What will happen to the world when human beings conquer nuclear fusion?

Nuclear fusion is an effective scheme for mankind to use energy in the near future.

Nuclear fusion is a method of obtaining atomic energy, which changes the binding energy between atoms and nuclei through light nuclear polymerization. Nuclear fusion needs hydrogen fuel, which is safer and cleaner than nuclear fission However, how to realize controlled nuclear fusion is still the most urgent problem for mankind.

Conditions and technical realization of nuclear fusion.

Because the temperature of nuclear fusion is as high as tens of millions of degrees, in this state, all atoms become plasma, and besides the high temperature, the plasma density is large enough and lasts for a long time before the self-sustaining nuclear fusion reaction can occur. In this way, only stars like the sun have such natural conditions, constantly releasing huge amounts of light and heat. Stars rely on their huge mass and gravity to bind plasma and continue nuclear fusion at high temperature.

Difficulties in current manual control of nuclear fusion.

The difficulty of artificially controlled nuclear fusion lies in how to suppress high temperature plasma. Of course, the earth, as a star, cannot have enough gravity to restrain high-temperature plasma. At present, the effective ways to study controlled fusion are magnetic confinement and laser inertia confinement, and a number of controlled thermonuclear fusion experimental reactors have been launched at home and abroad. Although the research of nuclear fusion process has been carried out for decades, there are still great technical challenges, and it is optimistic that it will take decades to be commercialized.

Once we broke through controlled nuclear fusion, human development entered a new era.

Once mankind breaks through controlled nuclear fusion, the energy crisis on the earth will of course cease to exist; The greenhouse effect caused by burning carbon-based energy such as oil will also be effectively controlled. At present, some scientists classify civilizations according to the use of energy. Therefore, once human beings realize the controlled nuclear fusion, they can use the spacecraft loaded with nuclear fusion engines to achieve the purpose of interstellar travel, to find more resources and explore the secrets of the starry sky. Our journey is a sea of stars.

I have worked in the energy field for more than 20 years, so I should know this problem better. Let me analyze it briefly.

Let's get to the point first Nuclear fusion has been realized by human beings. This is the "hydrogen bomb". The subject may want to ask "controlled nuclear fusion"?

According to the routine, let's talk about what nuclear fusion is.

Nuclear fusion, also known as fusion reaction, is a nuclear reaction that combines two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus and a very light nucleus or particle. In this process, the nuclear fusion reaction converts the mass of some reactants into energy.

The sun is a huge nuclear fusion reactor. Hydrogen bombs use the enormous energy released by nuclear fusion to destroy targets.

What is controlled nuclear fusion?

Controlled nuclear fusion is the process of manually controlling the energy output of nuclear fusion, so that the energy output can meet the dynamic demand of human beings for energy.

The easiest fusion reaction is the fusion of hydrogen isotopes: deuterium and tritium. Deuterium is stored in seawater for about 4 trillion tons. In an ideal state, the released energy is enough for human beings to use for billions of years. After fusion, helium without radioactive pollution is produced.

According to Einstein's equation of mass and energy: E MC? It can be simply calculated that 1 kg substance can be completely converted into energy, and energy of 9 10 16 joules can be obtained, which can be converted into electric energy for about 25 billion hours. In 20 16 years, the electricity consumption of the whole society is 5919.8 billion kwh. This only needs about 340 tons of fusion fuel to meet the national power demand.

The controlled nuclear fusion reactor is about 50 years away from commercial operation.

The influence of controlled nuclear fusion on our world.

After the commercial operation of controlled nuclear fusion, human beings will no longer worry about energy problems, and its impact is enormous:

First of all, it pushed mankind to the so-called first civilization (currently 0.7 civilization), namely "planetary civilization". In essence, all the industrial revolutions we have experienced are changes in energy utilization mode and efficiency. The commercial operation of controlled nuclear fusion will undoubtedly promote another industrial revolution (it is estimated to be the fifth industrial revolution, the first four are: steam engine revolution, electrification revolution, information revolution and artificial intelligence revolution), and the development of human society will once again embark on the fast lane.

Politically, the global energy pattern will be completely reshuffled, and the oil resources in the Middle East will no longer be the trump card of some countries, thus achieving the world energy balance. The energy problem will no longer be the fuse of war, and the world will be more peaceful.

