Reflections on the National Archaeological Site of Hanyang Mausoleum

When a dynasty sleeps at its feet, it may feel that Newton is standing on the shoulders of giants, but Newton is looking forward to the future and we are reviewing history!

The trip to Hanyang Mausoleum has been planned for a long time, but it has been implemented recently for various reasons.

The impression of Hanyang Mausoleum has been branded in my mind for a long time. Every time I meet my aunt at Xianyang airport, I will see the two towering tombs on the airport expressway.

When it comes to the emperors of the Western Han Dynasty, the most famous is undoubtedly Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Both the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which was quickly made into an idol drama, and the Hanwu Emperor, which claimed to be "the Great", set off a viewing frenzy.

Of course, on the whole, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is undoubtedly the best among the emperors of China, and both literature and martial arts have reached a high level. Like Kangxi, he was a famous emperor in the history of China.

But at the same time, I also appreciate the Wendi and Jingdi who are both civil and military in the history of the Western Han Dynasty! In the American drama Tudor Dynasty, Henry VIII said to his jester and friend Thomas, "Why is Henry V remembered by the world?" ? Because he donated money to the university and built a soup kitchen? No, people remember him because he won the battle of Ginkul and fought against 60,000 French troops with 3,000 English longbowmen. "Indeed, history is like this. No matter how successful the civil administration is, it is not as good as the legend of a war victory. The length of Wen Zhi is just a wise monarch, and both civil and military are century emperors! This was done by Emperor Wu, and Wenjing has always been "the rule of governance".

It is difficult to conquer the world, and it is even more difficult to rule it. The so-called prosperity is outside, you must settle down first. In all fairness, if it were not for the rule of Wenjing, it would be difficult to have a furious dynasty of Emperor Wu in the future.

Ok, the feeling of expressing * * * is over. Let's get to the point. There are three experiences in this trip to Hanyang Mausoleum: 1. Shocking 2. The so-called peeping leopard 3. Grave robbery

I. Shocking

The hidden pit exhibition hall outside Hanyang Mausoleum was built with an investment of nearly 6,543.8+billion yuan, which is not much in the new wave of investment in cultural protection in China, but its novel and peculiar architecture and display methods do provide new ideas for the construction of cultural protection and museums in China and even in the world.

On the morning of February 13, my friends and I drove from the southern suburbs, along the North of Xi 'an Second Ring Road, and then entered Xitong Expressway from the North Second Ring Road.

About 20 kilometers away from the city center, you can see the signboard of Hanyang Mausoleum Museum and the towering paddock in the distance.

Now the road conditions are very good and the traffic is convenient. The journey from departure to destination takes about one hour.

After arriving at the destination, I didn't know the specific situation until I saw the plan of the mausoleum. The whole mausoleum of Hanyang Mausoleum is huge, including all the surrounding burial pits, scattered tombs and criminal cemeteries, covering an area of 20 square kilometers and spanning three counties! Now, the tourist parks, which are mainly open to tourists, are very vast. The park is divided into two areas by Xianyang Expressway.

The northern area is mainly the Yangling Mausoleum and the Empress Mausoleum itself, as well as the Nanquemen site and the now open Hanyang Mausoleum Exhibition Hall, which is located in the northeast corner of Yangling.

The south area is the archaeological exhibition hall of Hanyang Mausoleum, which was built before, surrounded by stone pagodas and ancestral temples in Li Hui.

One thing to note here is that Yangling has not been excavated. The so-called underground palace is not an ancient tomb underground palace in the traditional sense. The propaganda underground museum of Hanyang Mausoleum actually shows more than 20 hidden pits.

The so-called hidden pits refer to 8 1 burial pits distributed radially around the mausoleum, with different lengths and connotations.

During the period of 1998, tens of thousands of precious cultural relics, such as pottery figurines, animal pottery sculptures, utensils, granaries, weapons, chariots and horses, seals and clay seals, were unearthed after the excavation and cleaning of ten hidden pits in the east and north of the mausoleum.

From the content and distribution of unearthed objects and the words on the seal, it is speculated that the setting of these hidden pits is likely to have some symbolic significance, representing the different yamen and internal institutions of the central government at that time, and is a true and vivid reproduction of the court culture of the Western Han Dynasty.

