Four?Great?Classic?Novels

When Nu Wa tried to mend the sky, there was a useless stone left, which was abandoned at the foot of Gengqingfeng, a ridiculous cliff in the barren hills. This stone has spiritual power, big and small, and comes and goes freely. Because I was not selected to fill the sky, I often felt sad and blamed myself. Monks, monks and Taoist priests saw his cuteness and took him to "a prosperous country, a home of poetry and propriety, a land of flowers and willows, a country of wealth and tenderness." I don't know how long it took. When the empty Taoist passed by, he saw his experience carved on a stone, so he copied it from beginning to end and gave it to Cao Xueqin to read, add, delete and divide chapters. Here are the things carved on the stone. There is a gourd temple outside Nagato in Gusu. Zhen Yinshi, a town official, lives next to the temple. Jia Yucun, a poor Confucian scholar who lives in a temple, gave him money to catch the exam. On the night of Lantern Festival, Zhen's daughter was abducted; Soon because of the Hulu Temple fire; The Zhen family was burned down again. Zhen brought his wife to the father-in-law who was looked down upon. His father-in-law is a stingy and greedy man, and he keeps what little money he has left for himself. Zhen's "bitterness and anger plus pain" and "poverty and illness" were cornered. One day, he was walking on crutches in the street when he suddenly saw a lame Taoist coming and mumbling something. Yin Shi listened, asked someone, knew it was a "good song", and then explained the answer to "good song". After being instructed by the Taoist priest, he was completely disillusioned and became a monk with the lame Taoist priest.

Jinshi in the county magistrate was dismissed for being greedy for money, and later went to Lin Daiyu, the daughter of salt policy tutor Lin. Workers returning from Beijing. Jia Yucun asked Yue's family for help: Lin's mother-in-law wanted to take Daiyu to her side because she lost her mother. Lin asked to send Daiyu back to Beijing. Jia Yucun is connected with the Guo Rong family. With the help of Lin Ruhai's brother-in-law, Jia Zheng, he was appointed as Yingtianfu in Jinling.

When Daiyu entered the mansion, in addition to Jia Mu, she also met her great aunt, that is, Mrs. Xing, the wife of Jia She, and her second aunt, that is, Mrs. Wang, the wife of Jia Zheng, the niece of Mrs. Wang, the wife of Jia Lian, the son of Jia She, and Jia Baoyu, who was born in Yingchun, Tanchun, Xichun and Baoyu. Baodai and Baodai felt deja vu at first, but Baoyu smashed his psychic Baoyu because he saw his beautiful cousin Daiyu, which caused an unhappiness.

Jia Yucun was on trial in Yingtianfu, and Lian Win was kidnapped. The buyer is Aunt Xue's son, Mrs. Wang's sister, and Xue Pan from Imperial Merchants' House. Although Xue Pan killed the original buyer for Lian Win, Jia Yucun decided the case at will and let Xue Pan go. Xue Pan and his mother and sister Xue Baochai also live in Guo Rongfu.

Plum blossoms are in full bloom in Ningguo Mansion, and Jia Zhen's wife, You Shi, invited Jia Mu and others to enjoy the plum blossoms. Jia Baoyu took a nap, lived in Jia Zhen's daughter-in-law Qin Keqing's bedroom, fell asleep, watched the album Twelve Women in Jinling, listened to the song A Dream of Red Mansions, and had sex with the fairy. After waking up, wet dream was discovered by the maid, and they had an affair.

Wang Gou, a descendant of Beijing officials, has been reduced to farming in the countryside. Because my ancestors used to live with Mrs. Wang and Xifeng's family, I asked my mother-in-law granny Liu to go to Guo Rongfu to find Mrs. Wang for a windfall. Wang Xifeng accepted it and gave twenty taels of silver.

Xue Baochai once received a monk's golden lock and has been wearing it ever since. Daiyu was jealous of the idea of a good marriage and often secretly laughed at Baochai and warned Baoyu.

Jia Zhen's father, Jia Jing, abandoned his official position and left home to seek immortality. On his birthday, Jia Zhen held a banquet at home to celebrate. Because of Lin Ruhai's illness, Jia Lian took Daiyu to Gusu, and his brother Jia Rui molested Xifeng, who teased him and died.

After Qin Keqing died, Jia Zhen lived a luxurious life. Not only did he choose the best things, but he also spent two thousand dollars to donate a dragon to his son as a funeral set. On the way to the funeral, Feng coveted 3,200 pieces of silver, separated her lover, and made a young man and woman commit suicide in anger.