Environmental problems will be solved. Because controlled nuclear fusion produces helium, there is no environmental pollution problem, no greenhouse gas emission problem, and energy is cheaper, we will bid farewell to smog. ...

The problems of population growth and arable land reduction have been alleviated. Relatively cheap energy provides feasible conditions for the realization of modern agricultural factories. Modern agricultural planting buildings can be used to grow crops, and low-energy electric lights can be used to provide photosynthesis. The risk of war is further reduced.

Man will begin the space age. At present, the limitation of human exploration of space is mainly the lack of sufficient and reliable energy supply. With controlled nuclear fusion and the engine without working medium, we will conquer the whole solar system, and it is not a problem to immigrate to Mars.

The latest news: Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology say that the dream of nuclear fusion power generation will soon become a reality within 15 years.

Estimation is a major breakthrough! Remember: nuclear fusion is an international cooperation project, and whoever has a breakthrough is a good thing!

The realization of low-cost controlled nuclear fusion means that mankind has gained almost inexhaustible energy.

The international thermonuclear fusion experimental reactor is scheduled to ignite in 2025, and the total cost is expected to exceed 654.38+0.5 billion euros. Judging from the current progress, the possibility of abortion in this project is increasing.

Now the controlled nuclear fusion has been realized, but the construction cost and maintenance cost of the reactor are extremely high, and it is far from being commercialized.

We might as well imagine romantically what will happen to the earth and human civilization if a low-cost controlled nuclear fusion is realized (low cost means that the cost is110 or even lower than the existing energy).

1, hunger will disappear completely:

Even today, as many as 826,543.8 billion people in the world are still hungry, and this number is still rising. However, at the same time, consumers in developed countries throw away as much as 40% of food every year, and more than 25% of food in the world is lost during transportation.

The world's total grain output is sufficient, but there are huge differences between regions and the cost of long-distance transportation is high, which leads to people in many places still not having enough to eat. When the low-cost controlled nuclear fusion is realized, the transportation cost will be greatly reduced, food can be distributed globally, and hunger will disappear completely.

2. The freshwater crisis has been lifted.

At present, the main problem of seawater purification lies in cost. Even the most advanced desalination plant in Israel, the production cost per ton of fresh water is higher than that in 5 yuan. In the cost composition, energy cost (electricity) accounts for the vast majority, which makes it difficult to popularize and apply seawater desalination technology in a large area. When the low-cost controlled nuclear fusion is realized, the cost of seawater desalination and long-distance transportation will be greatly reduced, and drought and fresh water shortage will become a thing of the past.

The environmental crisis, especially global warming, has been solved.

At present, the biggest problem facing all mankind is global warming, which is rooted in the fact that human beings can't get rid of their dependence on fossil fuels (oil and coal) and produce a large amount of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which leads to global warming. Nuclear fusion is a clean energy source, with no greenhouse gas emission, and the generated nuclear waste has a very short half-life (it can be quickly converted into non-radioactive substances). Even if there is a nuclear leakage, the harm is very low, and the evacuation radius only needs one kilometer, which is much less than that of the current nuclear fission reactor.

Mastering reliable controlled nuclear fusion technology also means that human civilization has entered a new era. No matter how rich your imagination is, it is hard to predict what will happen that day. Let's wait for the moment when human civilization shines!

After reading some friends' answers, they were all very good. Conquering nuclear fusion, it should be said that conquering controlled nuclear fusion will broaden the world's energy field.

Just like the machines and electricity discovered and invented by humans in those years, it has since stepped out of the dark farming era and entered the rapid development of modern life. Any major scientific discovery and invention can greatly promote the progress of human society, and the realization of controlled nuclear fusion will push human civilization into a new era of development.

The theory of nuclear fusion has been formed for more than half a century. Humans have realized some applications of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, such as atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs, which are typical applications of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. But the explosion of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb is instantaneous, and this huge energy is uncontrollable.

Mankind has mastered the technology of controllable nuclear fission, which has been widely used in production and life, mainly in nuclear power generation and nuclear reactor drive. In 2006, the world's nuclear power has accounted for 15% of the total electricity, and China started late in this respect, accounting for a relatively low proportion.

However, the application of human nuclear fusion has been under study, and the progress is relatively difficult and slow.

Controlled nuclear fusion is more difficult to overcome than controlled nuclear fission, because the conditions of nuclear fusion are more demanding and more difficult.