The exhibition hall for site protection was built on these ten excavated and cleaned pits.

(There are more than 20 serial numbers) Although only a part of the hidden pit has been excavated, it can be found that the unearthed cultural relics are amazing, which shows that the national strength was strong at that time.

By the way, the two museums in the north and south charge a unified fee, 55 yuan in the off-season and 80 yuan in the peak season (1February-February is the off-season, and March-165438+1October is the peak season), and the phantom imaging fee is 10 yuan. Visitors can choose by themselves.

The parking lot in the North District is unattended and there is no charge. 5 yuan charges for the parking lot in the South District, and issues invoices for Xianyang District. Friends can choose to park in the north area and walk to the south area, not far.

There are three scenic spots in the north area, two tombs themselves, Nanquemen Site and Waicangkeng Exhibition Hall.

In front of Hanyang Mausoleum, there is a tombstone of Yang Tomb and a monument to cultural relics protection erected by Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau. The mausoleum is closed and you can't climb it at will. Just south of the mausoleum is the site of Nanquemen.

The director of Hanyang Mausoleum Museum said in an interview that "there is no weather on the ground, but there are thousands of weather underground".

This is not the case now. In addition to the two overgrown graves in the north area, a magnificent and unique protection hall of the Nantianmen site in Yangling stands at120m south of Yangling. This protection museum is built on the precious Nanquemen site, which wraps the whole site.

Nanquemen Temple Protection completely restored the style of "Han Palace Que" in the poem. The main entrance is two red painted doors decorated with bronze auxiliary heads. The cobblestones in the temple in 2000 extend to both sides, surrounded by a huge and thick wall.

This is an important discovery in Nanquemen site, and it is also one of the best preserved architectural structures in Han Dynasty-"Sanshui".

The corridors around the Quemen site for tourists to walk around are all wooden floors with bricks, and there is no cement floor used in the general ruins hall.

Visitors can also climb the spiral staircase rising along the Que potential and look at the Nanque Gate site from the air, changing the overlooking position and angle.

Aerial view of Nanquemen excavation

Luo Xizhe, director of the Hanyang Mausoleum Archaeological Exhibition Hall, once said in an interview, "The gate is huge and it is difficult to display.

In addition to comfortable and pleasant lighting, we also showed the face of the finch gate two thousand years ago at multiple levels and angles. ""Murals show the instant impression of archaeological excavations. For more than 2000 years, the huge gray-black wood inserted on the cornerstone of the column represented the column beam at that time, and the thick loess wall still retained the stairs and broken bricks and tiles of the Han Dynasty. "

Nantianmen protects the interior of the main hall.

Nanquemen of Hanyang Mausoleum is the largest quemen site discovered so far and the only "Sanquemen" that provides a lot of research information for archaeological research.

(Nanquemen Site Protection Museum is not allowed to take photos, so I stole several copies. )

Next, let's talk about the protagonist of this trip, the hidden pit exhibition hall outside Hanyang Mausoleum.

At the northeast corner of Hanyang Mausoleum, walk along the aisle to the entrance of the exhibition hall. After enjoying the introduction of the Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, I received the free shoe covers from the staff (the expenses are of course included in the tickets), and then I entered this underground hall where classicism and technology, reality and dreams are intertwined.

Follow the signs, and you will first enter an electronic interpretation hall. There is a giant screen interpreter in the hall, which can be operated by touching the small screen next to it. The commentator will explain the length, scale, main funerary objects and functions in detail. The location of each tomb, and the location of each tomb will be marked with lights.

The trend of modern science and technology has not yet receded, and it is about to enter the loess of history.

Through the electronic explanation hall, the whole hidden pit is fully displayed before our eyes. In the museum with a building area of more than 7,800 square meters, all the hidden pits are transparent tempered glass! Visually broke through the sense of space in traditional architecture.

A statue of clay figurine and jar is displayed in front of you, dangling under your feet, among tens of thousands of cultural relics (indeed, there are tens of thousands of cultural relics unearthed in the external burial pit, except for some archaeological exhibition halls, most of which are in the external burial pit exhibition hall). This is really immersive! Previously known as the most advanced museum in the country, this trip really deserved its reputation. The integration of science and technology and archaeology is so natural that there is no sense of conflict at all. In addition to ingenious architectural design, the overall lighting effect, artistic production, relief on the wall and proper explanation are amazing!

