Examine this phenomenon from the perspective of social stratification and talk about what success is.

From the perspective of social stratification, what is success? First of all, after years of changes and publicity, the word success has changed from positive to neutral, and some have become negative.

Many pyramid schemes introduce success and deceive many people.

Secondly, in today's rapidly changing society, money worship seems to have become the mainstream of society, and success has become synonymous with money. Because most people are on the verge of poverty, their desire for life has become a dream.

Finally, in this era of lack of morality and faith, many people regard success as the source of faith and the nourishment of the soul.

In fact, everyone's success is different. The same thing is that everyone is eager to go further.

Success is a step forward, and progress is the first step of the Book of Changes. Gentleman, self-improvement.

What is missing is the second half of the sentence, the terrain is Kun, and the gentleman carries things with kindness.

The reason for social stratification is that diligent people and lazy and stupid people are divided into different classes. How normal it is.

The view of social stratification is caused by the origin of human nature, and the ideal equality of all people does not exist.

There are several aspects of human nature for reference-human nature is selfish; Competitive consciousness; Sense of superiority and so on.

The selfishness of human nature needs no explanation. Although society has not recognized this thing, it does exist. Competitive consciousness-everyone wants to live better than others, just like doing beauty, buying clothes and so on.

Mainly talk about superiority. Nowadays, the polarization between the rich and the poor has been formed and intensified. Think about it, if you are a billionaire, you usually take a good car and eat, play and live well. If one day, * * * says that everyone has to spend hundreds of thousands of dollars, then "civilians" who have never eaten or played in good places before will try it at this time, so how do you feel at this time? Without your sense of superiority, you will feel particularly depressed and not in the mood to play. Then, even if someone proposes to distribute hundreds of thousands of dollars to everyone, a large number of people will definitely come out to oppose it, and this proposal will definitely not be passed. Because it makes those rich people who are usually above themselves lose their sense of superiority, but the society is controlled by them.

First of all, we don't absolutely say that a society where everyone is equal will not come, but at least for now, that society is very, very far away and unimaginable. The development of human nature to that point is also unpredictable. Then, we have to admit this "reality" and try to live a good life instead of trying to make money or do something else. Living as comfortably as possible is the most basic.

The method of social stratification? Hierarchical method of sociology. Sociology generally adopts three methods: subjective method, reputation method and objective method.

1, subjective method. Also called self-rating. Investigators divided the whole social system into several levels, asked people to classify themselves according to some standards, and pointed out which level they were in the social hierarchical system. The main purpose of subjective method is to discover people's stratified consciousness, because people's stratified consciousness has a great influence on their psychological reaction and behavior.

2. Honor Law. Investigators selected some people familiar with a certain community as judges and asked them to classify the community members according to the pre-specified high and low levels. Reputation method can find a recognized reputation rating system.

3. Objective method. Objective indicators that can be directly measured (such as income, education level, etc.). ) is used to rank people.

The dual role of social stratification What role does the state play in social stratification? Generally speaking, * * * plays the following roles in social stratification: providing basic social service facilities and ensuring equal opportunities; Ensure that people have equal access to important resources such as credit; Create an environment that can promote people's rights, especially those of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups; Give absolute priority to poverty eradication; Ensure the responsibility and transparency of work. Middle-income countries and developing countries like China are facing the pressure of economic globalization and have to spend hundreds or even decades to complete the historical process that developed countries have spent hundreds of years to complete. In this case, if we try to wait for the natural formation of social stratum structure in modern society without strong state intervention, the problem may be quite serious-a highly deformed social stratum structure may be formed. Under this class structure, the income distribution of society is highly unequal, and a very small number of upper classes occupy the vast majority of national income or social wealth, while most members of society are in absolute poverty. The widening gap between the rich and the poor is a hotbed of social conflicts.

Under the background of economic globalization, in order to make growth beneficial to the poor, it is necessary to reduce inequality and improve people's ability. Therefore, the state should attach great importance to achieving full employment and expanding employment opportunities in economic policy; Eliminate discrimination against the poor in the macroeconomic framework; Invest in developing the capacity of the poor by adjusting public expenditure and taxes; Ensure that the poor have access to the means of production, including loans; Improve the productivity of small-scale agriculture; Promoting the development of small businesses and the informal sector; Focus on labor-intensive industrialization and expand employment opportunities. In developing countries, reducing inequality also requires the following actions by * * * alliances, enterprises and non-* * * organizations: First, develop people's ability through education and ensure that the poor receive education. The second is to enable the poor to get tap water, medical services and housing provided by the public sector. The third is to enable the poor to obtain more financial assets and means of production. The fourth is to reduce inequality through progressive income tax and other redistribution policies. The fifth is to provide income transfer and other social security measures during adjustment and crisis, and to implement poverty alleviation plans for the poorest people.

To sum up, the promotion of economic globalization and the rise of market forces at this stage do not necessarily mean the weakening of national strength. For the influence of social stratification structure, both state and market forces play a role. We believe that under the background of economic globalization, the role of the state in social stratification is manifested in two aspects: one is indirect, that is, it affects social stratification by actively intervening in the market; Second, it directly affects social stratification through social policies. For example, through the construction of social security system, we will increase the protection of vulnerable groups in society. With the advancement of globalization and the transformation of the role of the state from market organizer to market supervisor, we believe that the state's intervention in social stratification through social security will be in a dominant position.