After Lin Ruhai's death, Daiyu had to live in Fu Rong. A feeling of desolation hung over her, and she often secretly shed tears, and her illness became more and more serious.

Yuan Chun, Jia Zheng's eldest daughter, was made a princess, and the emperor allowed the mothering. In order to welcome this grand ceremony, Guo Rongfu built an extremely luxurious Grand View Garden, and also purchased actresses, nuns, Taoist priests, and Miaoyu, who was born in a famous family and entered Guo Rongfu due to illness. On the night of Lantern Festival, Yuan Chun went back to her mother's house for a while and asked Baoyu and other sisters to present poems. Daiyu wanted to show off her talent, but she was ordered to write only one song. Chen Jiao, the xiren, said that he would leave Baoyu. Baoyu was deeply sorry and begged Allen not to go. Aaron took the opportunity to persuade Baoyu to study and "get down to business." Baoyu and Daiyu are young and affectionate. Because of Xue Baochai or other trivial matters. The two often quarrel, and their feelings get deeper and deeper in constant quarrels.

Baochai sang opera on her birthday, and Xiao Dan looks like Daiyu. Shi Xiangyun, the granddaughter of Grandmother Jia's family, quickly said that Baoyu was afraid of Daiyu's anger and stopped her, which made both of them angry with Baoyu. Yuan Chun is worried that the Grand View Garden will be idle. So Baoyu and his sisters moved in. Baoyu went into the garden and hung out with these girls all day; The book was so full of gas that he stole books such as The West Chamber into the garden and Baoyu and Daiyu enjoyed them together. This is a classic era.

Jia Huan, the son of Jia Zheng's aunt Zhao and Baoyu's brother, was jealous of Baoyu. When he copied the scriptures, he accidentally dropped a candle and burned Baoyu. Mrs. Wang cursed Aunt Zhao. Aunt Zhao hated Xi-feng, so she asked Ma Daopo to cast her magic, which nearly killed Xi-feng and Baoyu. Monks and lame Taoist priests rubbed psychic jade and saved them. Daiyu was disappointed, and the flowers fell in late spring, so she was buried, called Hua Zhong, and made a "funeral poem". Baoyu's maid Wen Qing dropped the fan, so Baoyu told him. Aroma advised her, she retorted, she was sarcastic, and Baoyu was so angry that he wanted to drive her away. Qingwen enjoys the cool in the evening. Baoyu told her to tear the fan to make her laugh. On one occasion, Shi Xiangyun advised Baoyu to talk about his career, and Baoyu grabbed the white, saying that Daiyu never said such a fucking thing; Daiyu happened to pass by, and I was very happy to hear it. Jin Chuaner, Lady Wang's maid, molested Baoyu and was driven out of the well by Lady Wang and died. Jia Huan told Jia Zheng. Baoyu also made friends with Jiang Yuhan, a favorite actor of Zhongshun Wang Ye, which made Wang Ye send someone to look for him. Jia Zheng was furious and beat Jia Baoyu to pieces. Mrs. Wang asked xiren to tell her. Decided that Xiren would be Baoyu's concubine in the future.

There was nothing to do in the Grand View Garden, so Tan Chun advocated the establishment of a poetry club. Singing Bai Haitang for the first time, Baochai won the championship; The second time I wrote chrysanthemum poems, Lin Daiyu overwhelmed everyone.

Granny Liu entered the mansion, and when the old lady found out, she settled down. Diners who hold a banquet in the Grand View Garden and make fun of their daughters; This sophisticated old woman is also willing to play this role. Grandmother Jia took Granny Liu to visit the Grand View Garden. In Longcui Temple, Miaoyu entertained Daiyu and Baochai for tea, and Baoyu also showed his face.

To celebrate Xifeng's birthday, everyone has held a banquet since the time of Grandmother Jia. Xifeng drank too much and wanted to go home and rest. I ran into Jia Lian seducing the servant girl. Xifeng is crying. Forced the maid to hang herself, and the grandmother forced Jia Lian to make amends to Xi 'an.

