, tied by a list, living in seclusion in the wall. At this time, when you see the jailer, you will grab the land first, and you will be anxious when you see the apprentice. " (Sima Qian's Bao Ren An Shu) almost ruined his life. However, in order to complete the writing of historical records, he endured humiliation and dragged out an ignoble existence, hoping for a chance.

In the first year of Taishi (96 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed to the Yuan Dynasty and granted amnesty to the world. Sima Qian was 50 years old at this time. After he got out of prison, he became a secretary. In the eyes of others, he may be "pampered", but he still devotes himself to writing his book. Until the book was completed in Zheng He's second year (9 1 year ago), * * * got 130 articles, with more than 520,000 words.

Qu Yuan

(Before 339? ~ top 278？ )

Chu people were outstanding politicians and patriotic poets at the end of the Warring States period. The name is flat and the word is original. Chu Wuwang Xiong Tong's son Qu Xian's descendants. Danyang (now Zigui, Hubei) people.

Qu Yuan experienced three periods in his life: Chu Weiwang, Chu Huaiwang and King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, and his main activities were in the period of Chu Huaiwang. This period is the eve of China's imminent reunification. "Qin Huang is horizontal, Chu Wang is vertical." Qu was born in a famous family, good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric, and was highly valued in his early years. He was a doctor of Zuotu. In order to realize the great cause of Chu's reunification, Qu Yuan actively assisted in the reform to strengthen the country, and insisted on uniting Qi with foreign countries to resist Qin, which once made Chu rich and strong. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a clique and alienated by Chu Huaiwang.

In the fifteenth year of Wang Huai (the first 304 years), from Qin to Chu, Zhang Yi bribed Shanxi merchants, Zilan, Zheng Xiu and others as spies with huge sums of money, and at the same time deceived Wang Huai with "offering merchants for 600 miles", which led to the breaking of diplomatic relations between Qi and Chu. After being deceived, he became angry from embarrassment and sent troops to Qin twice, both of which were defeated. Therefore, Qu Yuan was ordered to send an envoy to Qi State to rebuild the friendship between Qi and Chu. Once again, Zhang Yi failed to disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance from Qin to Chu. In twenty-four years, Qin Chu formed an alliance with Huang Ci, and Chu was completely embraced by the State of Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital and moved to the Northern Han Dynasty.

Thirty years after Wang Huai, Qu Yuan returned to Du Ying. In the same year, Qin made an appointment with the military attache, was detained by Qin, and finally died in Qin. After Wang Xiang ascended the throne, he continued to implement the policy of surrender. Qu Yuan was once again expelled from Ying Capital and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River, and was displaced between Yuan and Xiang. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty (278 BC), General Qin attacked Yingdu in vain, and Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River in anger and died for his political ideal.

work

Qu Yuan's works include Li Sao, Tian Wen, Nine Songs (1 1), Nine Chapters (9) and Evocation, with a total of 23 articles. In addition, whether Buju and Fisherman were written by Qu Yuan is still controversial in academic circles. Among them, Li Sao is Qu Yuan's masterpiece and the longest romantic political lyric poem in the history of ancient China literature. Tian Wen is a rare and peculiar poem in ancient and modern times. It asked 172 questions to heaven continuously, involving astronomy, geography, literature, philosophy and many other fields, which showed the poet's bold suspicion of traditional ideas and scientific spirit of pursuing truth. "Nine Songs" is a set of music songs based on folk songs to worship the gods. There are a lot of gods in the poem, most of which are love songs.

Qu Yuan's works record his persistence in the ideal of "beautiful politics" and his struggle against the decadent aristocratic groups in Chu. His ideal of "beautiful politics" is reflected in his works, that is, "cultivating talents and empowering them, but doing things without being equal" (Li Sao). The so-called "promoting talents and empowering" means selecting truly talented people to govern the country, opposing secular affairs, and limiting the monopoly of old nobles on power, regardless of rank. He also took the historical stories of Fu Shuo, the slave, Lv Wang, the butcher and Ning Qi, the vendor, as examples to illustrate the rationality of selecting talents regardless of their status. The so-called "following the rope without being rude" means practicing the law, that is, the law is not expensive and limiting the privileges of the old nobles. Qu Yuan's ideal of "beautiful politics" reflects his sharp opposition to the decadent aristocratic groups in Chu, and expresses his progressive demand of getting rid of bad politics. Its ultimate goal is to save the motherland from peril and make Chu embark on the road of prosperity. Related to this, Qu Yuan's works also profoundly exposed the darkness of Chu politics, the decay of Chu aristocratic groups and the fatuity of Chu kings, and showed his fighting spirit of adhering to the ideal of "beautiful politics", insisting on moral integrity and "not regretting his death"; At the same time, it shows his determination to care about the country and the people, love the country and the people, and devote himself to the motherland. Although Qu Yuan was exiled or even exiled, he always thought about the rise and fall of the motherland and the sufferings of the people, hoping that the king of Chu would repent and work hard to become the master of ZTE. He knew that being loyal to honesty and frankness would lead to disaster, but he always "endured but could not give up"; Knowing that he faced many dangers, he could have gone to other countries to find a way out in the era of "using Chu materials", but he refused to leave Chu. It shows his infinite loyalty to the motherland and his personality and will to win glory with the sun and the moon.

