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The so-called notation refers to simple notation. There are two kinds of letter symbols and number symbols. The so-called genealogy generally refers to digital notation. Digital notation adopts the method of moving roll call. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 represent the seven basic levels in the scale, with the pronunciations of do, re, mi, fa, sol, la and si, and the rest are represented by O. The sound length name of each number is equivalent to the quarter note of the staff.

The rudiment of digital notation first appeared in Europe in16th century, when there was a Catholic monk named Suetti. He wrote music education songs with 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 representing seven kinds of sounds, and then wrote a booklet entitled "New Methods of Learning plainsong and Music". At that time, westerners paid great attention to personal achievements such as invention and copyright, and then they went down in history. 18th century, Swiss named Rousseau; 1742, he read a paper "Suggestions on New music notation" to the French Academy of Sciences, and then mentioned this "Digital notation" because he wrote Confessions at that time, but his fame increased greatly. As soon as people become famous, books become famous, and the proposal of new music notation is also taken seriously. Since the middle of18th century, a group of French musicians, doctors and mathematicians have sorted out and perfected the "digital notation". 19th century, through the continuous improvement and popularization of P Garland, A Paris and E J M Xie Wei, it was widely used by the masses. Therefore, this notation is called "Jia-Pa-Xie notation" in the west.

1882, this symbol was introduced to Japan, 1904, and was introduced to China by Shen Xingong and others. The Collection of School Songs edited and published by Shen Xingong in 1904 is the earliest collection of school songs in China. Then it gradually spread to schools all over the country. In 1930s, with the development of the national salvation singing movement, notation was widely spread among the masses.

Alphabetic symbols are mainly used in countries such as the United States and Britain. Among them, the mobile roll call method was initiated by H.C. Glover and completed by J. Cowen. It takes seven letters of D, R, M, F, S, L and T as the basic notes, among which, except the seventh sound is pronounced ti, the other sounds are the same as the numerical notation. About the notation of semitone: add e when rising, add a when falling, the high octave is marked 1 in the upper right corner and the low octave is marked 1 in the lower right corner. Its duration and beat are represented by vertical lines, and double dots represent weak beats; A horizontal line means extension, and a single point means that several sounds are connected into a beat.

Because the notation of music notation is quite close to China's Miyachi notation (a popular folk music notation in China), China's music notation has achieved unprecedented development. As far as the world is concerned, China is the country with the best absorption of music scores and the most development. The staff, through the education system and music education centered on the west, has basically spread to all countries, and it is also one of the compulsory items in colleges and universities, providing a foundation for the unification of world music on one spectrum.

In China, the inventor of notation is Li Shutong.

Basic knowledge of notation:

Generally speaking, there are four basic elements in the composition of all music, the most important of which are "the level of sound" and "the length of sound":

1 Tone: Any piece of music is composed of high and low tones. Looking directly from the piano, the keyboard sound is low left and high right.

Length of two sounds: Besides pitch, another important factor is pitch. The pitch and length of the notes determine that this piece of music is different from other pieces, so it becomes the most important basic element of music.

The intensity of three sounds: the intensity of music is easy to understand, also known as intensity. There are always some notes in a piece of music that are stronger than teaching and weaker in some places. The change of strength is one of the factors to express emotion in music works.

4 timbre: it can also be called timbre. That is, musical instruments or human voices. Boys and girls with the same melody pitch sing different timbres; The timbre of violin and piano is different.

The above four items constitute the basic elements of any musical work. It should be said that notation can basically correctly label these basic elements.

Precautions:

In notation, symbols that record the height and length of sound are called notes. The symbols used to represent these sound levels are marked with seven Arabic numerals and written as follows:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 is pronounced: do re mi fa so.

Notes are closely related to pitch. Without pitch, there is no note.

Spacing:

The numerical symbols of notes, such as 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, indicate different pitches. You can intuitively understand notes and pitches on the piano keyboard. Broadly speaking, there are always seven notes in music.

Note length:

The notes in music are not only high and low, but also long and short. Here is a basic musical term-beat. Beat is an important concept to express the length of notes.

Expressing the length of music requires a relatively fixed concept of time. In notation, notes are divided into whole notes, half notes, quarter notes, sixteenth notes and thirty-second notes. Among these notes, the most important one is the quarter note, which is a basic reference to measure the length, that is, the quarter note is a beat. The concept of beat here is the unit of relative time measurement. There is no limit to the length of a beat, which can be 1 second, 2 seconds or half a second. If one beat is one second long, then two beats are two seconds; If one beat is half a second, two beats are the length of one second. Once this basic beat is fixed, symbols that are longer or shorter than a beat are relatively easy.

Use a horizontal line "-"to mark to the right or below the quarter note to define the length of the note. Common notes and their length marks are as follows:

Time value of note name writing

Full note 5- 4 beats

Binary notes 5-2 beats

Quarter notes in 5 beats.

The eighth note is half a beat.

semiquaver

five

= quarter beat

There are thirty-two notes in an eighth beat.

