Who can guess and tell me?

Who was the first astronaut to land on the moon? Armstrong Collins Aldrin.

2. Please tell me, "What is the last sentence of Tianya * * * at this time? The sea rises and the moon rises.

3. How old is the moon? 4.6 billion years.

Please name an idiom with "moon" and use it properly in making sentences.

5. Do you know who the blind A Bing is? What's the name of a song he wrote about the moon?

Erhu player, "Two Springs Reflect the Moon".

6. Who is the Violet Lay Man? Can you tell me the name of a very famous poem he wrote about the moon?

Li Bai's Thoughts on a Quiet Night

7. When was the exact time of the first moon landing? 1969 July 21June 1 1: 56: 20.

8. What is the meaning of the sentence "When is the bright moon? Ask the wine for a sunny day"? Who is the author?

The tune of water, Su Shi.

9. Beethoven's process of composing moonlight songs.

Second, grab the answer:

Answer first rule: 1. When the host says "Go" after reading the question, the person who makes the sound at the first time has the priority to answer.

2. If the first speaker's answer is incorrect or incomplete, other members of the group can supplement it appropriately, and no overtime is allowed.

3, limited to one minute, plus ten points for a correct answer.

4, the wrong answer deducted ten points, and the topic was asked by the audience.

1. How far is the earth from the moon? 38440 1 km

2. What is the diameter of the moon? The diameter of the moon is 3476 kilometers, which is about the diameter of the earth? 9。

3. What is the approximate surface area of the moon? The surface area of the moon is about one fourteenth of that of the earth.

4. What is the volume of the moon equivalent to that of the earth? The moon is as big as the earth? 9。

5. The mass of the moon is equivalent to a fraction of that of the earth? The mass of the moon is equivalent to 1/8 1 of the mass of the earth.

6. Why does the moon always face the earth in the same direction? Because the period of the moon's rotation is exactly equal to the period of the moon's rotation around the earth, the moon always faces the same direction of the earth.

7. What does "Moon Sea" mean? "Moon Sea" refers to the dim black spots on the moon as seen by naked eyes, and it is a vast plain on the moon.

There are four craters on the back of the moon, named after the ancient astronomers in China. Who are these four astronomers? Most craters are named after famous astronomers or other scholars. There are four craters on the back of the moon, named after China's ancient astronomers Shi Shen, Zhang Heng, Zu Chongzhi and Guo Shoujing.

9. What is the surface temperature of the moon? During the day, the temperature where the sun shines vertically is as high as+127℃; The temperature can be reduced to-183℃ at night.

10, what is the moon's rotation period and period of revolution? About 27.32 158 days.

Third, teamwork must answer questions:

Group cooperation rules: 1, and the answer time is one minute.

The first speaker's answer is incomplete, others can add it.

3. Ten points will be added for correct or basically correct answers, and no points will be deducted for wrong answers.

4. In the process of answering questions, the group has a clear division of labor, and the cooperation is pleasant, adding ten points.

1, (watch the video on the big screen), please retell the story of the eclipse on Columbus Day.

2. (Watch the video) Please talk about the process of solar eclipse.

Draw and explain the different stages of the moon. Today is February of the lunar calendar 15. Please tell me the moon phase today.

Fourth, the risk problem:

Twenty risk questions:

1. Sing a song about the moon.

Recite a poem about the moon.

Tell a story about the moon in 30 seconds.

Thirty risk questions:

1. In simple language, what is the reason for the tide?

Anyone who has been to the seaside knows that the sea has high tides and low tides. At high tide, the sea rises, the waves roll and the scenery is spectacular; At low tide, the sea receded quietly, revealing a beach. China's ancient book says: "The sea is a tide in the morning and a sunseeker at night." So, how do tides come into being?

In ancient times, many Tessa discussed this problem and put forward some hypotheses. Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, believed that the earth, like human beings, also needs to breathe, and tides are the breath of the earth. He guessed that it was caused by the vibration of underground caves, just like the beating of human heart.

With the constant observation of tidal phenomena, people gradually realize the real reason of tidal phenomena. Yu Daoan of ancient China said in the book Preface to Tide Map: "The tide rises and falls, the sea does not increase or decrease, and the moon covers it with time." Wang Chong, a thinker in the Han Dynasty, wrote in Lun Heng: "Tao rises and falls with the moon." They all pointed out that tides have something to do with the moon. /kloc-In the 1980s of 0/7, after discovering the law of universal gravitation, British scientist Newton put forward the hypothesis that tides are caused by the attraction of the moon and the sun to seawater, thus scientifically explaining the causes of tides.

