Who can specifically talk about Mayan civilization?

Maya civilization is an outstanding representative of ancient Indian civilization in South America and ancient Indian civilization in America, named after Indian Maya. Mainly distributed in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Brazil, Belize and western Honduras and El Salvador.

It was formed around 2500 BC, and an early slave country was established around 400 BC. It flourished in the 3rd to 9th centuries, declined in the 65438+5th century, was finally destroyed by Spanish colonists, and then disappeared in the tropical jungle for a long time.

1502, Columbus sailed to America for the last time, only 10 years after he first discovered the "New World". The ship landed in the Gulf of Honduras, and Columbus and his crew excitedly set foot on the lush land they had not seen for a long time. In the local market, a beautifully made pottery basin caught his attention. The seller told him that this exquisite pottery basin came from "Maya". This magical name was first introduced to the ears of Europeans. 15 19, Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes led the Spanish army across Mexico and conquered the Aztec empire, which was in the heyday of civilization. "Eradicating a culture is like a passerby breaking a sunflower by the roadside." At this time, the Mayan civilization is coming to an end, but there are still some small Mayan countries on Yucatan Peninsula. 1526, a Spanish expedition went to Yucatan Peninsula, trying to establish a Spanish colony by violence and enforce Christian belief. The unyielding Maya fought guerrilla warfare for more than 100 years until 1697, when the last Mayan city-state was destroyed by Spanish gunfire. /kloc-began to attract academic attention at the end of 0/8. At the end of 19, a number of important sites were excavated, and the modern archaeological research of Mayan civilization began. Since the 1950s, research has made rapid progress, forming a special Maya study, which is an important field of world archaeology and historical research. Scholars have different opinions about the development stage of Mayan civilization. According to the division of American archaeologist N Hammond, it can be divided into three stages: pre-classical, classical and post-classical.

Mayan history and culture

1839, explorer Stephens led a team to discover the remains of the ancient Maya in the tropical rain forest of Central America: magnificent pyramids, magnificent palaces and highly accurate calendars carved on stone tablets with strange hieroglyphs.

Archaeologists have put forward many hypotheses about the mystery of the destruction of Mayan civilization, such as foreign invasion, population explosion, diseases, climate change, etc ....., all of which endow Mayan civilization with a strong mystery.

In order to solve this eternal mystery, in the late 1980s, a multidisciplinary team of 45 scholars, including archaeologists, zoologists and nutritionists, traveled all over Guatemala's Peten rainforest area, where jaguars and rattlesnakes even frequented grave robbers. The expedition spent six years investigating about 200 Mayan civilization sites and concluded that Mayan civilization was destroyed by a bloody civil war for wealth and power. The Mayans were not the legendary peace-loving people. On the contrary, in the heyday of 300-700 A.D., Mayan nobles in neighboring city-states were always fighting for power and profit. The Mayan war seems to be a terrible sports competition: soldiers attack other cities with spears and sticks as weapons, with the aim of capturing prisoners and giving them to their priests as a gift to worship the gods, which is a symbol of Mayan society's worship of the gods.

Maya society was once quite prosperous. Farmers cultivate marginal fields, terraced fields and swamp rice fields to produce food that can support the population explosion. Craftsmen use flint, stone, bone horns and shells to make works of art, make cotton cloth, carve words on stone tablets, and draw pottery and murals. Commodity trading is prevalent. But since the middle of the 7th century, Mayan society has declined. With the increase of political marriage, other royal brothers except the eldest son are excluded. Some princes left their homes to look for new cities, while others stayed to fight for inheritance. This kind of "throat" has changed from fighting for sacrifices to fighting for jewels, luxury goods, kingship and beauty ... The war is continuous, the lives are ruined, the trade is interrupted and the city is destroyed. In the end, only 65,438+00% people survived.

In 76 1 year, the fall of the palace in Dusit-Pilars City can be regarded as the starting point of the decline of Mayan society. Deuce-Pilars is the central city-state within 0/500 miles of Fiona Fang/Kloc. It was attacked by enemies from the neighboring city of Tomareto. A cave with 13 heads of men aged 8 to 55 proves that the city was extinct when it was captured. Eight days later (these precise details were recorded on the stone tablet), the winner held a "closing ceremony" and smashed the throne, temple and stone tablet. Some nobles fled to the nearby city of Aguadica, a natural fortress surrounded by huge cracks. They lived there for 40 years and were finally captured by the enemy and plunged into disaster.

In 800 AD, Adika was already a ghost town. After 820 AD, the Mayans abandoned the Piteng Rainforest, which had been built in countless cities for thousands of years, and never returned to the birthplace of this civilization. The destruction of Mayan civilization has become history, but the warning it provides is worth remembering forever.

Today, more than 2 million Maya descendants still live in the lowlands of Guatemala, Mexico, Belize and Honduras. However, the essence of Mayan culture, such as hieroglyphics, astronomy, calendars and other knowledge, has disappeared and failed to be left to future generations.

