What are the famous historical sites in Guangxi?

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region has a long history of development. According to archaeological discoveries, as early as 700,000 years ago, primitive humans worked and lived here. 65438+ 10,000-20,000 years ago, the ancient human' Liujiang people' living in the mountainous areas of western, southern and northern Guangxi entered the primary stage of matriarchal clan society by blood relationship. 20,000-65,438+0,000 years ago, people living in Guangxi, represented by' Qilinshan people', had learned to make and use gravels and grindstone blades. 65,438+0,000-6,000 years ago, ancient dermatitis people walked out of limestone caves and valleys, developed into plains and coastal areas, and began to settle down, resulting in primitive agriculture, animal husbandry and pottery making. About 6000-3000 years ago, Guangxi entered the patriarchal clan system era centered on men. About 3000 years ago, Guangxi began to enter a civilized society.

In the pre-Qin period, Guangxi was the country of Luoyue, and there were many Luoyue people, xi people, Ou people and Cangwu people living in Baiyue. Luoyue country is a famous square country of Zhuang ancestors in Lingnan. It was first seen in Wang Hui Yizhoushu, in which "passers-by" was mentioned. You Zhu once said in Yi Zhou Shu Xun Shi that "the sound of the road is close to Luo, and it is suspected that it is Luo Yue." Road is a lock, that's right. Yi Zhou Shu, also known as Zhou Shu, is an ancient book in the pre-Qin period. Most of the chapters are from the Warring States period, and the Shang and Zhou events recorded in them must be original. In the original flavor of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, there is also a reference to "the bacteria". In the Han Dynasty, Gao noted: "The name of the country. Bacteria, bamboo shoots. " Luo Yue is a Chinese expression, which means crossing a valley or a bird, and Vietnamese is Luo Yue in reverse.

Luoyue and Xi 'ou are two main branches of Zhuang nationality today. They have existed for more than 1000 years, creating a brilliant rice civilization. Today, the ancient culture inherited by the Zhuang people has been created by Ou people and Luoyue people in many ways. The rice culture, stone shovel culture, dragon mother culture, bronze culture, bronze drum culture and Huashan culture created by Luo are valuable cultural heritages of the Chinese nation. Luoyue people, together with Cangwu people and Ou people, first invented the artificial cultivation method of rice in China, and made great contributions to the Chinese nation and all mankind. In today's Nanning, 14 shell mounds left by the ancestors of Luoyue people have been excavated, from which the original stone millstones, stone pestles, stone grinding rods and other threshing tools of 1 10,000 years ago have been unearthed. Among them, such tools unearthed from Tingzixu site in Nanning were identified as 1 1000 by C 14. The age of carbonized rice grains left by the ancestors of Cangwu Department of Zhuang nationality in Daoxian County, Hunan Province is second only to 12000-20000 years ago, and earlier than the Wannian rice grains site in Wannian County, Jiangxi Province 1000 years ago. In Luotian period, Luoyue people have made great achievements in the renovation of farmland in China, and they have chosen farmland according to the ebb and flow of the tide. Today, no matter which ethnic group in South China, rice is the most expensive. The staple food on the dining table is rice. The food series with rice as raw material include rice series, rice noodle series, Ciba series, rice porridge series, glutinous rice balls series, rice cake series, rice flower series, beverage series, rice meat series and enema series. Non-staple food pigs, chickens, ducks and geese are also the transformation of rice. The Han nationality and other nationalities who moved to Lingnan from dry farming areas also gave up wheat planting and enjoyed the rice culture created by the ancestors of the Zhuang nationality at the dinner table with the Zhuang people. This great contribution of Luoyue people is related to Guang Qi.

Luoyue people have a high level of bronze skills. The bronze drums they made are the products of the heyday of bronze drums, the top products among the eight kinds of bronze drums, and represent the highest level of bronze drum skills. They are tall and heavy, ingenious in design, exquisite in craftsmanship and complicated in patterns. The frog standing on the drum surface is carved, opposite to the frog crouching at 450, with its back parallel to the drum surface, its hips tilted like a lion and its body decorated with ears of rice. This finishing touch is a special symbol of Luoyue people's contribution to rice culture. The sun pattern on the drum surface tells us that Luoyue people have their own Euclid, and the method of dividing circles can be shown on the drum surface in BC. The cyclotomic method was considered as the symbol of the highest scientific level of a nation more than two thousand years ago. According to records, only the Han nationality and Euclid in ancient Greece could divide the circle at that time. People didn't expect the ancestors of Zhuang nationality to do it, but there was no written record. The bronzes made by Luoyue people, such as upsetting, rounding, bull's head beam, bell and shoe-shaped cymbals, are all of high level, especially the bull's head beam, which is exquisitely designed, and the buffalo head with four eyes on its stomach is a must.