It turns out that seawater is also rotating with the rotation of the earth, and the rotating objects are subjected to centrifugal force, which makes them tend to leave the center of rotation. It's like spinning an open umbrella, and the water drops on the umbrella will be thrown out. At the same time, seawater is also attracted by celestial bodies such as the moon and the sun. Because the moon is closest to the earth, it is more attractive. In this way, seawater forms the tidal force under the combined action of these two forces. Because the earth and the moon are in constant motion, and the relative positions of the earth, the moon and the sun are changing periodically, the tidal force is also changing periodically, which makes the tidal phenomenon happen periodically.

2. (Watch the video) Express the feeling of listening to the tide with rich imagination.

3. (Watch the video) How to understand what Armstrong said: "This small step is a small step for a person; It is a huge leap for all mankind. "

Fifth, the fifth round of writing questions:

Requirements: imaginative and innovative.

Full of creative spirit.

Cooperation is completed, and one person expresses it.

About 200 words, three minutes.

Audience comments can be divided into 50 points, 40 points, 30 points and so on.

1, you drive a spaceship and look for alien life in the vast space. It's been several days since you left the earth. At this time, you can see a beautiful blue planet through the porthole.

2. a day on the moon

3. I'm from the moon-

Additional materials:

General situation of lunar sphere

Compared with the earth, the moon is much smaller. The diameter of the moon is about the diameter of the earth? ; moon

Its volume is1/49 of that of the earth; The surface area of the moon is about114 of the surface area of the earth, which is a little smaller than that of Asia. The mass of the moon is about1/81of the mass of the earth; The acceleration of gravity on the surface of the moon is very small, which is only 1/6 of the acceleration of gravity on the surface of the earth. So the astronauts who landed on the moon walked lightly on the moon, wearing heavy spacesuits and holding detection instruments.

Because the moon's gravity is small, it can't retain the atmosphere and sound can't spread, so the moon is a silent and lifeless world. Since there is no atmosphere on the moon, of course, there is no water vapor and no weather changes such as wind, clouds, rain and snow. There is a great temperature difference between day and night. Under direct sunlight during the day, the temperature can reach 127℃ and drop to-183℃ at night. There is no air or water in any form on the moon, so there is no life. The bright part below the moon that we see with the naked eye is the mountains and plateaus on the moon. The highest mountain on the moon is as high as 9000 meters, which is higher than Mount Everest on the earth. The dark part of the moon is the ocean, so they are named "storm ocean", "sea of tranquility" and so on. In fact, it is a lava plain formed by volcanic eruption in the early moon and a large number of magma spewing out. The most striking feature of the lunar surface is that there are many craters scattered all over the moon, and there are more than 33,000 craters (also known as "lunar craters") with a diameter of more than 65,438+000m m. These craters are generally the products of cosmic objects hitting the surface of the moon and volcanic activities. Lunar exploration shows that the surface of the moon is covered with a layer of lunar methods and debris with different thicknesses. Since Apollo 1 1 landed on the moon, hundreds of kilograms of moon rock samples have been collected many times. According to analysis, nearly 60 kinds of minerals have been found in lunar rocks, 6 of which have not been found on the earth. All chemical elements on the earth exist in lunar rocks and lunar soil, and a variety of organic compounds have been found, but no signs of biological substances have been found. The moon is 4.6 billion years old, just like the earth.

earth moon system

There is only one satellite on earth, and that is the moon. Because the mass of the earth is much larger than that of the moon, the earth

Due to mutual attraction with the moon, the moon keeps rotating around the earth, forming a very small celestial system-earth-moon system in the universe. The distance to the moon, averaging about 384,400 kilometers, is the closest planet to the earth in the universe and the first planet that human beings have landed outside the earth so far. 1In July, 1969, the American Apollo spacecraft 1 1 astronauts landed on the surface of the moon for the first time. It only took more than four days from launch to landing on the surface of the moon. It takes 27.32 days for the moon to orbit the earth and 27.32 days for the moon to rotate once. The direction of operation, like the revolution, is from west to east.

phase of the moon

Looking at the moon on the earth, some are all dark, called new moon (new moon); Sometimes it's like a sickle It's called.

Moth eyebrow moon; Sometimes it is a semicircle, called a string moon; Sometimes it is a big semicircle, called a convex moon; Sometimes, it is like a mirror, shining with silver light. It's called a full moon. The various shapes of the moon's ups and downs are called moon phases. The moon, like the earth, does not emit light by itself, but by reflecting sunlight. The hemisphere facing the sun is bright and the hemisphere facing the sun is dark. Due to the relative positions of the sun, the earth and the moon, the moon phase changes periodically as the moon moves eastward around the earth. The cycle of the moon phase change is 29.53 days.

