Please tell me, how did the Japanese invaders invade China in the middle and late Ming Dynasty? What was the result?

The period of Japanese invasion in Ming Dynasty can be roughly divided into: Japanese invasion in early Ming Dynasty, Japanese invasion in Jiajing period (the most rampant period) and Japanese invasion after Qin Long. Jiajing period was the most serious period of Japan's invasion of China, especially in the middle of Jiajing period. Japanese invasion during Jiajing period, but in fact this problem is far from as simple as we thought, from which we found strong national sentiment of domestic historians. In fact, the so-called "suffering of the enemy" in the middle of Ming Dynasty was basically composed of three parts. First, the Japanese samurai, businessmen and pirates mentioned in our history textbooks (at that time, Japan's domestic commodity economy developed and it was in urgent need of expanding overseas trade, and Japan was in a state of chaos, which provided conditions for Japanese pirates, profiteers and samurai ronin to invade China's coastal borders); Second, Portuguese pirates and businessmen; Third, pirate groups off the coast of China. What needs to be pointed out, and what is most difficult for us to believe, is that the main components of the "enemy" in the Ming Dynasty were mainly China people. "Jiajing Southeast Pingwa Tonglu" contains: "Covering Jiangnan Marine Police, there are 13 places in Japan and 17 places in China"; "My Learning Collection" contains: "Most thieves are Japanese, and Japanese slaves are one of the eleven"; "Prepare a picture, moisten the source of Xu Kou" records: "Today, tens of thousands of pirates are Japanese slaves, but in fact there are no fewer than thousands, and the rest are China red rogues, addicted to them. Generally speaking, Fujian Zhang Jun accounts for more than half, Ningshao often has it, and her husband is not Japanese. " When it comes to the enemy in Jiajing period, we must talk about the battle of Xicaowan and the battle of tribute in the early years of Jiajing. The battle of Xicaowan was the first major battle after the Ming army counterattacked the Portuguese from the East in the first year of Jiajing. The Ming army was the winner of this war, but this war brought extremely adverse effects to the peace of the Ming Dynasty. Battle of Tribute: In the second year of Jiajing, the Japanese west island Ohuchi made a tribute, set a modest road, led Mifune, and arrived in Ningbo with Zheng De. And Hosokawa Morihiro's tribute, let Song Suqing in Hongzhi years, once led a boat to pay tribute here. Although these two incidents were short-lived, they had far-reaching effects. After the two incidents, in addition to sending people to inspect coastal defense, the Ming Dynasty also prohibited going to sea. Moreover, Portuguese and Japanese pirates smuggled more seriously along the coast, which eventually led to serious Japanese pirates. The thirty-first to thirty-sixth year of Jiajing was the most serious period of Japanese coastal invasion, with the following characteristics: 1. Many times, long time, large scale and wide area. Second, the composition of thieves and robbers is different from that of the previous period. Portuguese pirates accounted for a large proportion in the early period, mainly Japanese pirates and China pirates in this period. Besides, there were Deng, Xiao Xian and others in this period. Thirty-seven years after Jiajing, the enemy had two characteristics. First, it gradually moved south, and Fujian and Guangdong became the hardest hit areas. Second, there are far fewer "kings" attached to their enemies than Jiajing did 36 years ago. The reasons for the rampant piracy in Japan during Jiajing period are as follows: First, the changes in Japan's political situation promoted the development of Japanese armed groups. The plundering of China by Japanese pirate groups is the fundamental reason. Second, pirates meet pirates. Third, the Ming Dynasty was politically corrupt and could not effectively resist the Japanese invasion. Fourth, the coastal defense is deserted. (2) The countermeasures of the government in the middle and late Jiajing period First, the government sent generals to organize the Japanese invasion. 1, Zhu Wan Japan War. He was a Japanese general in the early days of Jiajing. Defend and rectify coastal defense, correctly handle trade with Japan, win Shuangyu and recover Shuangyu and Wuyu. 2. Zhang Jing and Hu Zongxian overseers conquered the Japanese invaders: the soldiers were transferred to Wang and Hu Zongxian was destroyed in Xu Hai. 3. Qi Jiguang, Tan Lun and Yu fought against the Japanese invaders. Secondly, with the resurgence of Japanese looting, the Ming court had to attach importance to coastal defense, mainly in two aspects: increasing the depth of defense and strengthening the defense in the north. After thirty-six years of Jiajing (1557), the coastal defense construction has not been strengthened, and a multi-level and deep coastal defense system has gradually formed. The main measures are: 1, recruiting local soldiers and changing the military establishment system. The destruction of the defense system forced the Ming court to seek other ways to build the army, and conscription training was one of them. 2. Strengthen the construction of water army. At that time, some civil and military officials realized that coastal defense was to prevent the enemy from teaching and vigorously strengthen the construction of the water army. In the thirty-five years of Jiajing in Nanzhili, Yu commanded lucky ships 16 and more than 40 Cangsha ships. Divided into two whistle, far whistle Yangshan, Maji and other sea areas. In the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing in Zhejiang, Haiyan, Ganpu and Zhapu were set up, and 78 ships including Cangshan and Fuqing were recruited, with more than 2,000 officers and men, forming a considerable water army. In the forty years of Jiajing in Jin Yan, Qi Jiguang built forty ships, which were divided into Songmen and Haimen. The whole of Zhejiang "dispatched more than 200 ships from Hengjiang and Wuwei in Guangdong, rebuilt more than 400 ships from Fuqing, and hired hundreds of ships from Caicang and Shamin". There are about 900 warships in total, about twice as many as the original 439. In Fujian, Tan Lun proposed to restore Wushui Village in Jiajing forty-two years, with 200 ships and 65,000 soldiers. In Guangdong, 80 ships were built in three years (1569), making it a great western whistle. Later, he built six water villages with 260 warships, and the water army was strengthened. 