What are the characteristics of folk songs in northern Shaanxi? What are the unique and representative songs? You need it for class, hurry up!

Folk songs in northern Shaanxi are divided into three categories: labor chant, belief in nature and minor. Labor songs include tamping songs, smashing songs, quarrying songs, cattle songs and playing songs. Xintianyou can be divided into high-pitched cavity and flat cavity. Minor is divided into popular minor (lyric song, narrative song, humorous song); Social fire songs (yangko, boat songs, lantern songs); Folk songs (wedding songs, wine songs, rain-praying tunes, official tunes); Sixian minor (Yulin minor, Errenzhuan, Daoqing, Wan Wan accent); Large divertimento (Luochuan divertimento, trial recording),

These folk songs with different genres and characteristics reflect all aspects of social life and sing the bitterness, joy and hate of the people in northern Shaanxi. When the social system changes fundamentally, the content and form of folk songs also change. This change is reflected in the new social life and new characters in content, and it also gives new meanings to various genres. The following respectively introduce the classification of folk songs in northern Shaanxi and the characteristics of various genres.

(1) labor force

1. The production of labor songs

Labor chant is a folk song sung by laborers with the rhythm of labor. Intense labor action and heavy physical load endow his singing with the characteristics of labor sound-shouting and shouting. Therefore, the folk call the labor bugle not "drinking", the north is called "Yao bugle", the south is called "shouting bugle" and Sichuan is called "whistle". Labor chant is the earliest form of poetry in human society, and it is also one of the sources of all later poems.

(2) Xintianyou

Xintianyou belongs to the folk song style, which is Shan Ye's song. Therefore, Shenfu area is also called "folk songs". It is one of the most distinctive folk songs in northern Shaanxi. The largest number, the largest number of tunes, the widest content, and the most popular among the masses. Therefore, the folks have a saying that "poverty is headless."

First, the spread of Xintianyou

Xintianyou is the most representative in Suide and Mizhi. * Shanxi Hequ, Inner Mongolia Yikezhaomeng, Ningxia Yanchi and other neighboring areas, because of the influence of folk songs, climbing tunes and flowers, Xintian tour has a certain flavor. At the same time, some songs are owned by several places.

Traditional belief tour mostly shows women's pain in marriage, love and family life and their resistance to the shackles of feudal ethics; Also manifested in the long and lonely journey, the porters expressed the anguish of hard life and the yearning for their relatives in their hometown; It also reflects the working people's yearning for a better life in the future. In order to express these rich thoughts and feelings, singers often touch the scene, express their feelings, improvise and export them into poems; As a result, the beautiful and beautiful songs roamed in the sky and spread all over the countryside of Shan Ye. Therefore, people call this form "sky tour" or "sky tour". Through the popular display of the revolutionary situation, Xintianyou not only shows the personal joys and sorrows of the working people, but also is closely linked with the revolutionary struggle, resulting in countless Xintianyou praising the party, the leaders, the revolution and the new life. Nowadays, Xintianyou has become an indispensable art form in people's life in northern Shaanxi, which is the most direct, simple and beautiful.

Second, the characteristics of Xintianyou

① The lyrics of Xintianyou are characterized by two-sentence structure. Because its words are homonyms and are strictly restricted by phrases, it forms a stable form of two sentences and one paragraph. It takes metaphor as a means of thinking in images, chooses life and refines an artistic image with harmonious content and form. This is "seeking things and expressing feelings" or "touching the scene and feeling". In the long-term development of Xintianyou, these two traditional expressions have become their own fine traditions. Usually based on the previous sentence, comparison and the next sentence. The use of Bi Xing is naturally ingenious, appropriate and accurate. The sentence patterns are diverse, the rhythm is distinct, and the rhyming method is flexible and free. It is catchy to read and pleasant to sing. The length can be long or short, and two lines can be used as an independent poem. The organic combination of multiple lines and paragraphs can make the short chapter become a continuous Long song, showing richer and more complete content.

