1 What do you mean by "excellent" and "excellent test" on rural tombstones?

"Examination" means "success". My father completed his work and fulfilled his responsibilities and obligations before his death. He was a man of great virtue.

"Yan" means near, and near means matching. A mother is virtuous and loyal, and her virtues and manners match those of virtuous and successful people.

Both parents are dead, so we can't say that our parents are dead. That is a great disrespect to our parents. We must call them outstanding or outstanding by the name of a ghost.

The change of the meaning of textual research words should be related to the ancient eulogy system.

The ancients said three immortals: "Too virtuous, two meritorious deeds, two words." After the death of ancient dignitaries, one word was often used to evaluate their life, and that was posthumous title. Ordinary people can't contribute to the country, let alone have any important works, let alone make speeches. Therefore, ordinary people have no right to blame.

But parents have something to recommend their children, so people make a fuss about the word "virtue".

Out of gratitude to their parents, after their parents died, ordinary people also wanted to imitate the dignitaries to get their parents a posthumous title, saying that their deceased parents had remarkable virtue and were contributors.

Therefore, as a compliment to parents, "Kaoji" has become a general guide for ordinary people to their parents, especially their deceased parents.

Do you have any different opinions on this issue? Welcome to share with me!

"Xian" is simplified from the traditional "Xian". Is it obvious? Words understood on the page. ? It is formed by the understanding of the sun and silk, indicating the gossamer state of water vapor evaporation under the irradiation of the sun, and metaphor for subtle changes; The original meaning of the page is the beginning of the end warp of weaving silk, which extends the classification symbol of the head. By who? This page will mean getting ahead and becoming famous. The simplified "obvious" is a word understood by both Japan and industry. Industry says performance, career; The sun means the sun, and here it means sunny. The sound of "first" means leading and leading. The obvious original meaning is that the cause is in full swing, like a prominence.

Yan (death) is a word formed after a woman and a girl know each other. Female means female, which means mother here; Comparison means, for example, putting a mother, for example, a father, in a powerful position. Use the voice of "death" to refer to the dead mother.

(K O) is a hieroglyph, which comes from an ancient percussion instrument. The interpretation of strokes is: IS consists of a horizontal "one" and a left hook "",and the horizontal "one" represents the beam hung by the chime; ""is a combination of strokes, which means that the chime is in an arc structure, and the horizontal hook means that the chime protrudes outward, with its mouth facing downward, and consists of a plurality of clocks with different relative sizes. The sound of "leaning" means that the chimes are close together, of different sizes, and make different notes by tapping. Words used as radicals are all related to chimes, such as numbers, cleverness, embarrassment, loss, boasting and so on. After the official changed the norms, it became an "examination." "Yi" is a simplification of "Yi", which can be understood as the provincial shape of percussion, and percussion of chimes can play different musical effects. According to the performance effect, the level of the bell ringer can be tested, so it is extended to assessment, inspection and so on.

Kao () is a combination of ""in the old province, and it is a bell for playing music. Ancient aristocrats were used in temple fairs, weddings and funerals, military campaigns, banquets and other bell-like activities, which had the functions of musical instruments and ritual vessels. It is similar to creating the word "filial piety". The moral of the exam is to respect the elderly, and at the same time, according to the position of the deceased, different types of bells are used for sacrifice, which is also a kind of value embodiment or ability evaluation for the elderly. Test and test have similar meanings, and then they are combined into one word.

The original intention of the test is to highly value the elderly. Expand to 1. Deceased father, such as postgraduate entrance examination (father called postgraduate entrance examination, mother called Cong, formerly called postgraduate entrance examination, but now people call deceased parents postgraduate entrance examination); 2. Knock and beat under the guise of "taking the test", such as taking the test (knocking) and taking the test (the sound of drums); 3. Under the guise of "plagiarism". Torture, such as examination (whipping torture, tortured to death in prison), examination death (torture to death), examination death (torture to death); 4. Check, such as examination, inspection, attendance, missed examination, comparison (check and verification), language test (evaluation of official performance); 5. Examination, such as archaeology, textual research, textual research, textual research (according to), textual research (according to the documents), textual research (careful investigation), textual research (investigation and exploration), textual research (research and exploration), textual research (research and exploration) and textual research (research and exploration); 6. completion, completion, such as failing the exam (completion, completion) and passing the exam (completion, completion).