3. Build cities and strengthen urban defense. In the increasingly serious situation of Japanese invasion, coastal areas have stepped up urban construction, and cities in prefectures and counties have gradually stabilized. For example, in Zhejiang, in the thirty-first and thirty-ninth years of Jiajing (1552- 1560), there were 35 counties in 6 coastal provinces, 20 counties were built and 8 counties were restored. Except for 3 counties near the mainland, there was no city. Most cities are brick buildings, with moats outside and terraces above, which are stronger and more defensive than the previous generation. 4. Re-divide the war zone and strengthen the defense. At the end of Jiajing, Zhejiang, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong coastal defense forces broke the defense division of the health center and formed a new defense zone. In Guangdong, the coast is divided into three roads, with officials such as generals, generals and soldiers. In Fujian, the coast is also divided into three roads, each with participants; Restore Wushui Village in order to lead it; Another company commander is set up to lead three roads and five villages in the province. In Zhejiang, there are four headquarters and six headquarters, which are actually divided into four defense zones. In South Zhili, it is divided into two defense zones, Jiangnan and Jiangbei, which are defended by company commanders, general commanders and general commanders. This zoning is conducive to unified command and coordination against the enemy and strengthening the integrity of coastal defense. It was in this process that Tan Lun, Qi Jiguang and Yu gradually strengthened the coastal defense system, and achieved a series of battles against the Japanese pirates, such as Taizhou Victory, Pinghai Victory and Wu Destruction, which basically settled the Japanese pirates in Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong. Ming Chengzu: Coastal defense is an important issue related to the political stability in the early Ming Dynasty. In view of the grim situation of unrest in coastal areas, Ming Chengzu made great efforts to prevent it. Judging from his coastal defense actions in Shandong, his coastal defense policy has the characteristics of "fixing the sea by land", "protecting the land by sea", attaching importance to the military and political affairs of coastal defense and "prohibiting navigation in the sea", among which attaching importance to the combination of land and sea and the administrative system is its highlight, which has a remarkable effect on Shandong's coastal defense. However, during the Hongwu period, maritime transportation was still routinely prohibited, which was the failure of its policy and had a far-reaching impact on the failure of China Ming and Qing governments to devote themselves to marine development. Yu: Yu was a famous naval general in Ming Dynasty. This paper puts forward three levels of coastal defense: "defending the sea, sharing the shore and defending the inland", and organically combines these three levels to construct a complete and deep-seated coastal defense system. At the same time, Yu also paid attention to the combination of peacetime and wartime, logistics supply and weapons and equipment, which laid the foundation of ancient coastal defense thought. "Consolidating the sea by land", "sifting the land by sea", "guarding the sea and coastal areas together guarding the inland", and attaching importance to the military and political affairs of coastal defense, logistics supply and weapons and equipment have mutually confirmed the correctness of this coastal defense thought. Generally speaking, the establishment of the Ming dynasty ended the chaotic state of long-term war, which should be said to be very popular. Zhu Yuanzhang's opposition has fled to an island off the coast of Zhejiang, with little strength. When defending these forces, the Ming government mainly focused on preventing "internal and external collusion", assuming that foreign invaders were good at home, and isolated the enemy to the maximum extent by strengthening the construction of garrison, beacon towers, forts and docks, so the enemy's insufficient strength posed a threat to the coastal areas in the early Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, due to the strong natural economy, the demand for foreign trade was not strong. Although Fujian and Zhejiang people used to have the tradition of "learning from others", this tradition died out because of the change of production mode in this period. In Yongle, the government spared no expense to organize a huge fleet, at the expense of Chinese and foreign commercial trade, and at the same time consumed the comprehensive national strength accumulated in the early Ming Dynasty. After orthodoxy, the political decline bred the greed and dereliction of duty of bureaucrats, and the interests of the dynasty were ignored. They only devoted themselves to enriching themselves. In health centers, soldiers will become exploiters of health centers, and coastal people will turn to the opposite side of the government because they have no livelihood. For example, the expansion of the sea ban policy, "coastal people have no physical way, hungry and cold, and the poor are often thieves, which makes people desperate." Sun's pirates are always in trouble, which coincides with the rise of Japanese pirates during Jiajing period and the sharp tilt of the balance between the enemy and the enemy. Zhu Wan's failure shows the weakness of "I". Although Qi Jiguang, Yu and others expanded the power of "I" to a certain extent, part of this power soon became the object of hatred of local residents. Instead of consolidating the "I" camp, the government has further strengthened the power of the "enemy". It should be said that "turning enemies into friends" and striving for the most is the key to eliminating marine disasters. In some periods of the Ming Dynasty, opening up the sea ban and allowing legal trade on the basis of sound coastal defense not only expanded our camp, but also partially solved the country's financial difficulties, made the civilian coastal defense forces work for us and disintegrated the enemy camp, which were all important conditions for "stealing business" or "stealing people". In the late Ming dynasty, the civilian coastal defense forces were gradually used by the government, which largely achieved the policy goal of "turning enemies into friends" and achieved the goal of eliminating disasters and saving the people. Generally speaking, the scope of this war should be defined as civil war, not anti-aggression war. Although there is an anti-aggression side, it is not the main aspect. Second, the purpose of this anti-Japanese struggle is mainly to safeguard the outdated "sea ban policy" of the Ming government. Although it has its positive side, it is not the main aspect. Agree 13| Comments (2)