(2) Xintianyou is a lyric ditty. As mentioned earlier, because it is an outdoor song of Shan Ye, the environment is empty and not restricted by labor movement, so its melody is characterized by rough and unrestrained, melodious and high-pitched, which fully embodies the uninhibited character of people in northern Shaanxi. As Xintianyou sang, "An empty kiln can't sing". Of course, there are lingering, euphemistic, delicate and frank tunes in Xintianyou, just like the tunes that women miss their lovers.

(3) Xintianyou singing is not limited by tunes. According to the content of the lyrics and the mood of the singer, the same song can sing different feelings, which can be long or short, fast or slow. At the same time, each lyric can be matched with any tune, which shows that the tune of Xintianyou is not fixed.

Third, the classification of the Xintianyou is basically divided into two categories: high-pitched and flat-pitched.

Free rhythm, wide range, big melody ups and downs, and unrestrained feelings, such as:

(1) The river flows in the opposite ditch, and guerrillas come down from Hengshan.

(2) Your mother hit you, and you told your brother why you drank foreign cigarettes.

(3) Flowers bloom on the cliff, and the cliff is red, and the suffering people look forward to the bright (oh) scenery.

(4) I can't beat you. Why are you wearing red shoes in the dew?

The first singing method (example 1, example 2) should use high notes; The second singing method (Example 3, Example 4) should be flat cavity. High-pitched tunes are mostly sung in falsetto, which is called "the sound of sheep returning to cattle" Because the tunes are unrestrained, melodious, high-pitched, with wide range, big beat and free and changeable rhythm, many tunes adopt infinite extension and mixed beat, so they stretch freely, express their feelings freely, have compact flat cavity structure, neat rhythm and relatively stable melody.

Xintianyou, Shaanxi's "folk songs" and Inner Mongolia's "mountaineering songs" all belong to Shan Ge's song style. They are not only basically the same in style, technique, flexibility of tune and singing style, but also very similar in language skills. For example, Xintianyou sang: "My father-in-law is on death row, and my buffalo horn mother-in-law is standing at the door." Climbing the mountain and singing: "The father-in-law who shot the ghost suffered from the horse ghost, and the mother-in-law who ate food stood on the door." Another example is Xintianyou singing "Morning glory is red, dew husband and wife are empty." The mountain climbing song sings: "Snow hits the wall and ice builds a house, and the dew husband and wife will grow up soon." The folk song sings: "Ice (this) builds a house and hits the wall, and the next eldest daughter won't last long." Another example is Xintianyou singing "Morning glory blooms slowly, it is estimated that morning glory blooms all morning." How similar these sentences are to each other! This situation is actually an inevitable phenomenon that folk literature is passed down from mouth to mouth and influenced by the region. Although they have similarities or similarities in form, we can still distinguish the significant differences between them from the aspects of content, language and melody application reflected by folk songs. As far as mountaineering songs are concerned, although the subject matter is extensive, they are not as rich and complete as Xintianyou, especially revolutionary folk songs. Lyricically, Xintianyou is exquisite, with euphemistic and colorful lyrics, while mountaineering songs have profound implications and rough style. In the use of language, there are dialects spoken in different mass areas. For example, the songs of mountain climbing often include Lala Willow, Wandering Whistle, Solitary Whistle, Piling, Wandering and Strong Price. Sometimes in order to rhyme or express strong feelings, function words such as "le", "ya" and "la" are used at the end of sentences. These are not available in Xintianyou. In addition, both of them use reduplication, while mountaineering songs are used more. Both of them have distinct local colors and local sentiment in their tunes, but the names of mountaineering songs are all named after places, which is one of the remarkable differences between them and Xintianyou in terms of tunes.

(3) Minors

Minor refers to all kinds of folk songs popular in public life, such as rest, entertainment and celebration. If Xintianyou is the "Song of Shan Ye", then minor is the "Song of Alley". The so-called "Song of Shan Ye" refers to the folk song "Journey to Heaven", which is a folk song genre that spreads and develops in rural areas. The so-called "songs in the alley" means that the spread and development of minor songs are more related to towns, and most minor songs are spread from towns to rural areas.