Qu Yuan is the first great patriotic poet in the history of China literature. He is an outstanding representative of romantic poets. As an outstanding politician and patriot, Qu Yuan's spirit of loving the motherland and the people, persisting in the truth, preferring to die rather than surrender, and his lofty personality of "winning glory with the sun and the moon" have inspired and nurtured countless Chinese sons and daughters for thousands of years, especially when the nation was in danger. As a great poet, the appearance of Qu Yuan not only marks that China's poetry has entered a new era from collective singing to individual originality, but also his new poetic style-Chu Ci, which broke through the expression form of The Book of Songs, greatly enriched the expressive force of poetry and opened up a new world for China's ancient poetry creation. Therefore, later generations called Chu Ci and The Book of Songs together as The Book of Songs. "Feng" and "Sao" are the sources of the two fine traditions of realism and romanticism in the history of China's poetry. At the same time, Chu Ci, represented by Qu Yuan, also influenced the formation of Han Fu.

In the history of China, Qu Yuan was the most admired and loved poet by the people. According to the records of "Continuation of Qi and Harmony" and "Geography of Sui Shu", Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. The custom of making zongzi and racing dragon boats on May 5th in China originated from people's commemoration of Qu Yuan. 1953, Qu Yuan was also listed as one of the "four cultural celebrities" in the world, which was solemnly commemorated by the World Peace Council and people all over the world.

Tao Yuanming (365 ~ 427) was a poet, lyricist and essayist in Jin and Song Dynasties. A latent and vivid figure, a private and quiet festival. Xunyang Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) was born. Tao Yuanming was born in a declining official family. Great-grandfather Tao Kan was the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. With the military affairs commander of Bazhou and the secretariat of Jingjiang II as the official, Changsha was made the county magistrate. Tao Yuanming's grandfather was a satrap, his father died young, and his mother was the daughter of Meng Jia, a famous person in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Tao Yuanming's life can be roughly divided into three periods.

In the first period, Tao Yuanming was 28 years old in the seventeenth year of Taiyuan (392). He has been living in poverty since he was a teenager because of his father's early death. The second period was an official study, from the age of 29 in the eighteenth year of Taiyuan to the age of 465,438+0 in the first year of Emperor Yi Xi of Jin 'an. The third period, from the second year of Emperor Yi of Jin 'an (406) to the fourth year of Yuanjia (427), is the period of returning to the fields. More than 20 years after back in the game was the most abundant period of his creation. Tao Yuanming's poems 125, including 9 four-character poems and 6 five-character poems11. His four-character poem is not very good. His five-character poems can be roughly divided into two categories; One is the poetry that inherits and develops the lyric tradition since the Han and Wei Dynasties, and the other is the pastoral poetry with few precedents. The artistic achievements of Tao's poetry have been respected since the Tang Dynasty, and even regarded as "the fundamental principle of poetry". More than 0/00 years after the death of Tao Yuanming, Xiao Tong collected his posthumous works, catalogued them in different categories, compiled them into 8 volumes, and personally prefaced his biography. Later, on the basis of Xiao Ben, Yang Xiuzhi of Northern Qi added other versions of Biography of Five Filial Pieties and Preface of Four Eight, and the combined sequence was Tao 10. Yang Ben was out of order at the end of Sui Dynasty, with 9 volumes. Since then, other books have been published one after another, scrambling to make up enough copies of 10. Tao Qian Collection 10, reprinted by Song Yu in the Northern Song Dynasty, is the earliest publication of pottery poems. None of the above books have been handed down. The earliest versions that can be seen today are several versions from the Southern Song Dynasty to the early Yuan Dynasty. There are mainly: Zeng Ji's Poem and Fu has two volumes, Shao Xi's three-year edition in the Southern Song Dynasty, and Guangxu's moment edition in the Qing Dynasty; Ji Gu Pavilion has 10 volumes, which were published in the Southern Song Dynasty and printed in the Qing Dynasty. Jiao □ set 8 volumes, published in Southern Song Dynasty, with Jiao Shiming's transcript. There are five volumes in the Seventy-two Collections of Han and Wei Dynasties, that is, Jiao □ turned over the Song version. In addition, there are the Song version of Mr. Dongpo's and Tao Yuanming's poems, and the Yuan version of Su Zhe's big character version. The earliest annotation of Tao poetry was Tang Han in the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Yuan Dynasty, the comments and comments on this book increased day by day. In the early Yuan Dynasty, Li Gonghuan's Notes on Tao Yuanming, a total of 10: four copies of the series were photocopied. Tao Shu annotated Collected Works of Mr. Jingjie in Qing Dynasty 10, which was published and printed twice by Ancient Books Publishing House. There are "turret series" and "five-story ice pavilion" in Tao Jing's festival poems, which are called "Tao Jing Festival Poems".