At the center of the sun, nuclear fusion has been going on. Every second, 600 million tons of hydrogen is converted into 596 million tons of helium, releasing 4 million tons of hydrogen energy. It is this huge energy that provides light and heat for all planets, satellites, dwarf planets, asteroids and interstellar matter in the solar system. What excites this energy is the pressure of the sun's core of 300 billion atmospheres and the temperature of 654.38+05 million degrees.

The earth can't provide such high pressure, and nuclear fusion can only be achieved by raising the temperature, which requires the temperature to reach hundreds of millions of degrees. Therefore, how to reach such a temperature and what kind of container or way to suppress it are the key problems that need to be solved in the scientific community at present.

All mankind attaches great importance to the development of controlled nuclear fusion because it has a high comparative advantage.

Compared with nuclear fission, nuclear fusion has the following advantages:

1, nuclear fusion releases more energy than nuclear fission. It is estimated that six deuterium atoms emit 43.24MeV of energy, which is equivalent to an average of 3.6MeV per nucleus. It is 4 times higher than the average release of 200/236=0.85MeV per nucleus in n+ fission reaction.

2. Nuclear fusion has no high-end nuclear waste and will not cause great pollution to the environment. However, the advantages of nuclear fission cannot be brought into full play because of the small reserves of raw uranium, great political interference and great radioactivity and danger.

3. The supply of nuclear fusion fuel is sufficient, with 65.438+0 trillion tons of heavy hydrogen on the earth. Every kloc-0/liter of seawater contains 30mg of deuterium, and the energy generated by fusion of 30mg of deuterium is equivalent to 300 liters of gasoline.

Therefore, if controlled nuclear fusion can be realized, mankind will be able to overcome the staged energy crisis and truly move from the "oil civilization era" to the "nuclear civilization era", and human civilization will be promoted to a new level.

In recent years, controlled nuclear fusion's research is accelerating, and breakthroughs have been made in many specific aspects.

China's nuclear fusion "artificial sun" experimental device EAST (advanced superconducting tokamak experimental device) has achieved steady-state long-pulse high-confinement plasma operation for more than 1.0 1.2 seconds, which is in the forefront of the world. Whether it can finally achieve the overtaking in the corner that is often said remains to be followed up.

It is reported that the German satellite simulator nuclear fusion reactor has made a breakthrough, while Lockheed Martin of the United States announced a breakthrough in the miniaturization of controlled nuclear fusion as early as 20 14. A small reactor that can be installed at the back end of trucks is expected to be born within ten years. These are gratifying progress.

The scientific community predicts that controlled nuclear fusion power generation may be commercialized in 2025 and may be widely used in society in 2050.

Space-time communication has mentioned the division of three-level civilizations in the universe many times in the past, which was put forward by Kardashev, a scientist of the former Soviet Union, in the 1960s.

Kardashev believes that the main measure of cosmic civilization is the control and utilization of energy, which can be divided into three levels: planetary first-class civilization, stellar second-class civilization and galaxy third-class civilization. The promotion of each level of civilization is accompanied by an order of magnitude increase in energy consumption. Although his theory is only a hypothesis, it has been widely recognized by the scientific community.

The scientific community estimates that human civilization is currently only 0.73. To achieve the first-class civilization, we need to increase the energy by more than 10000 times, while to achieve the second-class civilization, we need to increase the energy control and use capacity by more than 1000 billion times.

The controlled nuclear fusion has been realized, the energy crisis has been solved, and the ability of human beings to control and utilize energy has been greatly improved. It is possible to make human civilization reach the first-class interstellar civilization within 100. Of course, it will take thousands of years to realize the second-class civilization (please refer to the related articles published in Time and Space Newsletter in the past for introduction).

Because the energy of controlled nuclear fusion is highly concentrated, it is possible for human beings to explore and develop deep space. Our current rockets use conventional energy, and it takes hundreds of tons of fuel to launch into earth orbit, so we can't sail with a lot of fuel. If nuclear fusion, 30 milligrams of deuterium is equivalent to 300 liters of gasoline, and 3 kilograms of deuterium is equivalent to 30,000 tons of gasoline. If tritium is fused, it can achieve greater energy output. In this way, it is possible to fly farther into deep space without carrying a lot of fuel.