Because of the order of drinking, Daiyu quoted a few verses from The West Chamber, which Baochai noticed and tolerated, and their relationship improved. Daiyu admitted that Baochai was a good person, and she was oversensitive. Dai Yu wrote "Autumn Window Storm" to express her sadness. Jia She took a fancy to Jia's maid Yuanyang and asked Mrs. Xing to find Jia. Yuanyang refused, and the old lady refused, so she reprimanded Mrs. Xing. The relationship between Jia Mu and Jia She is even worse. At a banquet, Xue Pan molested Liu, who was good at singing and dancing and generous, and was afraid of retaliation, and fled to other places. Xue Pan lost face and went out to do business. His concubine Xiang Ling (Lian Ying) went to the Grand View Garden to study poetry. Several girls from relatives came to the Grand View Garden to make poems and quizzes, which was an unprecedented excitement and joy. Xiren went home because her mother was ill. Qingwen caught a cold at night and burned herself very hot. Baoyu celebrated his uncle's birthday, and Grandmother Jia gave him a sparrow gold robe made of peacock hair by a Russian tailor. He accidentally burned a hole. When I come back at night, the tailors in the street are afraid to mend it. Qingwen was seriously ill and made up for it overnight.

At the end of the year, the Ningguo government paid the rent first, and the number of things sent was amazing, but Jia Zhen was still too little. Because of hard work during the Chinese New Year, Xi-feng miscarried and couldn't manage her family, so Tan Chun, Baochai, Li Wan and others cooperated with the director. Tanchun was born to Aunt Zhao, and Aunt Zhao's brother died. Tanchun didn't give much money as usual, and mother and daughter had a big fight. Tanchun has also implemented some reforms in the park, appointing special personnel to manage various places, which not only handed over some property, but also gave some benefits to the managers.

In order to test Baoyu's sincerity to Daiyu, Daiyu's maid, Zijuan, assumed that Daiyu would return to Gusu, but Baoyu believed it and was insane. As a result, Daiyu understood Baoyu's psychology better, and everyone thought that their marriage was happy. Daiyu wanted to recognize Aunt Xue as a godmother, and they reached the most harmonious period.

Guo Rong Mansion is full of contradictions. Jia Huan met rosacea at Baoyu's place and asked for some. Baoyu's maid Fang Guan gave Jia Huan some jasmine powder. Aunt Zhao went to Baoyu to make a scene. Fang Guan also gave her foster mother some rose dew to lure her nephew to steal poria cream. Several things made a mess, almost breaking the balance between servants. Baoyu was celebrating his birthday when Jia Jing Tundan died. Your country has a busy funeral. Please ask my mother and sister You Erjie and You Sanjie for help. Jia Lian sees the second sister is beautiful, wants to be a mistress, and lives outside. Second sister and Jia Zhen are not innocent, Jia Zhen wants to make waves, and Jia Lian wants to play with Third Sister for Jia Zhen's sake. You Sanjie was awed and cursed Jane and Lian, saying that she had a lover who hit Xue Pan. Jia She told Jia Lian to go out on business, and also told Jia Lian, Lu Yu and Xue Pan to go out on business. Xue Pan met a robber and was saved by Liu. They became brothers, Jia Lian was Liu's matchmaker, and Liu agreed. After arriving in Beijing, Liu Xian gave Third Sister's mother a dowry. Baoyu became suspicious while chatting with you. He went to ask for a gift to end his marriage. You Sanjie committed suicide and Liu became a monk. Xifeng knew that Jia Lian had stolen the marriage and pretended to be virtuous. Take second sister into the house. Please ask Jia Mu and others to agree. Jia Lian came back and gave him a concubine. Xifeng used my aunt's hand to force Second Sister You to swallow gold and commit suicide. The maid silly elder sister carried it to a sachet embroidered with erotic palace pictures in the garden, and Mrs. Wang was furious. Egged on by some maids, Chaojian Grand View Garden was timid and allowed to be driven away. Tanchun was angry and took it out on the servant girl; At this time, Xichun broke off contact with her brother and sister-in-law. Qingwen was driven out by Mrs. Wang and died with regret; Jia Baoyu was helpless and wrote Lotus as a sacrifice to her. After Xue Pan married his wife Xia Jingui, she greedily married Baochan, a servant girl, and Jingui agreed to get rid of Xiangling. Inspired by summer. Xue gave Xiangling a good beating, but Aunt Xue wouldn't let her. Xia Jingui quarreled with her mother-in-law. Xue Pan can't be at home. Had to go out. (Later, due to the loss of the original, the content is unknown. )

