Why did Nanzhao compete with the Tang Dynasty for Annan?

As one of the six capitals in the Tang Dynasty, Annan Duhu House was the main institution for the management of the southern border areas in the Tang Dynasty, belonging to Lingnan Road. In the first year of hanging furnace in Tang Gaozong (679), the Governor's Office of Jiaozhou was changed to the Governor's Office of Annan, which was one of the five tubes in Lingnan. So Annan originally belonged to Datang.

Here's the story. In the 12th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 858), in order to maintain Li Zhuo's political greed, Tang Annan bought horses and cattle from the natives, and only fought with salt at one end. The natives were disgusted and led Nanzhao soldiers to harass Annan's territory. In the first year of Xian Tong (AD 860), Annan natives led another 30,000 troops from Nanzhao, breaking their toes. Xian Tong four years, Nanzhao once again breached Jiao Jiao, killing one hundred and fifty thousand people.

Let me talk about Nanzhao State and its feud with the Tang Dynasty.

1. When Nanzhao saved the world in the previous Zhou Dynasty, he sent a general, Zhuang Biao, to Dianchi Lake, and he won the land of the king of Chu, and his descendants have always been king. In the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 109), Yizhou County was taken out of the Kingdom of Yunnan, and Yongchang County was added to the Eastern Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (now Baoshan North, Yunnan). During the Shu-Han period, Zhuge Liang pacified the south and added two counties: Xinggu (governing Wan Wen, now northwest of Yanshan Mountain in Yunnan) and Yunnan (governing Dongnong, now Yaoanbei in Yunnan). Later, many counties were added in the Southern Dynasties.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties basically adopted Zhuge Liang's policy of "the discipline was finalized at the beginning, and the barbarians were rough and harmonious" (Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu and Zhuge Liang), citing the policy of "the Spring and Autumn Period of Han, Jin and Qing Dynasties", but seeking peace among nations. At the end of the Southern Dynasties, during Liang's rebellion in Hou Jing, the secretariat recruited tens of thousands of people to go to Ningzhou to build health. After Xu Wencheng left, Liang's rule in Yunnan came to an end, and all counties in Yunnan were occupied by chiefs.

From time to time, a noble chieftain passed by, and the Sui Dynasty also gave the ministers a secretariat. When Zanzan died, Zi Zanzhen and Zanzan were divided into different groups. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen, recruited Yongning, and took the cloud as the secretariat. Tang Gaozu Wudechu (AD 6 18-626) and Cong Yunzi and Cong Hongda were the secretariat of Zhou Kun. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the influence of the Tang Dynasty once entered the west, and "Qin Ge (now Dayao, Yunnan) and Dongnong (now Yaoan, Yunnan) were counties" (New Tang Book Nanzhao Biography).

The distribution areas of the two hexagrams are from Shicheng (Nanzhao changed Tanglang Prefecture to Shicheng County, now northwest of Qujing, Yunnan), Kunchuan (now Kunming, Yunnan), Quye (now south of Songming, Yunnan), Jinning (now northeast of Jinning, Yunnan), Yuxian (not detailed), Anning (now Anning, Yunnan) to Long he cheng (now southeast of Lufeng, Yunnan). In Qujing Prefecture, Miluochuan (now Maitreya Luxi, Yunnan Province) and Shengmachuan (now Xundian, Yunnan Province) reach the pier in the south (now southwest of Gejiu, Yunnan Province and east of the Red River), which is called "Dongcuo" (Fan Chuo's Schumann).

The west is called "Bai Man" and the east is called "Wu Man". Wuman is divided into seven tribes. "One is Ayu Road, the hometown of Quzhou and Jingzhou; Second, Amon; Sanshan; The fourth is violence, the fifth is Lulu, and the two tribes reinsurance Zhu Ziling; 6, grinding and collecting; Seven, don't Deng "

"Don't pretend to be Li Qian. Joan has six surnames, one is Bai Man and the other is Wu Man." Wuman "women wear black clothes and mop the floor." Bai Man: "Women wear white clothes, but they don't reach their knees." Biography of Nanzhao in the New Tang Dynasty. Don't distinguish Wu Man and Bai nationality in Deng area by the color of clothes, but also in other places. There are a few white barbarians in the area where Wuman lives, and naturally there are a few Wuman in the area where Baiman lives. Although it is divided into east and west according to the living area, the actual situation is probably more complicated.

When a person is still a ghost, he says that the priest is the owner of the ghost and sends a cow or a sheep to his family every year. ""A great family has GREAT GHOST as its teacher, and a hundred schools of thought have a small master "("New Tang Book Nanzhao Biography "), above GREAT GHOST, there is GREAT GHOST as its teacher. After Yan Hongda's death, Bai Man returned to the king and became the governor of Nanning. He also attacked and killed Meng Pin and Meng Qi, the leaders of Wuman. Two GREAT GHOST masters, Cong Chongdao, attacked and killed the Gui Ghost King again. A pregnant wife of Gui Wanggui, the daughter of the leader of Uman tribe, asked Uman to send troops to avenge her husband's murder. Guanbai civil strife, Nanzhao took advantage of the gap to send troops to attack and kill Congchong Road and annex Dianchi Lake area.

