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Talk about the formation of land-rented farms in Western Europe
To talk about the formation of land-rented farms in Western Europe, we must talk about the feudal manors in Western Europe.
Since the 9th century, a new form of agricultural economic organization has gradually become popular, which is the manor. By about the 11th century, manors spread across Europe. The manor was a specific organizational form of agricultural production in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. The main reason for the establishment of Zhuang Yang was that the level of social productivity at that time was relatively low, and feudal lords could only rely on their own feudal real estate to live. Kings, churches, and great feudal lords all established manors in their territories.
The land of the manor is divided into self-owned land and allotment land. The residents of the manor are all tenants of the lord, including free farmers and serfs who lack freedom. These tenants had to work on their own camps for 3 to 5 days a week, and the rest of the time belonged to them. All the income from the self-camps belonged to the lord. Providing servitude to the lord was a basic obligation of the tenants.
Most of the surrounding areas of the manor are woodland, wasteland, etc., which are called exclusive land. All tenants can graze and use them together.
In order to resolve disputes within the manor, to stabilize the public order of the manor, and to safeguard the interests of the lord, the manor set up a manor court. The manor court does not have specialized staff, nor does it have a fixed court time or location; the manor mainly resolves internal affairs, and has both judicial and administrative powers. The means of punishing various illegal acts is usually the imposition of fines, and all of them belong to the lord. all.
The estate is therefore an independent, self-sufficient economic and political unit.
Around the 9th century, the cultivated land area in Europe continued to expand, agricultural technology continued to improve, agricultural surplus products increased, commercial trade developed, and the population grew. Within the feudal lord's territory, some serfs with specialized skills left in groups to live in places suitable for their production and life.
In the 11th century, serfs could purchase exemptions from servitude with currency, or have the opportunity to escape the personal shackles of their lords by paying a migration tax, or by leaving the manor. The estates gradually declined and disintegrated, and the peasants gradually gained control over their surplus produce.
In the 11th century, reclamation movements were carried out in various places. A large amount of woodland, wasteland, and swamps were developed, and the land area gradually expanded. Some reclamation was organized by lords, while most was initiated by farmers. Peasants who cultivated land on their own initiative gradually became wealthy farmers. They later became tenant farmers and farmed according to new production methods.
With the promotion of new production methods, the small plots of land under the manor system are increasingly unsuitable for new production and management activities, and land concentration has become a trend.
After the mid-14th century, more and more lords rented out their own camps. They lived on land rent and no longer participated in production management. Some wealthy farmers pooled their land and established land-renting farms by renting or purchasing land from lords, subletting or purchasing other tenants' properties.
? In rented farms, rented farmers adopt new production methods to operate, hire farmers with little or no land to cultivate, and bring products to the market. In this way, land-renting farmers become employers, and farmers with little or no land become hired workers. The relationship between them becomes an employment relationship. The employment relationship is a capitalist production relationship. In the 13th and 14th centuries, wealthy farmers, knights, squires and other new management methods carried out production and exchange, and gradually became the early bourgeoisie.
The difference between a land-rented farm and a feudal manor:
1. Exploitation method: from feudal to wage-based exploitation
2. Business characteristics: from self-sufficiency to self-sufficiency produced for the market.
3. The essence of land-renting farms is capitalist production. ?
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