In which country is the Hanging Garden? Tell me about its history.

One of eight wonders of the world: Hanging Gardens When it comes to Babylonian civilization, the "Hanging Gardens" is the first thing that people talk about and think about. It is called one of eight wonders of the world. Of course, the hanging gardens in Babylon have never hung in the air. The origin of this name is purely due to people's misinterpretation of the Greek word "kremastos" and the Latin word "pensilis", which originally meant "hanging" and "protruding". For thousands of years, there has been a beautiful and touching legend about "Hanging Garden". King Nebuchadnezzar II of new Babylon (605-562 BC) married the princess of the Medes. The princess was beautiful and won the king's favor. But as time went on, the princess became very sad. Nebuchadnezzar doesn't know why. The princess said, "my hometown is full of green mountains and green waters, and birds are singing and flowers are fragrant." And here is the endless plain of Babylon, and even a hill can't be found. How I long to see the mountains and winding paths in our hometown again! " So the princess is homesick. So Nebuchadnezzar II ordered craftsmen to build a cascade garden in his palace according to the scenery of Mount Mitis, which was full of exotic flowers and herbs, and opened a quiet mountain path in the garden, with flowing water beside it. The craftsmen also built a tower in the middle of the garden, which stood in the air. The exquisite garden scenery finally won the princess's heart. Because the garden is higher than the palace wall, it feels that the whole imperial garden is hanging in the air, so it is called "hanging garden" and "hanging garden". Those who went to Babylon to worship, do business or travel in those days could see the golden roof shining in the sun from a distance. Therefore, by the 2nd century AD, Greek scholars listed the "Hanging Garden" as one of the "Seven Wonders of the World" when evaluating famous buildings and sculptures around the world. Since then, the "Hanging Garden" has become more famous. Regrettably, the "Hanging Garden", like other famous buildings of Babylonian civilization, has long been lost in the rolling yellow sand. We can only understand the "hanging garden" through historical records of later generations and modern archaeological excavations. However, there are also some records that although the "hanging garden" is mentioned, people think that the legendary "hanging garden" was not built by Nebuchadnezzar II, but was specially built by a Syrian king to please his beloved princess. Some records even think that the legendary "Hanging Garden" actually refers to the royal garden built by Assyrian King sinatra Herib in Nineveh, his capital. It was not until the end of 19 that German archaeologists excavated the ruins of Babylon. When they excavated Nangong Garden, they excavated an unusual, semi-underground and almost rectangular building in the northeast corner, with an area of about 1.260 square meters. This building consists of two rows of log cabins, each row is only 6.6 square meters on average. There is a corridor between the two rows of cottages, which is symmetrically arranged and surrounded by tall and generous walls. A well with three sinks, one square and two ovals, was found in a hut in the west row. According to the analysis of archaeologists, these huts may be the original water rooms, and those tanks were used to install the pressurized water machine. Therefore, archaeologists believe that this place is probably the site of the legendary "Hanging Garden". At that time, the Babylonians paved the solid vaults of these huts with mud, raised them layer by layer, and planted flowers and trees. As for irrigation water, it is continuously supplied by the pressurized water machine in the underground cabin. Archaeologists have proved through textual research that the principle of using pressurized water machine at that time was basically the same as the chain pump we use now. It ties several buckets to a chain belt and connects them with a wheel placed on the wall. When the wheel rotates once, the bucket will rotate with it, completing the whole process of lifting and pouring water, and then the water will flow into the garden through the sink for irrigation. This kind of pressurized water machine is still widely used in the two river basins. In addition, archaeologists did find a lot of traces of planting flowers and trees in the site. However, so far, no exact documents have been found in the clay tablets of Babylonian cuneiform characters. Therefore, whether the archaeologist's explanation is correct needs further study. In short, the true face of the legendary "hanging garden" is still hidden in the fog of history. The most magical part of the hanging garden is the water supply system. Because there is not much rain in Babylon, and the ruins of the hanging garden are thought to be