If the terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang show the military of that era, then the hidden pit outside Hanyang Mausoleum undoubtedly shows the life of that era.

Although it is now speculated that these external hidden pits represent the "Nine Qing" system at that time, it is only speculation. As for whether other parts of the external hidden pit will have other features of funerary objects (such as military), it is still unknown, but from the part that has been excavated now, it mainly shows pottery figurines, silks, chariots and horses, daily utensils, and even pigs, cows, sheep and other life logistics items, especially the longest pit 10. So archaeologists believe that the main purpose of the hidden pit outside the northeast corner is to prepare for the emperor's life in the underworld, and several official seals of "Jiuqing" have been found in the burial pit, which further proves the archaeologists' guess.

In addition, there is a phantom image hall in the exhibition hall of Waicangkeng. Phantom Pictures will broadcast a film, which is divided into four acts, telling the historical story of Emperor Han Jing and Queen Wang and the excavation and protection of the site of Hanyang Mausoleum.

Generally speaking, the exhibition hall of the hidden pit outside Hanyang Mausoleum represents the most advanced museum technology and architectural concept in China, which has far-reaching inspiration and influence on the protection of cultural relics in the world. So far, it has been glad that you came!

Two.

Peeping a leopard is the tip of the iceberg.

When I admire the exquisiteness of the museum and the amazing number of cultural relics, I can't help feeling that these are just dozens of hidden pits outside the mausoleum, and besides the remaining hidden pits, there are an amazing number of slave burial pits, buried tombs and the mausoleum itself in the mausoleum area.

When I walked out of the exhibition hall of Waizang pit, I really understood the tip of the iceberg and saw the meaning of the whole leopard. We can already see the traces of that prosperous empire.

Next, let's talk about the scenic spots in the South District. The most important scenic spot in the Southern District is naturally the Hanyang Mausoleum Archaeological Exhibition Hall. This museum was built earlier, and it still adopts the traditional museum construction method.

But the difference is that this museum is still built by sinking, and the second floor of the museum is underground. The main exhibits in this museum are cultural relics unearthed from tombs. In Yangling, large-scale burial pits were found around the mausoleum area, around Houling's enclosure and in the southeast and northwest of the mausoleum area, with different properties and connotations.

Archaeologists conducted local excavations in the south and east of the tomb pit, and unearthed a large number of pottery figurines, chariots and horses, weapons and household appliances.

The first floor of the archaeological exhibition hall is divided into two parts, namely, the burial pit in the mausoleum area and the burial pit in the southern area. There are cattle, sheep and other livestock, daily necessities, utensils and a small amount of weapons in both graves. The only difference is that the burial pits in the mausoleum are more pottery figurines such as ceremonial cavalry, guards and attendants, while the burial pits in the southern district are more warrior figurines and weapons, representing the military scene at that time.

It is worth noting that there are quite a few female cavalry on display in this part, and the number is quite large, which is relatively rare.

Most of the female cavalry are ordinary in appearance, which conforms to the characteristics of the characters at that time, but some female soldiers are worth mentioning. These female soldiers are eccentric in appearance, mainly manifested in the exaggerated steamed bun-shaped protrusions on the cheekbones of the figurines and the upturned corners of the eyes. Some people think that this is the image of minority soldiers in the Han army.

On the basement level, the unearthed cultural relics are introduced in different categories, including weapons, chariots and horses, daily necessities, and cultural relics unearthed from the tomb of Minister No.85. ..

Most weapons are bronzes, including spears, swords, arrows, crossbows and axes.

Cars and horses introduce the pendants and joints of carriages in Han Dynasty.

Daily necessities are mainly coins, bronze pots, bronze mirrors, etc.

Especially the coins are very small. I wonder if people at that time found it convenient to use?

Comparing the size of the labels, we can see that the coins in the Western Han Dynasty are very mini.

Later, there were some cultural relics unearthed from the Eastern Burial Tomb and the Eighty-five Minister's Tomb. Many bronzes and pottery were unearthed in the tomb of the 85th Minister. Because this tomb has been excavated, no gold and silver wares have been found. However, due to the simplicity of the tombs in the Western Han Dynasty, there are few gold and silver in the tombs, mostly bronzes and pottery funerary objects. It is unknown whether there are no gold and silver vessels or they are stolen.