The production tools of Luoyue people are unique. Their early stone axes and segmented Shi Mao are typical products of Ren Yue. Cast copper cymbals include shoe cymbals, fan cymbals, wind cymbals, shovel cymbals and round cymbals. Their shapes are varied, exquisite and practical, which shows Luo Yue's intelligence. The big stone shovel made by it is unique in China, with a long tongue shape, a waist, a thin round blade and side teeth at the beam handle for fastening. The largest is more than 60 centimeters long and 20 centimeters wide. It is not only a production tool, but also a work of art, and it is also an artifact when offering sacrifices to the god of rice. Its design is original. Others, such as Xilin Warring States Bronze Coffin, Hepu Duck Bronze Head, Phoenix-shaped Bronze Lamp, and Human Foot-shaped Copper Plate, all shine with Luo Yue's wisdom.

Huashan culture is a world-famous art gallery created by Luoyue people. It is mainly distributed on the banks of the Zuojiang River and its tributary Mingjiang River, stretching for more than 200 kilometers, and five other places are distributed in Pingxiang City and Tiandeng in the Zuojiang River Basin. * * * There are 84 locations, 183 locations and 287 painting groups. The main image is a frog god in the shape of a human frog, red with ochre, painted on a flat projection (ghost), with his arms bent, his elbows raised, and half squatting on horseback, like breaststroke. The whole picture is full of songs and dances, which is shocking. Huashan rock painting is a sacred place for Luoyue people to sacrifice to the frog god, which is based on the scene of Luoyue people sacrificing to the frog god. In addition to the image of the frog god, there are images of running dogs, deer, birds, bronze drums, gongs, stars and the sun. The upper limit of its era was in the Warring States and the lower limit was in the Western Han Dynasty, which lasted more than 700 years. A small amount was copied by later generations. Among them, the largest one is Huashan rock painting in Ningming County, which is called Byaraiz in Zhuang language, meaning mountain and Lai meaning pattern. Because of its largest scale, it represents the whole Zuojiang rock painting. Compared with rock paintings all over the world, Huashan rock paintings have remarkable characteristics. Its frog-god shape is not only uniform, but also remains unchanged for more than 700 years, which is really rare. The painting of Huashan in Ningming is more than 40 meters high and 170 meters wide, which is the best in the world in terms of the area of a "place" (according to the law of world rock painting, there is no place within 500 meters outside the painting). This picture has more than 1300 recognizable characters, and all images of different sizes add up to more than 40,000, which is rare in the world. Huashan rock painting is a concentrated display of rice culture, and it is necessary to show the artistic treasures of rice culture on a large scale like this. Huashan rock painting is not a static ancient culture, but a living culture, and the rice culture it represents still lives among the people. Up to now, in Donglan and Fengshan areas along the Hongshui River in the northern boundary of Guluoyue, there is still a "Frog Girl Festival" to worship the national totem frog god. In the frog dance in the festival, dancers wear frog hats, which looks like the movements on Huashan rock paintings. A teacher dance circulating in other places is also like the image of Huashan. Therefore, dancers call Huashan's body frog dance.

Qin and Han dynasties

In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang (2 14 BC), the Qin Dynasty unified Baiyue and established three counties of Guilin, Nanhai and Elephant in Lingnan. Today, Guangxi belongs to the whole Guilin County (hence the name of Guangxi' Gui'), a part of townships and a small part of Nanhai County. In addition, a small part of Changsha County and a small part of Qianzhong County are also in Guangxi.

At the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Nanhai County, acting as the county magistrate, ordered Zhao Tuo to capture Guilin County and Xiang Jun County, and established Nanyue State, calling itself the King of Nanyue, and Guangxi was the territory of Nanyue State.