far away from the Euphrates River, the researchers believe that there should be many water conveyance facilities in the hanging garden, as shown in the figure. The slaves kept pushing the handle with gears to transport the groundwater to the storage tank on the top floor, and then returned to the ground through the artificial river. Another problem is maintenance, because it is impossible for ordinary buildings to resist the erosion of the river for many years without falling down. Because there are not many stones in Mesopotamia, researchers think that the bricks used in hanging gardens are different. They added reeds, asphalt and tiles, and there are even documents that the stone was covered with lead to prevent the river from infiltrating into the foundation. It is said that the hanging garden adopts the three-dimensional gardening method. The garden is placed on a four-story platform made of asphalt and bricks. This platform is supported by 25-meter-high columns and has an irrigation system. The slaves kept pushing the handle connected to the gear. The garden is full of all kinds of flowers and trees, which looks like a garden hanging in mid-air from a distance. In Babylonian literature, the hanging garden is just a mystery, and it is not even mentioned. [Edit this paragraph] Architectural History Hanging Garden Mesopotamia (Greek: the place between the two rivers) gave birth to the earliest civilization in human history-the ancient Babylonian civilization (China Xia Dynasty) in the 0/9th century BC; Because there is no natural barrier in this area, Babylon presents a diversified cultural development trend. The place between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River is called Mesopotamia, which means "between the two rivers". Every spring, the snow on the plateau melts, and these two rivers flood in Mesopotamia. Especially in the downstream area, the terrain is low and concave, almost completely submerged. A Babylonian myth that has been passed down to this day vividly reflects this situation: the hanging garden depicted by Assyrians, an ancestor of the king of Babylon dreamed that he met a fairy. God told him that the flood would flood the earth to punish human sins. Because he has always been devout to God, and God wants to save him. The man obeyed God's command, built an ark, moved his family to the boat, and took some animals and some seeds with him. Soon, dark clouds filled the sky, darkness covered the earth, storms hit, floods flooded all life, and only the ark floated on the boundless water. On the seventh day, the wind stopped and the river was calm. At this time, the ark floated to a mountain. The people on board released the animals from the ark, scattered seeds on the mountains, and life on earth began again. Many myths of human nations are influenced by ancient Babylonian legends. The story of the famous Noah's Ark in the West also evolved from this legend: a man named Noah built an ark according to God's command, and the whole family sat on it to escape the flood. After the flood receded, Noah released a pigeon. Soon, the pigeon came back with a freshly twisted olive in its mouth, Ye Fei, to let Noah know that the flood had receded and everything was back to life. Later, westerners regarded pigeons and olive branches as symbols of peace. Of course, neither the immortal nor the dove of peace can bring real peace and happiness to people. To overcome the flood, people must rely on themselves. Babylonians learned to build dams, canals and rivers in the struggle against floods. After the flood subsided, like the Egyptians, they also enjoyed the benefits of regular flooding of the river. The flood brought a lot of silt, which made the soil on both sides very fertile. Coupled with strong sunshine and abundant water resources, crops are harvested every year. It is said that wheat was first planted in Babylon. The Assyrians who lived in the north of Babylon were very powerful. In the 8th century BC (China has entered the Spring and Autumn Period), Assyria became a huge military empire. Babylon was conquered by it, and Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine, Asia Minor and Egypt were also included in its territory. Except Greece and Italy, it occupied almost the whole Mediterranean coast. The capital of Assyria is Nineveh, where many magnificent palaces have been built. In 6 12 BC, the Chaldeans living in Babylon joined forces with the Medes in the east to attack Ada. They rushed into Nineveh with bloody spears and shields. The residents of the whole city were slaughtered, even the children were not spared. The last king of Assyria, Sinsarikhon, and his palace were burned to ashes. Since then, this huge empire and its capital have disappeared from the ground. There are two barren hills along the Tigris River, which are said to be the ruins of Nineveh. 