"The earth does not belong to human beings, and human beings belong to the earth"-Mayan prophecy According to Mayan prophecy, the earth we live in now is in the so-called fifth solar age. So far, the earth has gone through four solar eras, and at the end of each era, a thrilling story of destruction will be staged.

The first solar age was matracitilart, Tilly and Matlack, which was finally destroyed by the only flood. There is a saying that it was the Noah flood.

The second solar year is Ehecatl, which is scattered by wind and snakes.

The third solar age was Quiyahuillo, which was on the road to destruction because of the fire from the sky. It was an ancient nuclear war.

The fourth solar age was Tzontlilic and Zongdrilik, which was also caused by the raging fire and rainstorm.

Mayan prophecy also said that from the end of the first solar age to the fourth solar age, the earth fell into unprecedented chaos, which ended in a series of tragic tragedies, and the earth would definitely give a warning before it died.

The last chapter of Mayan prophecy is mostly the records of various times, and the records of these times, like conspiracy, all come to an end in the "fifth solar year". Therefore, the Mayans predicted that the earth would be completely extinct in the fifth solar year. At the end of the fifth solar year, the sun will disappear and the earth will start to shake. According to the prediction, the solar year has only five cycles. Once the sun dies five times, the earth will be destroyed. The fifth solar year began in 3 1 13, and will come to an end after the Mayan cycle of 5 125. However, the end date of the current Gregorian calendar is about 20 12 12 on February 22nd.

Maya believed in religion, and their cultural life was full of religious color.

They worship the gods of the sun, rain, grain, death, war, wind and grain. The sun god is above the gods and is regarded as the embodiment of God. In addition, worship ancestors and believe that the soul is immortal. Mayan countries also manage religious affairs. The capital is a religious center.

1502, Columbus sailed to America for the last time, only 10 years after he first discovered the "New World". The ship landed in the Gulf of Honduras, and Columbus and his crew excitedly set foot on the lush land they had not seen for a long time. In the local market, a beautifully made pottery basin caught his attention. The seller told him that this exquisite pottery basin came from "Maya". This magical name was first introduced to the ears of Europeans. 15 19, Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes led the Spanish army across Mexico and conquered the Aztec empire, which was in the heyday of civilization. "Eradicating a culture is like a passerby breaking a sunflower by the roadside." At this time, the Mayan civilization is coming to an end, but there are still some small Mayan countries on Yucatan Peninsula. 1526, a Spanish expedition went to Yucatan Peninsula, trying to establish a Spanish colony by violence and enforce Christian belief. The unyielding Maya fought guerrilla warfare for more than 100 years until 1697, when the last Mayan city-state was destroyed by Spanish gunfire.

In the early Mayan civilization, settlements were formed around the sacrificial center, and in the classical period, city-states were formed. Each city-state had its own dynasty. The ruling class of society is priests and nobles, and the king is hereditary, in charge of religious etiquette and stipulating the date of farming. The lower members of the commune are ordinary agricultural laborers and craftsmen from all walks of life. At the bottom of society are slaves, generally from prisoners of war, criminals and debtors, who can buy and sell freely. Mayan countries are similar to the primary slave countries in the ancient world in social development, but there is no detailed information on the specific situation.

Maya believed in religion, and their cultural life was full of religious color. They worship the gods of the sun, rain, grain, death, war, wind and grain. The sun god is above the gods and is regarded as the embodiment of God. In addition, worship ancestors and believe that the soul is immortal. Mayan countries also manage religious affairs. The capital is a religious center.

Mayan characters first appeared in BC, but the first dated stone tablet unearthed was the product of 292 BC and was found in Tikal. Since then, Mayan characters have only spread in a small area centered on Beden and Tikal. In the middle of the fifth century, Mayan characters spread to the whole Maya region, and at that time, a commercial transaction route was established, and Mayan characters spread to all parts of the country along this route.

About a quarter of the 800 hieroglyphs used by Mayans have been explained by linguists. These characters mainly represent the names, numbers, directions, colors and names of the gods in each day and month of the week. Most of them are recorded on stone tablets, wooden boards, pottery and books. The paper of the book is made of plant fiber, which is first soaked in lime water and then dried, thus leaving a layer of lime on the paper. Although there are still 2 million people who speak Mayan dialects in modern times, some hieroglyphs and homophones in their characters are very similar to those in ancient Egypt and Japan. Perhaps we can compare and discuss their similarities and differences, but we still can't interpret the whole Mayan characters.

However, in 1963, Russian linguist Rui Ke Rohloff successfully classified the inscriptions, processed and analyzed them statistically, and summarized the same hieroglyphics from these different categories. Mayan characters are not composed of twenty-six Roman characters like English, but each character has four syllables. G Rohloff finally succeeded in understanding a few words. On this basis, Charles Sobov and Baki YouSieloff of the Russian Institute of Mathematics used computers to successfully interpret an article with huge data (about100000 words). Delesky's ancient documents include eclipses, the movement of stars, marriage, etc. There are records of farming, hunting and carving in ancient books in Madrid; The ancient documents in Paris recorded the truth of history. In short, the basic contents include religious ceremonies, meteorological phenomena and crops.