In the sixth year of Emperor Ding Yuan (before 1 1 1), he pacified the kingdom of South Vietnam and set up Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, Rinan, Zhu Ya and Yuer counties in Lingnan. At present, most of Guangxi belongs to Yulin, Cangwu and Hepu counties, 2 1 county. Among them, Yulin County ruled Bushan County (now southwest of Guiping), Cangwu County ruled Guangxin County (now Wuzhou City), and Hepu County ruled Hepu County (now Pubei County) since the 19th year of Jianwu in Han Dynasty (43). In addition, from the Han Dynasty to today, a few areas in Guangxi still belong to Lingling and Wuling counties. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Guangxi was under the jurisdiction of the state.

Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties

During the Three Kingdoms period, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was subordinate to Wu and northwest Guangxi was subordinate to Shu. Wu now has six counties in Guangxi: Guilin, Shi 'an, Cangwu, Yulin and Hepu. Today, parts of northern Guangxi belong to Lingling and Wuling counties, and parts of western Guangxi belong to Shuxing Valley counties. The number of counties established has increased to 39.

During the Jin Dynasty, there were 10 counties in Guangxi today, including Cangwu, Yulin, Guilin, Hepu, Shi 'an, He Lin, Jinxing, Ningpu, Yongping and Xiping. The number of counties increased to 57, belonging to Guangzhou, Jiaozhou and Xiangzhou.

In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, today's Guangxi belonged to Song, Qi and Liang in the Southern Dynasties, and later to Chen Di. Today, a few areas in the west and northwest of Guangxi belong to the Northern Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty. 48 counties in 9 states 127 counties, among which 37 counties and 78 counties are newly established.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

After the Sui Dynasty unified China, China was divided into Kyushu. Most counties in Guangxi, such as Xian 'an, Yongping, Ningyue, Yulin, Cangwu and Hepu, belong to Yangzhou, and only Lingling and Xiping belong to Jingzhou. It established 85 counties, of which 6 1 was inherited from the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

The Tang Dynasty adopted the Sui system. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Emperor Taizong divided the whole country into 10 roads, and now most of Guangdong and Guangxi belong to Lingnan Road (where Guangzhou is located). In addition, parts of western Guangxi, northwestern Guangxi and northeastern Guangxi belong to Jiangnan Road. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), Xuanzong divided Jiangnan Road into East-West Road and Guizhou Middle Road. Today, parts of western and northwestern Guangxi belong to Guizhou Middle Road, and parts of northeastern Guangxi belong to Jiangnan West Road. In the third year of Xian Tong (862), Zong Yi divided Lingnan Road into Lingnan West Road and Lingnan East Road. Most of Guangxi belongs to Lingnan West Road and Guangdong belongs to Lingnan East Road. Lingnan West Daozhi was located in Yongzhou (now Nanning), and Nanning became the capital of Guangxi in the Tang Dynasty. Besides Guangxi, Lingnan West Road also includes Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula. Lingnan West Road was set up with Guangxi envoys Rong and Yong, which were called "three tubes" in history, basically forming the outline of Guangxi's later administrative territory. In addition, Fuchuan, Zhongshan, Hezhou, tengxian and Cenxi belong to Lingnan East Road. At the end of Zhenguan, there were 34 states in Guangxi today. Most of these States have a long history, and it was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that they changed dynasties, and some even changed counties. In the Tang Dynasty, there were 224 counties in Guangxi today, which was reduced to 154 at the end of the Tang Dynasty. Since the Tang Dynasty, there are 50 Jimi states and 5 1 Jimi counties in Guangxi minority areas.

Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the areas north of Guilin, Liuzhou and Wuzhou in Guangxi belonged to Chu State first, then to Nanhan, and the rest belonged to Nanhan. During this period, Guangxi's administrative system basically followed the Tang Dynasty, with a total of 37 states, 34 of which were the old states of the Tang Dynasty. There are 135 counties, of which 133 is the old county in Tang Dynasty. In addition, there are 32 in Jimo area and 3 1 in Jimo county.