Of course, long-distance space navigation needs to be accompanied by the synchronous improvement of technology in many aspects such as engines and space survival support.

The energy of nuclear fusion is huge on the earth, enough for human beings to use for a period of time.

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Let me rub a wave of heat. I believe that all of you have recently been screened by the news that the temperature of the artificial solar plasma center in China has reached 1 100 million degrees Celsius, leading the world.

The topic should refer to the controlled nuclear fusion technology. What is nuclear fusion? Look at the sun in the sky. Why can you always shine and heat? What does it burn? Why can it burn for so long?

The reason why the sun shines and heats up is that in the core of the sun, under the state of high temperature and high pressure, the nuclear fusion reaction between hydrogen atoms releases a lot of energy, which is then continuously transported to the surface of the sun and radiated to the whole solar system. Nuclear fission and fusion of atoms can release enormous energy. Atomic bombs use nuclear fission and hydrogen bombs use nuclear fusion. Compared with nuclear fission, nuclear fusion is more difficult and the released energy is more terrible. At the core of the sun, the temperature is as high as 654.38+0.5 million degrees Celsius, and the pressure is terrible.

Nuclear energy is clean energy, and people have been using nuclear fission ability for a long time, but for nuclear fusion, human beings can only master the uncontrollable nuclear fusion form of hydrogen bomb. Compared with traditional power generation methods, the efficiency of using nuclear fuel is much higher. For example, to generate 6.5438+0 million kilowatts of electricity, it needs to consume 500,000 tons of coal, while nuclear fuel only needs 30 tons. Broadly speaking, nuclear fuel is inexhaustible, and the energy produced by nuclear fission is so great, not to mention nuclear fusion. If one day mankind can control controllable nuclear fission, it is no exaggeration to say that there will be no more energy crisis.

However, it is very difficult to control this process. The first thing that needs to be satisfied is high temperature, which is a prerequisite for generating plasma. Plasma refers to the discrete state in which electron neutrons leave the nucleus and form with the nucleus. But temperature alone is not enough, and high pressure is needed, which is more difficult to do, because no container on earth can withstand the high pressure conditions required for nuclear fusion. Therefore, high temperature has become the only development direction, and this temperature is generally above 100 million degrees.

Although China's research on controlled nuclear fusion technology has entered the forefront of the world, there is still a long way to go to completely control the nuclear fusion technology. If one day mankind really conquers controlled nuclear fusion technology, then, as I said above, there will be no more energy crisis for mankind. At the same time, there should be no reason for war caused by energy competition in today's world.

After human beings conquer nuclear fusion, the world energy history will enter a new era from energy shortage to inexhaustible. Since then, human civilization is about to enter a new era of leap-forward development.

First of all, fossil fuels will disappear rapidly, coal-fired power plants will be completely dismantled, fuel-fired vehicles will be withdrawn from the historical stage, coal mines, oil and gas bases, refineries and gas stations will all be closed, and even wind and solar power stations will gradually fade out. Instead, ultra-clean hydrogen power stations are spread all over the world, and a more developed transmission network connects the world. Air pollution has become history, and the greenhouse effect has finally been controlled. Whether in rural areas or cities, people under the blue sky and white clouds are enjoying an infinitely better life brought by the energy science and technology revolution.

Second, the cost of electricity has dropped significantly. Super cheap electricity has changed people's lives. Cooking, heating and traveling with electricity will also disappear, and people will no longer worry about the harm caused by a large number of plastic products to the natural environment. People's daily necessities return to paper, and a large number of daily necessities made of plant fibers are full of people's lives.

Third, ultra-cheap electricity makes seawater desalination popular. Near the deserts in the Middle East, Africa and western China, there has been a steady stream of fresh water, and a large number of forest oasis manors have grown in the desert. A large number of emerging cities have sprung up because of the energy revolution. While improving barren land and desert, human beings have also changed the climate.

Fourth, the battery technology will eventually break through. All kinds of super batteries, large and small, are distributed in all fields of production and life. With the popularization of intelligence, robots carrying super batteries are busy in Shan Ye, cities and villages. People lament the convenience and beauty of life, and poverty and hunger will never return.

Fifth, the energy revolution has given space exploration a broad space for development. The continuous energy has made a qualitative leap in the tonnage and speed of the spacecraft. The construction of a large space station and a lunar base has made people's dream of flying into space come true.