1845, Layard, an Englishman, excavated two Assyrian palaces here, and found giant statues of famous winged cows and many exquisite stone carvings. Later, he continued to dig and dug up 28 palaces and halls in three years. However, this is not Nineveh, but another city in Assyria called Kara. The real Nineveh is sixty or seventy kilometers north of Kara. 1849, Layard discovered the ruins of the grand palace of King Sinukili (more than 700 BC) here. This palace was burned by the Medes. Many clay tablets engraved with pictures and cuneiform characters have traces of fire. The two libraries in the palace are full of clay tablets engraved with cuneiform characters. The largest piece is 3 meters long and more than 2 meters wide, and the smallest piece is less than 1 inch long, with only one or two lines engraved. These clay tablets are Assyrian books more than 2,500 years ago, which are rich in content, including knowledge of history, law, religion and natural science. A few years later, archaeologist Russum discovered the palace hall and another library of King Subanj. There are many myths about Assyria and Babylon engraved on the clay tablets collected in the library. Assyrian palaces were built by thousands of slaves, most of whom were captured by Assyrians in the war. When slaves work, some wear chains and fetters, and some are firmly tied together by chains. There are soldiers with weapons watching. Pictures reflecting these scenes have also been unearthed. A large number of cultural relics excavated by Nineveh enable people to clearly understand the history of the rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire. The Chaldeans who defeated Assyria established a new country in Babylon. In order to distinguish it from Babylon Wang Guoxiang, which was destroyed by Assyria, people called it the New Babylonian Kingdom. King Nebuchadnezzar of new Babylon built the capital of Babylon into a fortress-like city. Even by today's standards, its scale is amazing. The city is square, each side is 22.2 kilometers long. The wall around the city is about 8.5 meters high and is made of brick and paint. Four horse-drawn chariots can run on the wide wall. There are 100 bronze gates in the city. There is also a deep moat around the city wall. The Euphrates River flows under the city walls and through the city. There is also a big palace in the city of Babylon. There is a "hanging garden" in the palace, which is called one of the seven wonders of the world by later generations. During the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar (605-562 BC), Babylon was the most powerful country. He led troops to attack Syria, sent troops to Palestine, seized Jerusalem, destroyed the Jewish kingdom, forced Jews to move to Babylon as slaves and became "prisoners of Babylon". In his later years, he also invaded Egypt. In recent decades, the population of Babylon has reached more than 65,438+10,000, with merchants from all over Asia, and the slave economy has developed greatly. However, behind the prosperity, there has been a crisis lurking. The hatred and resistance of conquered foreigners against the slave owners in Babylon continued to occur. The poor and peasants in their own families became slaves because of bankruptcy, which aggravated the class contradiction in China, and the contradiction between slave owners' classes for power and interests became increasingly fierce. After Nebuchadnezzar's death, the domestic political situation immediately became turbulent. In six years, eight kings were abolished and two were killed. In the East, the increasingly powerful Persian Empire conquered Medea, an ally of Babylon, and formed a situation where the army was under siege. The slave owners in Babylon were busy fighting for power and profit and enjoying themselves. They think their walls are so high and strong that no one can break them. They never imagined that the enemy would use the Euphrates River across the city wall to break into houses. One night, a young prince in Babylon was holding a carnival party. King Ju Lushi of Persia ordered the construction of a dam on the Euphrates River, and put water on one side of the dam. His army sneaked into the city from the riverbed on the other side and captured Babylon without fighting. It is said that some Babylonian businessmen were inside the Persians. This happened in 538 BC (the late Spring and Autumn Period in China). The new kingdom of Babylon, which only existed for 88 years, perished. Babylon's prosperity, Babylon's miracle, Babylon's high walls and bronze doors and its "hanging gardens" have all become piles of barren hills and wasteland. Babylonian ruins were gradually excavated from 1899, enabling people to study its past more accurately. However, the excavation work encountered difficulties, and the influence of groundwater made the city of Babylon in Cuba face the danger of being completely destroyed. How to reduce the water level of rivers has become a research topic for experts in many countries.

Remember to adopt