No one will think it is great from the Arabic numerals in primary school! Just 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0. Maybe you don't know, the concept of 0 was brought to Europe by Arabs from India. In ancient times, Europeans did not have such a simple concept of numbers. Greeks are good at inventing, but they must write numbers in letters; Although the Romans could use numbers, they could only use four numbers to represent them. Maya used a point, a horizontal line and a shell symbol representing zero to represent numbers. When archaeologists study the Maya digital system, they find that their digital expression is similar to an abacus. They use three symbols: a point, a horizontal line and a shell symbol representing zero-it can represent any number. A similar principle applies to the "binary" of today's computers. This counting method can be used for astronomical figures. In the carved stone pillars found in Girigua, Guatemala, figures of 90 million years and 400 million years were recorded. Mayan calendar is very complicated, including Jin Zhuo calendar with a period of 260 years, lunar calendar with a period of 6 months, lunar calendar with a period of 29 and 30 years, solar calendar with a period of 365 years and so on. , and different calendars in different periods. We use modern astronomical observation to know that a year is 365? 2422 days, the Mayans measured 365 days a year? 2420 days. Maya calculated the famous Venus formula: (Moon) 20x 13 = 260 260 x73 = 37960 (Sun) 8x13 =104/04x5x73 = 37960 (Venus) 5x65438+. After 37,960 days of each cycle, they will meet in a straight line. According to Mayan myths and legends, the "gods" will then go to a quiet resting place. Venus calendar year refers to the time required for Venus to orbit the sun once. The Mayans used the observation period of 384 years to calculate the calendar year of Venus of 584 days (they found that Venus had just walked five times in eight earth years, and then repeated the cycle, so they divided the days of eight earth years by 5-2920- to get 584 days), and today's calculation is 583 days? 1992, the error rate is less than 12 second per day and only 6 minutes per month. It is incredible to calculate the history of Venus with such high accuracy. The Mayans calculated a surprisingly large unit of a day. Archaeologists have known the values as follows: 20 is a one-dimensional Naer-18, Venal is a chariot equal to 360, 20 is a chariot equal to 7200, 20 is a baketu equal to 144000, 20 is a pictu equal to 288000, and 20 is a karabutu equal to 576000. This number unit is so large that even modern people don't need it. From today's scientific point of view, such a large number may only be used in one discipline, that is astronomy. Astronomers often use a large number unit to represent the distance between galaxies, and only astronomical numbers can be so large. The Mayans in the calendar predicted that in the Mayan calendar, there was a calendar called "Golden Zhuo Calendar", which was calculated by 260 days a year, but strangely, there were no planets suitable for this calendar in the solar system. According to this calendar, the approximate position of this planet should be between Venus and the Earth. This symbol in Zhuojinli expresses the galactic core described by Maya, which is very similar to the well-known Tai Chi Yin-Yang diagram. Some Mayan scholars believe that this calendar named Zhuo Jinli records the operation law of the "four seasons of the Milky Way", and according to Zhuo Jinli, our earth is now in the so-called "fifth solar age", that is, the last solar age. During this period of the galactic season, our solar system is experiencing a "great cycle" that lasted for more than 5 100 years. The time was from 3 1 13 BC to 20 12 AD. In this "great cycle", the moving earth and solar system are passing a galactic ray from the core of the Milky Way. The cross-sectional diameter of this ray is 5 125 earth year. In other words, it takes 5 125 years for the earth to pass through this ray. The Mayans divided this "great cycle" into thirteen stages, and the evolution of each stage was recorded in great detail. In thirteen stages, each stage is divided into twenty evolutionary stages. Each period lasts about twenty years. This calendar cycle is very similar to China's "heavenly stems" and "earthly branches", and the calendar is endless, not as endless as a straight line in the year of AD. They believe that since the creation of the world, the earth has passed four solar periods. When the stars in the solar system go through a "big cycle" under the action of this galactic ray, fundamental changes will take place, which the Mayans call "galactic assimilation". Judging from the time of the "great cycle" predicted by Maya, today is drawing to a close. During the twenty years from 1992 to 20 12, our earth entered the last stage of the "Great Cycle". The Mayans believed that this was a very important period before "assimilating the Milky Way". They call it the "earth renewal period". During this period, the earth should be completely purified. After the "earth renewal period", the earth will step out of the galactic ray and enter a new stage of "assimilating the Milky Way". Since the Mayan calendar is so accurate, their predictions should also have some basis. Today, with serious environmental pollution and continuous natural and man-made disasters, we can think about the enlightenment of Mayan prophecy.