As can be seen from the above example, some horizontal lines are marked behind the notes, and some are recorded under the notes. Different positions of the horizontal line mark different durations of the marked notes. A rule can be found from the table, that is, to extend the duration of a note and add a horizontal line "-"to the right of a quarter note. At this point, the horizontal line is called delay line. The more delay lines, the longer the duration (duration) of the note. On the contrary, the more horizontal lines below the notes, the shorter the note time.

Rest:

In music, there are not only the height and length of sound, but also the pause of sound. The symbol indicating the sound pause is called a rest and marked with "0". In layman's terms, it is a symbol without sound.

Rests and notes are basically the same, and there are six kinds. However, in general, the added horizontal lines are directly replaced by 0. Every time a 0 is added, the duration of a four-point rest is increased.

Semitones and whole tones:

There is a "distance" between notes, which is a relatively calculable value. In music, the minimum distance between two adjacent tones is called semitone, and two semitone distances form a complete tone. On the piano, two keyboards closely connected on the piano keyboard form a semitone, while two keyboards separated by a keyboard are full tones.

Change the tone:

Tones obtained by raising or lowering the standard tone are tone sandhi. A note that raises a semitone is called a rising tone. It is indicated by "#" (pointed sign), which is generally written in the upper left of the note, as shown in the following figure:

The standard note is flat by a semitone, which is indicated by "B" (flat by a semitone) and is also written in the upper left part of the note.

A whole tone rising in the pitch is called polyphony, which is represented by "X" (polyphony) and is related to the mode.

The lowering of pitch and whole tone is called falling again. It is indicated by "bb" (heavy fall).

A sound that is raised (including re-rising) or lowered (including re-falling) will become the original sound, which is indicated by the minus sign.

Dashed line note:

The dotted line point is the point recorded to the right of the note, which means that the duration of the previous note is increased by half. Notes with dots are called dot notes.

Rhythm:

To master reading music, we must first master the rhythm, and practice mastering the rhythm to get an accurate beat. The method of slapping is: half clap with hand, half clap with palm, and one clap up and down.

Beat:

In a piece of music or song, the intensity of sound appears periodically to form a beat. The relationship between beat and rhythm is just like the relationship between neat pace (beat) and changing drums (rhythm) in March.

Single lens and multi-lens:

Single beat refers to the strong beat of each bar. There is a strong bar and several sub-strong bars in the remake.

Mode proportion:

Several tones (usually about seven tones) are combined according to a certain relationship to form a phonological system with tonic (alto) and form a mode.

A series of tones arranged from tonic to tonic in a mode according to a certain pitch relationship are called scales.

Big mode:

Any arrangement of scales that conforms to the whole, whole, half, whole, whole and half structure is natural major. This is the most widely used model.

Generally speaking, the beginning note of a musical composition is 1, 3 or 5, and the music ending in 1 is major music. For example, the national anthem is music in major. To truly understand major music, we must learn harmony knowledge.

Secondary style:

There are three forms of minor:

A: Natural minor: Any scale that conforms to the whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole and whole structure is called natural minor.

B: Harmony minor: The seventh grade of natural minor scale rises, which is called harmony minor.

C: Melody minor: natural minor scale rises 4 or 5 when it rises, and restores 5 or 4 when it falls, which is called melody minor.

Generally, the first note of minor music starts from 6 or 3 and ends at 6. For example, Night Outside Moscow is a minor music. Like major, to really understand minor music, we must learn harmony knowledge.

Duplicate mark:

It means that the tune in the mark is sung (played) repeatedly.

Decorative sound:

The function of decorative sound is mainly used to decorate melody. They are represented by symbols or small notes, and the duration of decorative sounds is very short.

(1) lean tone: refers to one or several tones attached to the tonic, and the duration of the chair tone is short. There is powder that leans forward and backward.

(2) vibrato: the tonic and its adjacent sounds are played alternately and quickly.

(3) Boeing: It is formed by the rapid alternation of the tonic and its adjacent sounds above or below.

(4) Slip: The tonic falls up or down to a certain note. There are two kinds of happy notes, slippery and slippery. Slippery can be played on all stringed instruments except vocal music, but keyboard instruments such as piano cannot play this skill.

Pause mark:

Mark the notes with triangle symbols, indicating that the notes should sing (play) short jumps.

Traditional series:

There are two ways to mark the top of a note with an arc: (1) sustain line: if it is the same note, you can play it according to the beat without playing it again, such as the connection of the following 2; (2) Connecting two or more different sounds, also known as smooth lines. It is required to sing (play) coherently and smoothly.

Accent symbol:

Use > or or sf to mark the top of the note, indicating that the note should be sung (played) forcefully. When two signs appear at the same time, it means stronger.

Keep the tone mark:

A-sign above a note indicates that the note should maintain sufficient duration and volume when singing (playing).

Bar line:

Each bar is separated by a vertical line called a bar line.