In the fourth year of Song Kaibao (97 1), the Southern Han Dynasty perished and Lingnan was unified. The whole country was divided into 15 roads, which lasted for three years (AD 997). Now most of Guangxi belongs to Guangnan Road, and now Quanzhou, Guanyang and Ziyuan belong to Jinghu Road. In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), Guangnan Road was divided into Guangnan East Road and Guangnan West Road. Today, most of Guangxi belongs to Guangnan West Road, which is located in Guizhou (now Guilin). Guilin officially became the capital of Guangxi from the Song Dynasty. Guangnan West Road not only governs Guangxi, but also governs Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island in Guangdong. In addition, Jinghu Road is divided into Jinghu South Road and Jinghu North Road. Now Quanzhou, Guanyang and Ziyuan all belong to Jinghu South Road. In the first year of Daguan (1 107), Qiannan Road was set up separately on Guangnan West Road, covering parts of northwest Guangxi today. In the third year of Daguan (1 109), Qiannan Road was merged into Guangnan West Road and renamed as Guangxi Qiannan Road, and it was still named Guangnan West Road the following year. After Du Nan, it was renamed Guangxi Road. This is the origin of the name' Guangxi'. Guangxi got its name from the Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, there were 2 states, 4 1 state, 3 prisons, 139 counties, 85 Jimi states and 80 Jimi counties in Guangxi.

In the Yuan Dynasty, there were four regional systems: provincial, provincial (state), prefecture and county. In the 13th year from Yuan Shizu to Yuan Dynasty (1276), the Yuan Dynasty established three Chinese book provinces and 1 1 Chinese book provinces. Today, Guangxi belongs to the central province of Huguangxing. In the 23rd year of Yuan Shundi (1363), the southern part of Huguang Zhongshu Province was designated as' Guangxi and other places as Zhongshu Province', which was the embryonic form of establishing Guangxi as a province. At that time, Xingzhongshu province in Guangxi was divided into 12 road, 1 government, 1 division and 9 states, which respectively administered counties. 12 roads are: Nanning Road (governing Xuanhua County, now Nanning), Jingjiang Road (governing Lingui County, now Guilin), Liuzhou Road (governing Liucheng first, then moving to Maping, now Liuzhou), Wuzhou Road (governing Cangwu, now Wuzhou), Taiping Road (governing goodness, now Chongzuo) and Tianzhou Road (governing Liuzhou). The nine states are: Yulin, Rongzhou, Xiangzhou, Pennsylvania, Hengzhou, Rongzhou, Tengzhou, Hezhou and Guizhou. In addition, Quanzhou, Guanyang and Ziyuan are still under the jurisdiction of Huguangxing Zhongshu Province (now Wuchang, Hubei). At the end of Yuan Dynasty, there were 2 prefectures 1 appeasement department 13 road, 9 prefectures, 53 counties, 60 prefectures and 8 prefectures in Guangxi.

Ming and Qing dynasties

During the Ming Dynasty, the names of provinces in the Yuan Dynasty were abolished, and a three-level regional system of division, state and county was established. The whole country is divided into 13 ministries. In the ninth year of Hongwu in Ming Taizu (1376), Guangxi was established to be responsible for publicity and deployment, and the name of "Guangxi" was thus fixed. Guangxi's political envoys are divided into 1 1 states, and Zhili Prefecture has three counties under its jurisdiction. 1 1 The governments are: Guilin government (governing Lingui county, now Guilin), Liuzhou government (governing Maping, now Liuzhou), Qingyuan government (governing Yishan), Sien government (governing Li Qiao, now Mashan, then moving to Wuyuan, now Wuming) and Siming government (governing Siming government, now Ningning). The three Zhili States are: Guishun State (governing Jingxi today), Tianzhou State (governing Tiandong today) and Sicheng State (governing Lingyun today). In addition, Quanzhou originally belonged to Hunan Province, and in the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu (1394), Quanzhou (now Quanzhou, Guanyang and Ziyuan) was changed from Huguang Yongzhou House to Guangxi, which roughly formed the region of Guangxi. In June of the second year of Hongwu (1369), Lianzhou and Qinzhou, which were originally under the jurisdiction of Guangxi, were placed under the jurisdiction of Guangdong. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there were 13 states, 4 states, 44 counties, 34 states, 6 states and 5 long lawsuits in Guangxi.