Life is called parents, and death is called exams. In order to respect your dead mother, use fairy or fairy; Admire your dead father by taking an obvious exam or taking an exam first.

After reading several friends' answers, I have clearly explained the meanings of "Xian Kao" and "Xian", saying that "Xian Kao is the father and Xian Cong is the mother". This is the ancient name for parents. Now it generally refers to the deceased parents.

In rural areas, most tombstones are written with the words "ancestral exam" and "ancestral exam", and even tombstones are written with the words "grandpa exam" and "grandpa exam". What's the difference between the tombstone with the last two names and the tombstone with the first name?

Therefore, Zukao, therefore Zubi, refers to the late grandparents, which translates into grandfather, so grandmother; So my great-grandfather took the exam, so my great-grandfather Cong is my grandfather's father and my grandfather's mother. Northerners call him my great-grandfather and my wife. Why are there grandparents on the tombstone? This tombstone is a monument erected by a grandson or great-grandson for his grandparents or great-grandfathers. Whoever sets up a monument will write a title on the monument according to the relationship between the person who set up the monument and the deceased.

The deceased ancestors called their ancestors Kao, so the ancestors and the people who erected the monument were filial grandchildren; Great-grandfather is called ancient great-grandfather exam, so great-grandfather is filial great-grandson; The next generation is Gao Zukao, so Gao Zucong, the monument is filial piety and great-grandson; Call the deceased grandparents deceased ancestors, so ancestors are filial grandchildren.

The funeral culture practiced in ancient times is very particular, and the opinions about the meaning of some words are particularly true. Some words written on some of the most common tombstones were obviously tested and revealed, or were tested and revealed first. Although they are only one word apart, their meanings are completely different.

Because the elders of the family came to Heilongjiang from Shandong, there is a tradition of worshipping ancestors and sweeping graves in their hometown in Shandong on holidays, so there is a saying that when the old father burned paper in the northeast, he had to burn it and mail it to his deceased relatives, so he had to write an envelope-shaped skin, which is commonly known as "baggage" in our local area. Use the words "show off" and "show off" when writing baggage.

The words written on the bag cover are: please prepare a bag of gold and silver, give it to the underworld, show xxx to the deceased, check xxx for the distinguished family, and give XXX to the unfilial son and grandson. .....

In ancient Chinese, "obvious" means a respectful name for ancestors. Koch's explanation is mom and dad, so there is a folk adjective called "bereavement", which means that it is as sad as losing parents. So "Xiankao" refers to the late father, while "Xianyan" refers to the late mother.

There are also different usages of "Xian Kao" and "Xian Kao", both of which represent the late father, but when the late father has no old man and grandchildren, this situation is called "Xian Kao", otherwise it is called "Xian Kao", which is the same for men and women.

Let's first look at the significance and source of the test.

Postgraduate entrance examination originally refers to parents. In Er Ya Qin Shi, there is a saying that "the father said the exam and the mother said the obedience". Guo Pu in the Jin Dynasty quoted Cang Xie as saying "Examining Yan Yannian". There is also an idiom called "bereavement" (like losing parents), which can also be seen that it originally refers to parents.

Later, with the development of history, Kao Cong evolved into a title for his dead parents. In the Book of Rites Qu Lixia, there are words like "being a father, a mother, a wife, a test, a wife, a wife".

"Xian Kao" and "Xian Yan" on rural tombstones are honorifics for deceased parents.

There is a saying that "outstanding test" evolved from "prior test" and "prior test". Personally, I think this statement is reasonable.

Zhang Jiuling in the Tang Dynasty wrote in "Ode to Memorial": "I am willing to sacrifice with shame and dare to speak the spirit of taking the exam first." It can be seen that in ancient times, the first exam was used as a courtesy title for the deceased parents. In modern Chinese, it also means death. For example, ancestors and fathers refer to ancestors and fathers who have passed away.

Later, it was largely staged as an "outstanding exam" to praise the deceased parents more. "Xian" and "Xian" have the same pronunciation, but "Xian" is more emotional and can better reflect children's memory and respect for their deceased parents. From the perspective of modern Chinese, the word "xian" in "dignitaries" is more emotional than "da".