The Water Margin is based on the story of Sung River Uprising in the late Northern Song Dynasty. According to the biography of Hou Meng, "Thirty-six people run amok in the river, and tens of thousands of loyal ministers in JD.COM dare not resist." According to "History of Song Dynasty Hui Zong", "Song Jiang, a thief from Huainan, and others committed crimes against Huaiyang Army, and sent them to beg for arrest, commit crimes, and enter the border between Chu and Haizhou, so that the prefect Zhang Shuye surrendered them." Zhang Shuye Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty: "Sung River started in Xinhe and turned to ten counties, so the loyalists dared not take it. When the word came, the uncle sent an envoy to the sea at night, and the thief approached the sea, robbed more than ten giant boats and carried them. So he raised thousands of dead people and lay in ambush near the city to resist the temptation of light soldiers from the sea. First, he hid by the sea, waited for the soldiers to meet, and then set fire to his boat. Hearing this, the thief had no fighting spirit. He ambushed him and caught his assistant thief. Jiang Nai surrendered. " In addition, Li's Outline of Ten Dynasties, Chen Jun's Chronology of Song and Nine Dynasties, and Xu's Compilation of Three Dynasties and Northern Alliance also have similar records. There are also records that Song Jiang took part in the battle of Fang La after he surrendered. From these records, we can know that this rebel army, with a small number (but never more than 36 people), has strong combat effectiveness and great influence among the masses, which once posed a certain threat to the Song Dynasty. Sung Jiang and other uprisings took place in the first year of Xuanhe (119) to the third year of Xuanhe (1 12 1), more than three years before and after.

The story of 36 people, including Song Jiang, which was circulated among the people in the Song Dynasty, was quickly adopted by storytellers as the material for writing stories. The titles of the novels recorded in the Southern Song Dynasty are Green Beast, Flower Monk and Warrior, which should be the stories of Yang Zhi, Lu and Lu. In addition, the article "Stone Sun Li" may also be. This is the earliest record of the script of Water Margin. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, there was Gong Kai's "Thirty-six people praised Song Jiangxu": "The story of Song Jiang can be seen in the street." He also said that before Gong Kai, there was an art academy to write to Song Li, and he painted portraits of Song Jiang and others. But Gong Kai's praise didn't tell a story. Now, the earliest work to write the story of the Water Margin is the Legacy of Xuanhe in the Great Song Dynasty (see the Legacy of Xuanhe), which is either from the Yuan Dynasty or the old books of the Song Dynasty, but it has gained something. Some researchers think it is a basic book for storytellers. The synopsis of the story of the Water Margin recorded in it, from Yang Zhi selling knives to killing people, after outwitting the birth outline, Song Jiang killed Xi, and Xuan Nv granted a sealed book for nine days, is basically the same as the water margin now. At this time, the water margin story has developed from many scattered and independent single articles into a systematic and coherent whole. Yuan Zaju was popular, and a large number of Water Margin plays appeared. The Water Margin recorded in Yuan Zaju is roughly the same as the characters' names in Xuan He's posthumous works in Da Song Dynasty, but the location of gathering righteousness is different. The drama talked about Liang Shanbo, and the heritage talked about Taihang Mountain. There are already "108 leaders" in the zaju, and the "legacy" only mentions the names of 36 generals posthumous title; Among the heritages, Li Kui jy ranked 14, Yan Qing ranked 28th, Li Kui jy ranked 13, and Yan Qing ranked 15 in zaju. All these can be seen that before the publication of Water Margin, the content and details of Water Margin stories were quite similar. This may also be related to the spread in different regions. It is these stories that spread in different regions that were collected by Shi Naian, selected, processed and recreated, and this excellent classic "Water Margin" was written. The story of Water Margin originated in Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty, and has become the main theme of folk oral literature since the Southern Song Dynasty. At present, according to storytellers, there are scripts such as Green-faced Beast, Flower Monk and Warrior. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the story book "The Legacy of Xuanhe in the Great Song Dynasty" appeared, which described the stories of 36 people, such as Chao Gai and Wu Jialiang (Wu Yong), and initially had the story outline of Water Margin. In the Yuan Dynasty, some scripts of Water Margin stories appeared in Yuan Zaju. "Water Margin" is also known as the biography of loyalty and loyalty and the biography of vendors in the rivers and lakes.