What will happen to the world when human beings conquer nuclear fusion?

Not to mention the "nuclear" fusion of two atomic bombs 1945 dropped by Americans in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan at the end of World War II. When human beings on the earth overcome the obstacle of nuclear fusion in 100, they will make a "nuclear rocket" and apply it to the Orion project and a "century-old starship" project advocated by DARPA and NASA in 20100. To build a real interstellar spaceship, we should gather the top scientists in the world and make a practical plan for interstellar travel in the next century.

This can be traced back to the 1950s. At that time, most people lived in fear of nuclear war, but a few atomic scientists were seeking the peaceful use of nuclear energy. They considered various ideas, such as using nuclear weapons to open ports and bays.

Most of these ideas were rejected for fear of the side effects and destructive power of nuclear explosions. However, one interesting suggestion is very attractive. It is called "Orion Project" and seeks to use nuclear bombs as the power source of starships. The framework of the plan is simple: make miniature atomic bombs and then launch them one by one from the tail end of the spacecraft. Every time the mini nuclear bomb explodes, it will generate energy shock waves to push the starship forward. In principle, if a series of miniature nuclear bombs are released continuously, the rocket may accelerate to near the fastest speed of light in the universe. This idea was put forward by nuclear physicists Ted Taylor and Freeman Dyson. Taylor is famous for designing many kinds of nuclear bombs, from the largest nuclear fission bomb ever (the nuclear explosion is about 25 times as powerful as the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima) to David and crockett's portable nuclear missiles (one thousandth as powerful as the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima), but he is eager to use his extensive knowledge of nuclear bombs for peaceful purposes. So he seized the opportunity to build the Orion capsule.

The main challenge of this task is how to accurately control a series of small explosions so that the starship can safely control the shock wave of nuclear explosion without being destroyed in the process. In order to achieve this goal, people have made a series of speed range design schemes. The largest model has a diameter of 14 mile, weighs 8 million tons, and is propelled by 1080 bombs. Theoretically, it can reach the speed of light of 10% and reach Alpha Centauri within 40 years. Although the ship is very big, the calculation shows that it may be feasible.

However, critics agree that this nuclear pulsar ship will release radioactive dust. Taylor retorted that radioactive dust can only be produced when dust and metal bomb shells become radioactive after explosion, so this situation can be avoided if the spacecraft only starts the engine in outer space. However, the partial nuclear test ban treaty of 1963 also increases the difficulty of small-scale atomic bomb experiments. The final destination of Orion capsule will be written as a treasure in ancient science books.

Disadvantages of the nuclear rocket: Another reason why the Orion capsule project ended was that Ted Taylor himself lost it.

Lost interest. Since this seems to bring his talents into full play, why not support this exploration? He explained that the construction of the Orion capsule will produce a new type of nuclear bomb. Although he spent most of his life designing uranium fission bombs, he realized that one day.

The Orion capsule may also use a specially designed powerful hydrogen bomb, so he stopped. These bombs can release the maximum energy known in science. They have gone through three stages of development. The first hydrogen bombs in the 1950s were huge devices that needed to be transported by large ships. In fact, they are useless in nuclear war. The second generation nuclear bomb is a small portable multi-warhead missile, which is the main force of the nuclear arsenals of the United States and Russia.

The nuclear fusion rocket is reliable in concept, but the nuclear fusion energy has not been proved. In addition, the huge scale and complexity of these rockets make people doubt their feasibility, at least in 2 1 century. Nevertheless, nuclear fusion rockets are considered to be the most promising except sails.

Happiness lies in being content with Shanghai +09. 12. 13.

First of all, nuclear fusion is not difficult. For example, the working principle of the hydrogen bomb is nuclear fusion, but the hydrogen bomb has no other use for human beings except as a weapon, so what human beings really need is controlled nuclear fusion. In a sense, the sun is a huge controlled nuclear fusion machine, which can continuously generate energy for tens of billions of years.

Then once mankind has mastered this technology, it means that mankind has entered another era. For example, we all know that the development of science is inseparable from the use of energy, and the mainstream energy now is nothing more than oil and coal. Both energy sources are fossil fuels. The biggest problem of fossil fuels is that it is difficult to mine and it will also produce pollutants.

