Urgent and simple guide words for Sichuan cuisine and Sichuan tea

Sichuan is an inland province in the southwest of China, located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The province covers an area of 485,000 square kilometers, ranking fifth among all provinces and cities in China (next to Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia and Qinghai), with a population of 85 million, making it the third most populous province in China after Henan and Shandong. There are 53 major ethnic groups, including Han, Tibetan, Yi, Qiang, Hui and Miao, including ethnic minorities 13, with a population of more than 5,000. It is the second largest Tibetan area and the largest Yi inhabited area in China.

Although Sichuan does not rely on the sea or the side of the road, and its external traffic is relatively closed, its strategic position is very important.

In China, as long as people with secondary education mention Sichuan, they will immediately think: Ah, the land of abundance, an ancient and rich place! I'm afraid the following three factors have played an important role in foreigners' understanding of Sichuan: First, Deng Xiaoping, a great man in the contemporary world and the chief architect of China's reform, opening up and socialist modernization, was born in Sichuan; Second, Xichang Satellite Launch Base in Sichuan not only sent China's satellites into the sky, but also sent American-made satellites into space, forcing many foreigners to look at Sichuan with new eyes. Third, Sichuan is the hometown of giant pandas. In order to let mainlanders or outsiders know more about Sichuan, I am here to tell the tour guide about the ancient and modern outline of Sichuan.

The land of abundance has a long history.

In ancient times, Sichuan was ruled by Pakistan and Shu. In the past, it was generally considered to be a country established during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (that is, from the 0 th century BC to the 5 th century BC). According to the cultural relics unearthed in Sanxingdui, Guanghan, as early as 4000 years ago, Shu people had established a slave country in the western Sichuan plain. "Huayang National Records" said: "Shu is a country, which originated from the people's emperor and went up to the Yellow Emperor. For his son Changyi, he married the daughter of the Shushan family, gave birth, and was ordered by Shu. The world was cut and printed by Li Xia, Shang, Zhou and Wu Wang, while Shu and Yan. "

Previously, people thought that this record was based on legends and was not necessarily credible. After Sanxingdui cultural relics were unearthed, people believed that the history of Shu should be pushed forward at least 1000 years.

The name "Shu" was first seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty. The ancestors of Shu are said to be one of the ancient Qiang people who lived in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. They went south along the Minjiang River basin and entered the Sichuan Basin. They were called "Miao people" and established their own country in the Chengdu Plain. According to legend, Can Cong and Yufu were the first kings, followed by Guan Bai. In Du Yuchao, it was the Western Zhou Dynasty in China; The enlightened dynasty was in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in the Central Plains. In 3 16 BC, Thailand took advantage of the Shu-Ba War to send General Sima Cuo south to wipe out Shu-Ba in one fell swoop, unifying Sichuan within the territory of the Chinese Empire and ending the history of ancient Shu. Since then, because all the emperors have designated Chengdu as the highest place to rule Bashu, and Chengdu is the ancient capital of Shu, "Shu" has become the abbreviation of Sichuan. Therefore, during the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Bei occupied Sichuan as an emperor, which was called "Shu Han" in history; In the Five Dynasties, Wang Jian and Meng Zhixiang successively occupied Sichuan as emperors, which were called "pre-Shu" and "post-Shu" in history.

There are two opinions about the origin of the word "Shu" in history books: First, it is said that Shu is a silkworm because the king of ancient Shu taught people to raise silkworms, which made Sichuan the earliest place to raise silkworms in China, hence the name. Another way of saying it is that Shu is a poisonous insect that looks like a silkworm but can sting people, so "Shu" is probably another name for Shu people by Shang rulers.

The Ba nationality was first seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Yin Ruins, and was called "Ba". It lived in the Hanshui River Basin in Shaanxi, and then gradually migrated to the southeast, entering the Qingjiang River Basin in Hubei and eastern Sichuan (mostly in Chongqing). There are different opinions about the origin of the name "Ba": some say it is named after the shape of two rivers in eastern Sichuan; It is said to be named after a plant "Bamao" which is rich in eastern Sichuan; There are insects and snakes to explain. Another way of saying it is: in ancient times, Ba lived in a cave, and people in eastern Sichuan called the stone Ba, hence the name. Pakistan's founding date is unknown, and there were frequent wars with Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, so it constantly moved its capital. Hechuan, Fengdu, Langzhong and Chongqing were once capitals, and Chongqing has the longest time.

After the Qin dynasty destroyed Bashu, Sichuan implemented the county system and established Bashu County in the original Bashu area. Guanghan County was added in the early Han Dynasty, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sealed it for 5 years (before 106). There were 13 secretariat departments in China and Yizhou departments in Sichuan. At the end of the Three Kingdoms, after Wei destroyed Shu, Yizhou split and set up Liangzhou. During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the organizational system of Liangzhou and Yizhou was always used.

In the first year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong (AD 627), the county system was abolished, Yizhou was changed to Jiannan Road, and Liangzhou was Shannan Road. In the 23rd year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 735), Jiannan Road was divided into Jiannan Xichuan Festival and Jiannan Dongchuan Festival, and the word "Sichuan" began to appear in the names of divisions in Sichuan.

In order to strengthen centralization, the Song Dynasty greatly added, subtracted and merged counties. After Song Jun destroyed the post-Shu regime, Xichuan Road was established. In the sixth year of Kaibao (AD 973), Xiaxi Road was set up separately. In the sixth year of Taiping Xingguo (AD 98 1 year), Xichuan Road and Xiaxi Road merged into Xia Chuan Road; In the fourth year of Song Zhenzong Xianping (l00 1 year), Xia Chuan Road was divided into Yizhou Road (later changed to Du Fu Road), Zizhou Road (later changed to Tongchuan Road), Lizhou Road (Guangyuan Governance) and Kuizhou Road (Fengjie Governance), which were collectively called Xia Chuan No.4 Road, referred to as "Chuan" Road.

In the Yuan Dynasty, book provinces were established in various places, and Xia Chuan No.4 Road was all merged into Sichuan's book province, hence the name "Sichuan Province".

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the organizational system of Sichuan Province remained unchanged, and its territory reached the western Sichuan Plateau and Liangshan area.

During the Republic of China, Sichuan formed a warlord regime, and the administrative system was extremely uncoordinated. 1935, after Chiang Kai-shek's troops entered Sichuan, Sichuan was divided into 18 administrative supervision area and Xikang administrative supervision area; 1939, Xikang inspection area and 17 and 18 inspection areas in Sichuan merged into Xikang province, and Chuankang was divided into two parts. It was not until 1955 that Xikang Province was abolished and the area east of Jinsha River was included in Sichuan, and the provincial boundary of western Sichuan Province was finally determined. 1March 1997, Chongqing was upgraded to a municipality directly under the central government, and Fuling, Wanxian and Qianjiang were placed under Chongqing. Chongqing has a land area of 82,000 square kilometers and a population of 30.02 million.

At present, there are 2 1 region (city, state) and 128 county (county-level city, district) in Sichuan province.