[Literary Works] Journey to the West

The writing time was in the middle of Ming Dynasty, when the social economy was prosperous, but the politics was deteriorating and people's lives were difficult. The author criticizes this unreasonable phenomenon through stories. * * * One hundred times, more than 600,000 words. Divided into titles, each title is presented in a neat double way. The story tells the story of Tang Sanling and his disciples the Monkey King, Pig Bajie, Friar Sand and Bai who went to the Western Heaven to learn Buddhist scriptures after 81 difficulties.

The Romance of Three Kingdoms (English name: The Romance of Three States, translated as san huang Romance) is the first Zhang Hui novel in ancient China, and it is also a classic of historical romance novels. This novel describes the contradictions and struggles between the political and military groups of Wei, Shu and Wu Sanda, headed by Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan in the 3rd century. On the broad social and historical background, it showed the sharp, complex and distinctive political and military conflicts of that era, which had a far-reaching impact on future generations in political and military strategy.

Before The Romance of Three Kingdoms appeared, China's novels were generally short and pithy, and some even had only a few dozen words. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is China's first novel. We should pay attention to how China's novels developed from short stories to long stories. It turned out that storytelling was popular in the Song Dynasty, and storytelling became a profession. Storytellers like to take the stories of ancient characters as the theme, and Chen Shou's The History of the Three Kingdoms is the best material for writing stories. Some scattered stories of the Three Kingdoms have also been circulated among the people. In addition, the storyteller takes a long time to draw materials, the content is getting richer and richer, and the characters are getting fuller and fuller. Finally, many independent stories gradually combined and grew into a masterpiece. These isolated stories have been passed down from mouth to mouth in the society for a long time, and finally they were processed into a book, which became China's first novel. This is a great collective creation. It is different from the novel written by a single author in form, which deserves our attention. This novel originated from outstanding talents, followed by the romantic novel Journey to the West and another historical novel Water Margin. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is believed to have some enlightening effect on later novels. The origin of historical literature, the literary value of this masterpiece itself and its influence on later generations are all worthy of our in-depth discussion.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms was very popular in ancient China. Song and Yuan dynasties came to the stage, and Jin and Yuan dynasties performed more than 30 kinds of Three Kingdoms operas. From Yuan Dynasty to Zhinian, the Pinghua of the Three Kingdoms published by Yu's family in Xin 'an came out. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong synthesized folklore, drama and scripts, combined with historical materials such as the History of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou and Pei Songzhi's notes, and based on his personal understanding of social life, he created the well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The earliest existing edition was published in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, commonly known as "Jiajing Edition", with a total of 24 volumes. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Mao Zonggang, the father and son of Maureen, collated historical events, added or deleted words, and revised them into "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" 120, which has been passed down to this day.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes the history of nearly a hundred years from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty. The book reflects the political and military struggle, the infiltration and transformation of various social contradictions in the Three Kingdoms period, summarizes the historical changes of this era and shapes a group of heroes. In grasping the history of the Three Kingdoms, the author showed an obvious tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao, focusing on the description of Liu Bei Group, praising the main figures of Liu Bei Group and trying to expose and lash Cao Cao. Today, we should dialectically understand the author's tendency to support Liu and oppose Cao. Respecting Liu and opposing Cao is the main tendency of folklore in Luo Guanzhong era, which implies people's hope for the rejuvenation of the Han nationality.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has created nearly 200 characters, among which Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Liu Bei and others are the most successful. Zhuge Liang is the incarnation of the "saint" in the author's mind. He has the lofty spirit of "devoting all his efforts to death" and the ambition of helping people rebuild a peaceful and prosperous world in modern times. In addition, the author endowed him with the peculiar ability of giving orders and calculating skillfully. Cao Cao is a treacherous man. His life creed is "I would rather teach the world to fail me". He is a political careerist and schemer, so don't confuse him with the real Cao Cao in history. Guan Yu is "brave and resolute" and "righteous as a mountain". But his loyalty is based on personal grudges, not the national justice. Liu Bei was portrayed by the author as a kind-hearted person, a corporal with noble character and a kind-hearted person.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes wars, big and small, with grand ideas and various techniques, which let us clearly see the bloody war scenes. Among them, the description of the battle of Guandu and Battle of Red Cliffs is ups and downs, ups and downs, and it is thrilling to read.

The book is not vulgar, concise and lively, full of momentum and lively.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms has set off an upsurge in the creation of historical novels in China, and its series of characters are well-known in China, including women and children.