At the same time, it also shows the first unearthed bronze ware with words.

In the northeast of the Archaeological Museum, you can see the sarcophagus of the Hui people in Li See. At that time, I was very puzzled by the sarcophagus placed here.

When I came back, I found that Li Hui was the imperial clan of Li Tang, the minister of Qiu Guan, the favorite of Tang Gaozong, and the official to Emperor Wu.

In the first year of Yu Yongchang's burial (AD 689), his tomb was excavated and rescued, but after entering the tomb, it was found that the niche and cultural relics in the tomb had been looted for many years.

However, a soil cave tomb was found on the west side of the fourth patio, extending 1 1.6 meters to the west and 20 meters to the north. After the door is sealed, there is a vault tomb with a plane, which can be called "outer room" or "secret room" The three tombs are arranged in a zigzag pattern. Under the same soil cover, this tomb was not destroyed by grave robbers, but was unearthed.

The outer room is 4 meters on each side and 4.8 meters high. On the west side of the room, this sarcophagus is in front of us. This sarcophagus is the largest known sarcophagus at present, with a length of 4m, a width of 3m and a height of 2m. The top of the coffin has a ridge, which is like a barrel arch and has a complete structure.

There are ladies-in-waiting, officials and flower lines on both sides of the four walls of the ancient tomb, which are beautifully drawn and complete and exquisite.

More than 160 tricolor objects were unearthed on the east side of the sarcophagus.

Compass stone

From the stone pile to the west, you can see the Luo site, or rather the Deyang Palace site. Here we will tell the story of Luo.

Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, scholars of all ages have regarded compass stone as a measurement symbol.

The plane of "compass stone" is slightly square, and the side length is 180 cm to 183 cm. There is a stone disc with a diameter of about 140 cm on the upper part of the compass stone, and the groove of the disc surface is cross-shaped; The four sides of the cross-shaped groove refer to squares.

Therefore, the ancients thought that "compass stone" was a surveying marker stone used in the construction of Hanyang Mausoleum, which had the functions of determining horizontal position, calculating height, indicating orientation and planning.

The compass stone was set about 500 meters southeast of Yangling, the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, from BC 153 to BC 1 year. Accordingly, the people of China have been proud to say that Yangling's "compass stone" is the earliest surveying marker stone found in the world.

However, with modern archaeological excavations, new discoveries have been made about the role of compass stones.

According to historical records, from the beginning of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, emperors could set up ancestral halls in their own cemeteries. Previously, the royal ancestral halls were all located near Miyagi for royal sacrifices.

Han Jing's sacrificial building in Yangling, his own cemetery, is Deyang Palace.

After Emperor Jing, the emperors followed their ritual system and built sacrificial buildings in the cemetery.

For more than 2,000 years, the world has known that Deyang Palace should be near Hanyang Mausoleum, but it can't find the site.

From 1999, the ruins near Luo were excavated, and now it is basically determined that this place is actually a large-scale ritual building site in the Western Han Dynasty.

The plane of the site is square with a side length of 260 meters. The website is divided into two parts: internal and external.

Trench remains were found in Waizhong site; The ditch is built along the square edge of the whole site, so it is square; There are square corridors at the four corners of the ditch.

There is a Quemen site in the middle of each side of Waizhong site, which spans more than 90 meters. There are seepage wells on both sides inside each gate.

Neizhong site is the remains of a central building with a square plane and a side length of 53.7 meters.

The core point of architectural relics is a huge column, that is, a "compass stone" that was misinformed as a surveying symbol. The side length of the core column is nearly 2 meters, and experts judge that the diameter of the column erected at the beginning is 1.4 meters.

So now the specific function of compass stone has been questioned. The location of the compass stone has been determined as the site of Jingyang Palace, and it may be a pillar, but at the same time, the possibility of using the compass stone as a measuring stone is not ruled out. As for the conclusion of the function of compass stone, it needs further exploration and textual research.

Exterior location of Deyang Palace site

The base of Deyang Palace site is square, with 14 columns on both sides. Together with the core column, it supports the high-rise building of Hanyang Mausoleum, which can be seen vividly in Chang 'an City.