In rural areas, white affairs is the most solemn official business, and the tradition and etiquette of white affairs are relatively complete, and the people have always regarded the dead as the biggest. Therefore, when many people choose "first" or "obvious", they will choose "obvious" to show their infinite memory and respect for their deceased parents.

China people have very different ideas about ancestor worship. Both the deceased ancestors and the living elders actually respect them very much. This respect is based on the concept of family, that is, kinship and blood relationship. The more traditional places pay attention to these, of course, the modern young people's ideological cognition is different, and they don't care about these as much as before.

Based on the respect for elders, it can be well seen from the appellation that the living can be directly contacted, but for the deceased, some information about family ancestors can only be seen from genealogy, ranking and tombstones. Of course, at present, many people simply don't understand the meaning and title of this information. The meaning and expression of those words are only understood by the older generation, and young people can say that most of them have never touched them and don't understand them at all.

The most typical and easy to see is the information on some tombstones. For example, what do the excellent and excellent tests in this question represent on the tombstone respectively? Actually, only a few people can understand it. Most of them just took out their mobile phones and asked Du Niang after seeing this thing, and it didn't take long for them to forget. The root cause is that they don't know these things carefully.

Tombstone is of great significance to the deceased, and it is the only thing that can show the identity of the deceased. Therefore, the living are actually very particular about setting up tombstones for the deceased, and the words engraved on them are even more sloppy. This tradition originated in ancient times. After the death of the ancients, the younger generation will use a word to evaluate the life of the deceased, which is called the conclusion and originated before Xia and Shang Dynasties.

In ancient times, the overflow system was used to record a powerful person's achievements in the form of inscriptions. This system is also called epitaph by modern archaeology, and poor people are not allowed to use this system. But for parents and elders, it was a feat for future generations, and it was also a recognition of society at that time. So they all call their parents through exams. There is an idiom that means to be as painful as losing your parents.

On the tombstone, there are some important words representing the dead parents. Under normal circumstances, the word "first" is added in front of the exam to indicate that the parents have passed away. The first word means respect. Plus the exam, it is a respectful name for the dead parents. Why do some tombstones have these titles? Why not show them first? In fact, the word "virtuous son" means that virtue is notorious and famous, but the parents of ordinary people can't make much contribution to the country, so they can't take credit or make contributions. Only powerful people are eligible to stand for election, while ordinary people can only start from virtue and show their parents' virtue, which makes their reputation well-known. It means praising parents. However, in the later changes of the times, how to be a qualified parent as a child is about to become a parent, so later I slowly changed the word "first" into "near sound", which implied obvious meaning, but the original meaning was actually confused.

On tombstones in rural areas, you can always see that most tombstones are engraved with the words "Xianyan" and "Xiankao". What does this mean? Let's have a look.

From the idiom "bereavement", I believe everyone knows something about the words "Kao" and "Cong", which all mean parents. Han Zheng Xuan's Note: "Examination, success, achievement of virtue; Yan's words are comparable to Kao's words. " Refers to the responsibilities and obligations of parents. In "Er Ya Qin Shi", it is also recorded: "The father said the exam, and the mother said the exam.

In fact, "obvious" has two meanings. First, it means "first" and "death". The second is to show parents' virtue before their parents' death, which is generally a praise for their parents before their death.

Therefore, the words "Xian Yan" and "Xian Kao" on the tombstone are generally engraved by children for their parents, which is not only a gratitude to their parents for raising themselves, but also an expression of their filial piety.

But we can also find that the tombstones engraved with "Xianyan" and "Xiankao" are all old tombstones, and these words are rarely seen on tombstones now. This custom and culture gradually faded out of people's sight with the development of time!

ancient official title

Thank you for inviting me to answer your questions.

In ancient times, people called their parents in two stages. Parents are named after their birth, so they are called Kao Zi in the world. This is a part of China's traditional culture. There is an idiom called "bereavement".

Yan, next to the female character, "Xian Yan" is the honorific title of the living child to the dead mother.

"Xiankao" is the honorific title of a living child to his dead father.

Textual research is mainly used in inscriptions and superstitious papers.

Tombstones in rural areas represent women when they stand out, and men when they stand out.