In the Qing Dynasty, a four-level regional system was implemented at the provincial, prefectural (Zhili Hall), prefectural (Zhili Prefecture) and county levels. Re-establish Guangxi Province, with its capital in Guilin (now Guilin). The whole province of Guangxi is divided into 1 1 states, 2 zhili departments and 2 zhili states, which govern counties, cities and counties respectively. 1 1 is endowed with: Guilin Fu (governing Lingui, now Guilin), Liuzhou Fu (governing Ma Ping County, now Liuzhou), Qingyuan Fu (governing Yishan), Fu (governing Wuyuan, now Wuming), Four Cities Fu (governing Lingyun), Pingle Fu (governing Pingle), Wuzhou Fu (. The two Zhili halls are: Shangsi Zhili Hall (managing today and thinking about today) and Baise Zhili Hall (managing today and thinking about Baise); The two Zhili States are: Yulin Zhili State (now Yulin) and Guishun Zhili State (now Jingxi). In addition, Lianzhou Prefecture (now Hepu) and Qinzhou Zhili Prefecture (now Qinzhou) belong to Guangdong Province. Libo County originally belonged to Guangxi Province, and it was placed under the jurisdiction of Guizhou Province in the tenth year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1732). In the late Qing Dynasty, there were 13 states, 4 states, 44 counties, 34 states, 6 states, 10 Tusi and 3 long lawsuits in Guangxi.

Republic of China period

The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China 19 12. During the Republic of China, Guangxi was called a province after the Qing Dynasty, and its geographical area was roughly the same as that of the Qing Dynasty. In the first year of the Republic of China, all the prefectures and departments in Zhili were changed to prefectures, and the whole province was divided into 10 prefectures: Guilin, Pingle, Liuzhou, Qingyuan, Wuzhou, Zhou Xun, Nanning, Taiping, Zhen 'an and Sien, which respectively governed the counties. In the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), the government system was abolished and the county was directly administered. In the sixth year of the Republic of China (19 17), the whole province was divided into six roads: Guilin Road (governing modern Guilin), Liujiang Road (governing modern Liuzhou), Nanning Road (governing modern Nanning), Cangwu Road (governing modern Wuzhou), Zhennan Road (governing modern Longzhou) and Tiannan Road (governing modern Baise). From the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the measures to change soil into streams in the area under the jurisdiction of local officials were all completed, and in the eighteenth year of the Republic of China (1929), all Tuzhou and Tuxian counties were changed into new counties. In the fifteenth year of the Republic of China (1926), according to the principle of military and political integration, the Taoist system was abolished and the whole province was divided into several districts. In the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930), the whole province was divided into 12 militia areas. In the 23rd year of the Republic of China (1934), it was changed into an administrative supervision area. During this period, Guangxi was ruled by new and old Guangxi warlords for 28 years. In the 33rd year of the Republic of China (1944), the whole province was divided into 8 districts and 99 counties, plus 1 municipality directly under the central government and 1 administrative office. In the thirty-eighth year of the Republic of China (1949), on the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the whole province was divided into 1 city (Guilin), 15 district (1- 15 district) and 99 counties. Qinzhou, Hepu, Lingshan and Fangcheng are still under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province. From the establishment of Guangxi Province to the Republic of China, the provincial capital was in Guilin for most of the time, and it was only in the first year of the Republic of China that it moved to Nanning in the twenty-fifth year of the Republic of China (19 12- 1936).

Since the founding of New China.

1949 12 10, Guangxi was liberated. Guangxi was founded in the early days of People's Republic of China (PRC), with Nanning as its capital. June1952 65438+February 10 Yongning, Yishan, Baise and Zhuang inhabited areas were established in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. 1March, 956, changed to Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; 1In June, 1956, the Central Committee proposed the establishment of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.1In June, 1957, the State Council made a decision to establish Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and the fourth session of the first National People's Congress held in July of the same year adopted a corresponding resolution. 1958 On March 5th, the first meeting of the First People's Congress of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was held, announcing the establishment of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. 19651June12nd, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was renamed Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region with the approval of the State Council. From the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the Autonomous Region 1978, the anniversary of the establishment of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was changed from March 5th to February 6th 1 1, which coincided with the founding dates of Youjiang Soviet and Hongqi Army.

In a word, Guangxi is the source and place of some important historical events in modern China, such as jintian uprising, the Battle of the Black Flag Army against France, the Battle of Zhennanguan, etc., and a number of outstanding figures such as Hong Xiuquan, Liu Yongfu and Feng Zicai emerged. Deng Xiaoping, a great man, led the baise uprising, Guangxi, and founded the Red Seven Army and Youjiang Revolutionary Base. A number of outstanding sons and daughters of Zhuang nationality have emerged, including Huang, Nong, Mrs. Walsh, Xiao Chaogui, Wei Changhui, Shi Dakai, Huang, Lu Rongting, Zheng Xianfu, Wei Guoqing, Huang, Qin Ying Ji and Huang Rong.