Characteristics of 1. minor

(1) is rich in content, ranging from fine to coarse. Minor's extensive contact with different classes and strata in urban and rural areas, coupled with the spread of professional artists and the publication of singing books, has promoted more artistic processing and brought complexity to its ideological content. It mainly shows that it not only reflects the life of the peasant class, but also reflects the life and consciousness of small-scale craftsmen and other laborers, businessmen and citizens. Therefore, the content of minor is complicated and refined, the singing is simple and healthy, the tunes are greasy and vulgar, and there is a civic flavor, lacking the strong local flavor and fresh artistic conception of Xintianyou. But it expresses the content and feelings delicately, and is good at expressing feelings through narrative methods.

(2) diverse themes and extensive life. Minor reflects a wide range of life. It not only shows the history of revolutionary struggle, but also praises real life; There are also historical events, legends or life stories; It not only reflects various major political and social events; It also reflects the games and customs in daily life. Especially in the revolutionary era, literary and art workers and the masses created many revolutionary new songs, which played a fighting role in uniting the people, educating the people and attacking and destroying the enemy.

③ Most of the lyrics are divided into sections. The sentences are varied, ranging from five words to seven words. There are four or six sentences in each paragraph, and there are three or five odd sentences. Some lyrics are very short, and some lyrics are as long as twenty or thirty paragraphs. Generally, the lyrics and songs are relatively fixed and do not have the characteristics of improvisation. Singing forms include solo, duet, chorus or chorus.

(4) Because of the interaction between minor and song and dance, folk art and traditional opera, it has been treated more artistically. Generally speaking, minor rhythms and beats are neat, melodies are beautiful, varied and standardized, and the structure is clear, complete and independent. In addition, interlining and cavity are widely used, with common musical instruments, such as introduction and door crossing.

2. Classification of minors

According to the ideological content, singing methods and uses of minor, we divide it into five categories: popular minor, social fire song, folk song, string minor and large divertimento. Popular tunes include ballads, lyrical songs and silent songs.

Traffic minor

① Narrative tone

Narrative songs, like narrative poems, mainly describe people's narratives. There are relatively complete stories and vivid characters, but there is no specific and delicate description.

The narrative way of narrative songs is usually narrative. The so-called narrative is that the singer sings people and things in the third person. Sometimes narrative and endorsement are combined, and the first person is used to replace the singing of the characters in the works. Comrade He Qifang once said in Talking about Writing Poetry: "Narrative poetry is not telling a story, but singing a story." The so-called storytelling is not only narrative but also lyrical in narrative songs. But this "feeling" must be combined with the character and the progress of the story. Lyricism in narration and narration in lyricism make narrative and lyricism well combined. Xie Yuan said: "Narration is the mother of love, but love is the unruly son of things." This sentence has two meanings, one is that lyricism should not be vague, the other is that narration should be simple and lyricism should be complicated. In other words, lyricism must be based on narrative, and the feelings expressed are incisive and refreshing. If you blurt out, there is no formal dress to enhance the narrative characteristics.

Narrative songs usually sing multiple lyrics repeatedly with the same tune. Narrative songs created by professional writers are mostly in the form of music songs, and rarely in the form of segmented songs.

② Lyric songs

Although there are many ballads in minor, most of them are lyric short songs. It is the true expression of various feelings caused by objective things by poets and singers, such as love for the motherland, leaders, hometown, relatives and all good things, hatred for enemies and all kinds of ugly things, love between men and women, friendship between friends and other feelings of joy, pain, sadness, nostalgia and expectation. Unlike narrative poems, which do not describe the process of life events in detail, there is generally no plot, but direct expression of the mind.

③ Humorous songs

Humorous songs are songs that make people laugh with humorous strokes. Generally, there are vivid plot descriptions, which are humorous, lively and cheerful, and can give people unlimited fun and interest. It can praise advanced and beautiful things, show the optimism in the humorous character of working people, and also satirize and laugh at ugly and decadent things.

In addition, some minor works have basically the same theme and content, but there are several different tunes or the same tune has several lyrics with different themes and contents. This variation is one of the important characteristics of oral creation.

One of the reasons for this phenomenon is that folk songs are spread orally among working people, and there is no fixed material form, or the singer changes them intentionally or unintentionally according to his own tastes, so a song is often changed in different time and space. The second reason for this phenomenon is the interaction between regions.