The significance of the moon to the earth

The moon and the earth go hand in hand and are closely related. Lord, the influence of the moon on the earth.

There must be the following aspects. 1. The natural lighting on the earth at night mainly depends on the moon. 2. As early as ancient times, people compiled calendars according to the cycle of moon phase change. The arrangement of lunar months in China is based on the cycle of lunar phases. The lunar calendar stipulates the first day, so I hope it will be on the fifteenth or sixteenth. Traditional festivals of China people, such as Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, are arranged according to the lunar calendar. 3. Because the gravity of the moon and the sun on the earth's surface is different, there is obvious tidal phenomenon in the water on the earth. The moon is the first stop of human interstellar voyage. It is known that there are many kinds of empty and precious mineral deposits on the surface of the moon; Low gravity; Without the atmosphere, the conditions for using solar energy are better. How to make use of the moon's special environment, develop its resources, and use the moon as a "dock" for human beings to better study the universe will be a new chapter in the relationship between the moon and the earth. moon

Commonly known as the moon, also known as the moon. The only natural satellite of the earth, the closest celestial body to the earth. In astronomy, the moon is usually represented by the symbol □.

The average distance, size and mass from the moon to the earth are 384,4011km. This distance is about 10 times of the equatorial circumference of the earth. The orbit of the moon is elliptical, with an average distance of 363,300 kilometers at perigee and 405,500 kilometers at apogee. The average equatorial adjustment of the moon (that is, the angle at which the equatorial radius of the earth opens when viewed from the moon at an average distance) is 57 □ 2 □ 60. Seen from the earth, the average equatorial radius of the moon is15-32-6, from which it can be calculated that the diameter of the moon is 3476 kilometers, which is about 3/ 1 1 of the diameter of the earth. The surface area of the moon is about114 of the surface area of the earth, slightly smaller than that of Asia. The moon is only the size of the earth? 9。 The mass of the moon is about 1/8 1.3 of the mass of the earth. The average density of lunar material is 3.34 g/cm □, which is only 3/5 of the density of the earth. The gravitational acceleration of a free falling body on the surface of the moon is 1.62m/s □, which is 1/6 of the gravitational acceleration on the surface of the earth. The escape velocity on the moon is about 2.4 km/s, which is about 1/5 on the earth.

The orbiting moon and the earth are a pair of companion stars, which form the earth-moon system and move around the center of mass. The center of mass of earth-moon system is about 467 1 km from the center of the earth, so there is little difference between the elliptical orbit around the center of mass and the elliptical orbit around the center of the earth. The moon makes an elliptical motion around the earth, and it also accompanies the earth to revolve around the sun once a year. The moon is not only influenced by the gravity of the earth, but also by the gravity from the sun, so it has a very complicated orbital motion. The main orbital changes are:

Variation of eccentricity The eccentricity of the lunar orbit ranges from115 to 1/23, with an average eccentricity of 0.0549, which is close to118.

The inclination of the orbit changes. The inclination of the lunar orbit (ecliptic) to the earth orbit (ecliptic) ranges from 4 57 □ ~ 519 □, with an average of 5 09 □.

The elliptical orbit of the moon around the earth is not fixed on its own plane. The arch line of the ellipse (the connecting line between perigee and apogee) moves forward along the direction of the moon's revolution and moves once every 8.85 years. China as early as the Han Dynasty, Jia Kui suggested that the most critical point of the moon's apparent motion should be to move once every nine years, which is actually the result of the arch line motion.

The spatial position of the intersection of Xituibai Road and ecliptic Road is not fixed, but it keeps moving westward, running once every 18.6 years. This phenomenon was discovered by Liu Hong as early as the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and was used in the calculation of solar eclipse forecast.

Center difference Because the orbit of the moon is elliptical rather than circular, the revolution speed of the moon is uneven. Compared with the uniform circular motion, the moon moves back and forth with a half amplitude of 6.29 and a period of 27.55455 days.

The perturbation of the sun and some big planets makes the motion of the moon very complicated, and it has tens of thousands of motion differences. Many scientists, such as Laplace, Hanson, Delane, Hill, E.W. Brown and others, have devoted their lives to the study of the complex motion of the moon. Although many items can be omitted, in order to compile the lunar motion table, about 2000 items still need to be retained. The use of large electronic computers has greatly reduced the heavy calculation work of compiling the lunar motion table (see "The Theory of Lunar Motion").