There are three doorways on each side of the construction site; Dongmenkou site is paved with Qinglong Shiwen hollow brick, Ximenkou is white tiger Shi Wen hollow brick, Nanmenkou is Suzaku Shi Wen hollow brick, and Beimenkou is Xuanwu Shi Wen hollow brick.

Cloister tiles and pebbles well preserved under the eaves around the construction site; There are cloisters inside and outside the aproll, and the floor tiles of the cloisters are different in color, namely cyan, white, vermilion and black.

Archaeologists say that Deyang Palace is the largest ritual building in the Han Dynasty ever discovered.

Third, robbery.

In Shaanxi, no matter which imperial mausoleum you visit, you will inevitably mention these two words-tomb robbery! Even the tomb of Ganzhi and the tomb of the First Emperor, which were not stolen, left traces of the cruelty of grave robbers.

Visitors to Ganling will never forget the stolen hole in the princess's tomb, which contains the body of a grave robber. In my young memory, my father took me to the Forest of Steles Museum and saw Princess Yongtai's coffin. The exquisite sarcophagus is painted with a maid who plays music, but only a dark hole is left in the middle of the sarcophagus.

"A gifted scholar in the south and a general in the north buried the emperor in the loess of Shaanxi Province", and at the same time, there were countless grave robbers. From the beginning of this trip, the shadow of grave robbery has been accompanied from beginning to end. Burial pit. Waizangkeng Exhibition Hall 12 was all taken back by later generations. Because the tomb was badly stolen, almost nothing was left, so the builder of the museum had to collect all kinds of materials to repair it.

When the sarcophagus of Li Hui in Southern District was unearthed, two of the three tombs had been seriously looted and damaged. Even the murals on the wall were all destroyed, and the last tomb was hidden to avoid being looted.

The excavation of the stolen cave in the tomb of Minister No.85 shows a "masterpiece". Tomb No.85 is very long, and the tomb is nearly ten meters deep, while the grave robbers directly avoid all obstacles and enter the main tomb at 90 degrees.

When my friend and I walked out of the exhibition hall of the outer hidden pit, I also felt sorry for him. Only a few outer hidden pits have been like this all the time. I don't know how brilliant the mausoleum is! But then on second thought, I still couldn't help smiling. In fact, the Mausoleum is empty now, and it may still be a mess.

Since ancient times, grave robbers have been divided into private thieves and official thieves. Private thieves leave something behind. After all, private thieves will not have too many people entering the tomb (mainly for fear of uneven distribution of stolen goods), leaving some cultural relics behind.

And officials and thieves are aboveboard, and disaster is imminent! -It's a pity that the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty were all official thieves, and more than once!

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the Red Eyebrow Army entered Chang 'an. Except for Wendi Mausoleum, which was said to have been buried with earthenware, all the tombs in the Western Han Dynasty were stolen.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo moved south to Chang 'an under the threat of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, "and ordered Lu Bu to send him to the imperial tomb and collect his treasure".

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, hungry people in Chang 'an dug up the remaining tombs of Ba and Du in the southeast of Chang 'an.

The worst is the famous mausoleum of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. There are five recorded excavations in the mausoleum alone, but I'm afraid there are countless unrecorded ones, and the last two of these five recorded ones are large-scale officials and thieves! In particular, Dong Zhuo instructed Lu Bu not only to search all the treasures left in the tomb, but also to drag out the body of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for exposure, and was finally persuaded to rebury it.

Not only Hadrian's mausoleum, but also the tombs buried with other tombs were not spared. Some people even raped corpses. Lv Hou's body was * * * in this way, which shows the tragic situation at that time.

The same is true of Yang Ling. There is no specific record of the excavation of Yangling in history. After all, this is a despicable thing, and I am afraid historians will not record it in detail.

However, what we can know is that Yangling has experienced three retreats because of its destruction. Although I don't know what happened in the underground palace, three disasters are enough to stir everything.

Therefore, only the hidden pit next to this "big tree" can give us a glimpse of the grandeur of the empire. The prosperity of that year was ruthlessly destroyed by time, but the treasure originally left to our descendants was destroyed by grave robbers. Ironically, it was time and grave robbers that destroyed our history.

Let's cherish what we still have and what is left!