What are the three standards of social stratification? Weber's theory of social stratification was influenced by Marxist class theory, and he tried to construct his own theory and method of social stratification according to his own theoretical system of understanding sociology.

1. Conditions for class division. In the book "Economy and Society", Weber thinks that the class comes into being because people have different market ability and life opportunities. "Possession" and "proletariat" are the basic categories of all class conditions. Since class is only related to the market environment, the consequences of any individual can be obtained through the intermediary of the market. Everyone may be promoted to a higher class status or lowered to a lower class status. Anyone who succeeds in the market is an upper class. Weber divided the classes of capitalist society into five classes: the proletariat. Intellectual class, administrative class, petty bourgeoisie (composed of businessmen, shopkeepers and other traditional professionals) and working class.

2. Standards of social stratification. Weber advocates social stratification from three standards: economy, politics and society. The so-called economic standard, also known as wealth standard, refers to the opportunities of social members in the economic market, that is, the ability of individuals to own goods or services, in short, the amount of economic income and wealth. The so-called political standard, also known as the power standard, "'power' refers to any opportunity to carry out one's will in a social relationship, even in the face of opposition, no matter what the basis is." Power can come from scarce supply and control of means of production, from the position of individuals or groups in bureaucratic organizations, from laws and other factors. The so-called social standard, that is, reputation, is that a person gets positive evaluation and social recognition from others, which depends on his identity, education level, lifestyle and so on. According to social standards, status groups can be distinguished. Weber believes that economic standards-wealth, political standards-power and social standards-prestige are interrelated, but they can be independent. He advocated using these three standards to carry out social stratification.

3. Similarities and differences between Weber and Marx's class theory. Weber's theory of social stratification seems to be similar to Marxist theory of class, and both believe that class is related to economy, but in fact it is essentially different. The class essence of Marxism focuses on the relations of production, mainly revealing the class attribute from the relationship between workers and capitalists in the production process, while Weber pays attention to the market relationship and thinks that class status is determined by market conditions. Marxism analyzes the laws of class struggle in capitalist society and draws the conclusion that capitalism is bound to perish. Weber's research on social stratification aims at reconciling class contradictions and conflicts and maintaining capitalist social order. In addition, Weber tried to "supplement" the Marxist "unit" standard with multiple standards, which is actually a one-sided understanding of Marxist class theory.

1. The three criteria of Max Weber's social stratification theory are: society, prestige and wealth.

Second, the social stratification (social ST classification):

It is to divide people into different rank sequences according to certain standards. Stratification was originally a term used by geologists to analyze geological structure, which refers to different levels of geological structure. Sociologists find that there is inequality in society, and people, groups and groups are also divided into several levels like stratigraphic structure, so they use geological concepts to analyze social structure and form a sociological category of "social stratification"

3. Max Weber (German: Max Weber,1April 2, 8641-1June 920 14), a famous German sociologist, political scientist, economist and philosopher, is one of the most vital and influential thinkers in modern times. Weber first started his teaching career at the University of Berlin, and later taught at universities such as Vienna University and Munich University. It had a great influence on German political circles at that time. He represented Germany at the Versailles Conference and participated in the drafting and design of the Constitution of Weimar Republic. He was in the same historical period as Taylor and Fa Yueer, and made outstanding contributions to the establishment of western classical management theory. He is recognized as one of the most important founders of modern sociology and public administration, and is called "the father of organizational theory" by later generations.

What is the root of social stratification? Traditional social stratification theorists mainly emphasize the inequality of economic resources, political resources, prestige resources and human resources, but today's social stratification researchers have noticed the inequality of cultural resources, social resources and citizen resources. Grusky (200 1 4), Kerbo 2000, 43-44), Rothman (1999, 2-4) and others summarized seven forms of resources based on social stratification and uneven distribution:

1) Economic resources: owning land, farms, factories, enterprises, professional firms, current assets, labor force, etc. Most Marxist theorists and scholars emphasize the importance of this resource, such as Marx and Eric Wolin Wright.

2) Political resources: having family authority (such as parents and patriarchs), workplace authority (such as managers), political party and social authority (such as legislators), political party leadership authority, etc. Weber discussed this kind of resource in his article "Class, Identity and Political Party", and Ralph dahrendorf, the representative figure of conflict stratification theory, thought that politics

3) Cultural resources: prerre bourdaud and Paolo DiMaggio made a special study and discussion on the stratification of cultural resources in view of high consumption behavior, "good" behavior and tasteful lifestyle.

4) Social resources: with high-level social networks and social relations, they are eligible to join various associations, clubs, trade unions, etc. W Lloyd Warner and James Coleman discussed the importance of this resource to social stratification.

5) Prestige resources: having a good reputation and prestige, being respected, being ethnically pure, and being religious. Both Edward Shils and W. Lloyd Warner have discussed the significance of prestige resources to social stratification, but most contemporary social stratification researchers mainly focus on professional prestige, such as the comparative study of Donald Treiman and others.

6) Civil resources: the right to enjoy property rights, contractual rights, civil rights, voting rights or various national interests, as well as the rights of assembly, association and freedom of speech. Thomas marshall first noticed the significance of this resource to social stratification, and later Rogers brubeck and others made further analysis in this respect.

7) Human resources: having professional skills, specialized skills, academic diplomas, qualification certificates, job qualifications and on-the-job training experience, etc. Kaare Svalastoga and Gary Becker have specially studied the influence of human resources on social stratification.