The cycle of the moon's rotation around the earth is as follows: ① the first month of the lunar calendar: the cycle of the moon's profit and loss, based on the sun, can reach an average of 29.059 days. This cycle was the basis of the ancient calendar in China a long time ago. ② Stars and Moon: The period based on the position of stars, that is, the moon goes around the earth once, with an average of 27,438+0.66 days. As early as the book Huai Nan Zi in the Western Han Dynasty, China had already concluded that the period of the sidereal moon was 27.32 185 days, which achieved high accuracy. ③ Intersection month: based on the intersection of ecliptic and white, the period is 27.2 1222 days. The monthly period of intersection calculated by Zu Chongzhi in the Southern and Northern Dynasties is quite close to the modern value. ④ Perigee Moon: The moon moves from perigee to perigee with a period of 27.55455 days. This cycle was discovered by Jia Kui in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and its length was first measured by Liu Hong as 27.55476 days, which is almost the same as the measured value today. ⑤ Monthly division: based on the vernal division, the period is 27.35438+058 days.

Rotation and shape since ancient times, people have known that the moon always faces the same direction of the earth. This is because the rotation period of the moon is exactly equal to that of the moon around the earth, and the same two periods are the result of long-term tidal action.

The inclination of the equatorial plane of the moon and its orbital plane is 6 465 438+0 degrees. Because of this inclination and the uneven speed of the moon, observers at a certain point on the ground can still see the edge of the moon swinging back and forth during the movement of the moon. This swing is called lunar libration. Balanced motion can be divided into:

Geometric libration or apparent libration. Apparent libration can be divided into meridional libration, latitudinal libration and diurnal libration See lunar optical libration.

Because the lengths of the three main inertial axes are not equal, the physical balance moves the moon and deviates from the average position under the action of the earth's gravity. Different from geometric libration, it is a real oscillation. Physical libration is much smaller than geometric libration (see lunar physical libration). Because of these two scales, not only half the moon can be seen from the ground, but also 59% of the moon can be seen, and the remaining 4 1% cannot be seen directly.

The shape of the moon is a flat ball, with the north and south poles slightly flat and the equator slightly higher. Its average polar radius is 500 meters shorter than the equatorial radius. The polar regions are also asymmetrical, with the Arctic region uplifting and the Antarctic region sinking by about 400 meters. But in general calculation, the moon can still be regarded as a triaxial ellipsoid. The study of physical libration is helpful to solve the problem of moon shape. The study of libration also shows that the center of gravity of the moon does not coincide with the geometric center, and the center of gravity is 2 kilometers away from the earth. This conclusion has been confirmed by the data obtained by Apollo landing on the moon.

Features of the moon: On the moon, the mountains are undulating and the peaks are densely covered. In addition, there are various distinctive names such as ocean, sea, bay and lake. In fact, there is no water on the moon. Only in the early years, observers borrowed the name of the earth by imagination, which is at most some morphological similarities.

The most obvious feature on a crater or lunar crater. Crater, which means "bowl" in Greek, usually refers to a bowl-shaped pit structure. Among them, the large diameter can exceed 100 km, and the small one is just a pit. There are more than 33,000 craters with a diameter greater than 1km, accounting for 7 ~ 10% of the surface area of the moon. Most craters are named after famous astronomers or other scholars. There are four craters on the back of the moon, named after China's ancient astronomers Shi Shen, Zhang Heng, Zu Chongzhi (see Zu Chongzhi and his son) and Guo Shoujing. The largest craters on the moon are: Bailey crater near the South Pole, with a diameter of 295 kilometers; Crater Crater in Krakow, with a diameter of 233 kilometers; Newton crater, 230 kilometers in diameter. There is a central peak or central peak group in the central area of many craters, which is as high as 2.5 kilometers.

Dark spots on the moon as seen by naked eyes, they are vast plains. On the front of the moon, the area of the moon sea accounts for about half of the whole hemisphere surface. There are 22 known moon seas (including the back), the largest of which is Storm Ocean, covering an area of about 5 million square kilometers. Yuhai covers an area of about 900,000 square kilometers. The area of Jinghai in the center of the moon is about 260,000 square kilometers. In addition, the larger ones are Chenghai, Fengfuhai, Dangerous Sea and Haiyun. Most of the Moon Sea is round and closed, surrounded by mountains. Some moon seas extend to land and are called bays, while small moon seas are called lakes.