The above is the situation when Nanzhao troops just pushed into Dianchi Lake area.

Around Erhai Lake, it is also a multi-ethnic activity center. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the distribution of tribal forces in this area was also very scattered. The Tongdian Frontier Defense Code says: "There are hundreds of tribes in the land of Xi 'er River, with the largest being 500 to 600 households and the smallest being 200 to 300 households. There are dozens of surnames, with Yang, Li, Zhao and Dong as celebrities, and mountains and rivers are everywhere. "It can be seen that the Erhai Lake area was still in a very dispersed state at that time, and there was no unified force.

In the seventh year of Wude in Tang Gaozu (AD 624), Wei Renshou, the governor of Yongning in the Tang Dynasty, appeased the southwest and led 500 soldiers to the Xi 'er River basin. In the 21st year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (AD 647), Zhao Mo, the leader of the Western Zhao Dynasty (north of Xi 'er River), led more than 10,000 families to join his family, and Mingzhou was established in the Tang Dynasty. In the twenty-second year of Zhenguan, Tang's army advanced to Er River.

Later, Tubo rose and belonged to the Wuman and Baiman tribes in the Erhai Lake basin in Xi 'an. Since both Tubo and Tang Dynasty extended to the Xi River basin, it is necessary for tribes living around Erhai Lake to unite to resist.

Surrounded by Erhai Lake, there are six tribes in Yi * * *, and the canal length of the tribe is called "imperial edict", so it is called "six imperial edicts". These six imperial edicts are:

I Meng Shezhao, who lives in Menghuaba, Weishan, Yunnan.

Second, Meng Haosheng lives in today's Midu, Yunnan.

Thirdly, analyze Zhao who lives in Binju Street, southwest of Binchuan, Yunnan.

Fourth, Langqiu Zhao lived in Eryuan, Yunnan today.

Five, to avoid the imperial edict, living in today's Yunnan Eryuan southeast waste Deng Chuan county boundary.

Sixth, Shi Langzhao lives at the foot of Muntz Mountain in Eryuan, Yunnan.

Among the six imperial edicts, the residence of Meng She's imperial edict is at the southernmost tip, so it is called "Nanzhao". At the beginning of the six imperial edicts, it is said: "When the forces are at odds, they cannot be combined" (Zi Jian Tang Kaiyuan Sixteenth Year). The powerful Tubo always invaded the neighboring tribes in Liu Zhao. In the third year of Wu Zetian's Chang 'an (AD 703), the forces of Tubo Zampa arrived in Jiangyu (now Weixi and Lijiang, Yunnan), where they set up the commander-in-chief of Shenchuan (now Zhongdian, Yunnan) and collected tribute taxes from the tribes of xi 'er River.

Under the oppression of this external force, the tribes along the Xi River United to resist the demands of the Tubo aristocratic slave owners. At this time, Liu Zhao was nominally imprisoned by the Tang Dynasty, and Nanzhao had a particularly close relationship with the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Wu Zetian, Luo Laitang, commander of Nanzhao tribe, asked about the plan and died in Chang 'an.

From the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, Piluoge, commander of Nanzhao Canal, began to annex five imperial edicts, and by the 25th year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (AD 737), the six imperial edicts were basically unified. In the 26th year of Kaiyuan, the Tang Dynasty canonized Piluge as the King of Yunnan, which shows that the Tang Dynasty supported the unification of Nanzhao. Pirog built Taihe City (now Nantaihe Village, Dali, Yunnan) as the political center of Nanzhao. Since then, Nanzhao has resisted the Tubo invasion from the northwest; On the other hand, the tribes in Dianchi Lake, Lancang River, Nujiang River and Yuanjiang River basins were successively annexed.

From "a hundred tribes" and "no great monarch" to "each is good at one state" (Tang Yao Hui, volume 98, Kunmi Kingdom), this is a kind of progress; From the six imperial edicts to Nanzhao, the vast Sanjiao area has been unified, and the economy and culture of Sanjiao area have been fully developed, which is another great progress.

Second, Nanzhao and the feud of the Tang Dynasty. In the seventh year of Tianbao (AD 748), Piluoge, the king of Nanzhao, died, and Luo Fengsi stood up and attacked the king of Yunnan. Nanzhao and Tang were originally reconciled, but at that time the Tang court was corrupt and local officials were greedy and tyrannical. Ge Luofeng was furious, and Yu Tianbao rose up and attacked Tang Yaozhou (ruling Yaocheng, now Yaoanbei, Yunnan) and killed Zhang Qiantuo, the prefect of Tang Yunnan.