The raw material of controlled nuclear fusion is deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, which exists in large quantities on the earth. According to some calculations, there are about 4 trillion tons of deuterium stored in the ocean, so generally speaking, 0.03 grams of deuterium can release the energy generated by 300 liters of gasoline, so once controlled nuclear fusion becomes a reality, mankind will bid farewell to those fossil energy sources.

Secondly, once controlled nuclear fusion becomes a reality, humans will go into space on a large scale. The biggest problem for modern human beings to explore space is energy supplement. For example, the International Space Station needs to send people to transport materials every once in a while, but each launch costs tens of millions of dollars, so human exploration of space will be greatly restricted.

If controlled nuclear fusion's technology can be realized, mankind can reduce the cost, and even we can build a large controlled nuclear fusion reactor on the moon or Mars. Once such a reactor is built, humans can stand on this planet and then transform it. Therefore, controlled nuclear fusion's technology is very, very important. As long as it is realized, mankind has entered a new era.

Once nuclear fusion is officially put into use, the most obvious thing is that the country's energy problem can be solved forever. Oil can withdraw from the historical stage, and those countries in the Middle East who have made a fortune from oil can cry bitterly. If China can take the lead, the United States will panic and national rejuvenation is just around the corner.

Ahem, not much to say, here are some related knowledge:

nuclear fusion

In fact, the reason is very simple. If you can try your best to make the nuclei of two atoms (usually hydrogen isotopes) collide and polymerize into a new nucleus. Great energy can be released in this process. Einstein's equation of mass and energy can come in handy.

But artificial nuclear fusion is also layered. For example, deuterium-tritium fusion is the earliest generation of nuclear fusion. For example, the reaction between deuterium and tritium can release 65,438+07.6 MeV of energy. Although the raw material is seawater, it can be said that it is inexhaustible, but it also has shortcomings. Is to release neutrons, which will shorten the life of the fusion device. The most perfect is the helium-3 reaction, without neutrons and tritium radioactivity.

Difficulties in controlled nuclear fusion

High temperature and high pressure: high temperature can make particles move faster; High pressure can narrow the range of particle motion, and both can improve the probability of particle collision.

Take the sun as an example, we know that the sun is carrying out this nuclear fusion reaction all the time. Why can it output energy so stably and continuously? Because the core of the solar reaction, the temperature is about 1000 to 20 million degrees, and there is a strong gravitational constraint. So the premise of nuclear collision exists.

But that technology is the patent of the stars, and it can't be simulated on the earth. So we can only raise the temperature, even to hundreds of millions of degrees. But the plasma with such a high temperature can only be controlled by pressurization to ensure that the reaction device is not "scalded"? At present, the mainstream methods are all magnetic confinement. These high-temperature plasmas are bound together by magnetic fields, kept in a state of fusion and kept rotating.

Therefore, how to achieve continuous high temperature without damaging the equipment.

It is estimated that we still have decades to go before it is officially put into use.

Good luck with your work ~ I look forward to your comments! Attention in the upper right corner!

To overcome the obstacle of nuclear fusion, many people often think of realizing controlled nuclear fusion. But this is not the only sign of nuclear fusion, and there will be new signs after breaking through the controlled nuclear fusion sign.

Tokmak, star imitator, etc. There is a nickname called "artificial sun". Although nuclear fusion is also carried out internally, it is different from nuclear fusion on the sun. Nuclear fusion refers to the process of synthesizing light nuclei into heavier nuclei, in which a lot of energy can be released. However, even without controlled nuclear fusion, only the fusion of deuterium and tritium isotopes can be operated at present, and the most common fusion of hydrogen cannot be realized. Although the deuterium and tritium resources on the earth are enough for human beings to use for a period of time, the demand for energy is constantly expanding, and the realization of controlled nuclear fusion will not make human beings once and for all.

On the sun, the proton-proton chain reaction is mainly carried out, and the fusion of light nuclei can be realized by protons (hydrogen nuclei). The sun can directly use more common tools for nuclear fusion, which is a process that humans have not yet mastered. Stars with greater mass can also carry out more kinds of fusion, all the way to the fusion of iron to release energy. In this process, humans are powerless.

Man's demand for energy will not stop with the realization of controlled nuclear fusion, and man's exploration of science is endless. After the realization of controlled nuclear fusion, mankind will jump for joy and then throw themselves into the next level.