The land, mountains and cliffs of the moon are areas where the surface of the moon is higher than the sea, generally 2 ~ 3 kilometers higher. The lunar land is mainly composed of light plagioclase with high albedo. On the front of the moon, the land area is roughly equal to the sea area, while on the back, the land area is larger. According to isotope dating, the land-forming age of the moon is 4.6 billion years, which is earlier than that of the moon and the sea. There are also some mountains on the moon, most of which are named after the mountains on the earth, such as Apennines, Caucasus and Alps. The longest mountain range is 1000 km long, which is often 3-4 km higher than the Moon Sea. The highest peak is near the south pole of the moon, 9000 meters high, which is higher than Mount Everest, the highest on the earth. In addition to mountains, there are hundreds of kilometers of cliffs, the longest of which is Altai Cliff.

The typical radiation patterns on the surface of the moon are those around Tycho crater and Copernicus crater. There are 12 radiation lines in Tycho crater, which extend radially outward from the periphery of the crater, and the longest line is 1800 km, which is best seen at the full moon. Its cause is still inconclusive: some people say it was formed by volcanic eruption; Some people think that it was caused by meteorites bombarding the moon.

Long-term astronomical observation of physical characteristics and direct investigation of landing on the moon confirmed that there was no obvious magnetic field around the moon. The strength of the lunar magnetic field is less than11000 of the earth's magnetic field. There is no radiation belt on the moon like Earth and Jupiter. There is no water in any form on the moon, there is no atmosphere at all, and it is almost in a vacuum. According to the rocket sounding of the moon, there are 12 gravity anomaly areas on the front of the moon, which are called "gravity tumor" or "mass tumor". Most of the surface of the moon is covered by a layer of lunar dust and debris with different thicknesses. The thermal conductivity of lunar material is extremely low, about 6× 10□ calories/(cm. S degrees). The moon has no protective layer like the earth's atmosphere, and the surface of the moon is directly hit by meteoroids, so it will affect the chemical composition, fragment size, glass content and recrystallization degree of moon rocks to some extent. Volcanic eruption occurred widely in the early moon, spewing out a large amount of molten slurry, thus forming a vast lava plain on the moon.

A picture of the back of the moon

The moon itself does not shine, but reflects sunlight. Its brightness varies with the angular distance between the sun and the moon and the distance between the earth and the moon. Its average brightness is the brightness of the sun? 65000, the brightness changed from 1/630000 to 1/375000. At the full moon, the average brightness is-12.7 (see magnitude). Its average illumination to the earth is 0.22 lux, which is equivalent to the illumination of 100 watt electric lamp at a distance of 2 1 meter. The surface of the moon is not a good reflector. Its average albedo is only 7%, and the other 93% is absorbed by the moon. The albedo of Guangdong Sea is even lower, about 6%. The albedo of the lunar highlands and craters is 17%, and it seems that the mountains are brighter than the moon sea. The brightness of the moon changes with the age of the moon. The brightness of the full moon in the table below is 100, and the brightness values of different months are listed. It can be seen that the brightness of the full moon is more than ten times that of the upper and lower chords.

Because there is no atmosphere on the moon, the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of lunar materials are very low, so the temperature difference between day and night on the surface of the moon is very large. During the day, the temperature where the sun shines vertically is as high as+127℃; The temperature can be reduced to-183℃ at night. These values only represent the temperature on the surface of the moon. The temperature in the lunar soil can be measured by radio observation. The longer the wavelength of radio waves used, the deeper the temperature in the lunar soil can be detected. This measurement shows that the temperature in the deep soil on the surface of the moon rarely changes, which is precisely because of the low thermal conductivity of the material on the surface of the moon.

From the propagation of lunar seismic waves, we know that the moon also has layered structures such as shell, mantle and core. The outermost lunar shell is 60 ~ 65km thick. Below the lunar crust to the depth of 1000km is the lunar mantle, which occupies most of the volume of the moon. Below the lunar mantle is the lunar core. The temperature of the lunar core is about 65438 0000℃, which is probably in a molten state and probably composed of Fe-Ni-S and eclogite.

The structure on the back of the moon is quite different from that on the front. The Moon Sea occupies less land and there are many craters. The terrain is uneven. The longest and shortest radius of the moon is located on the back, some places are 4 kilometers longer than the average radius of the moon, and some places are 5 kilometers shorter (such as Van der Graf Depression). No "lump" was found on the back. The moon shell on the back is thicker than that on the front, with the thickest point reaching 150km, while the thickness of the moon shell on the front is only about 60km.