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Rabindranath Tagore, Rabindranath (May 7, 1861 - August 7, 1941) was a famous Indian poet, litterateur, writer, artist, social activist, and philosopher An Indian nationalist, he was born in Calcutta to a family with a profound cultural upbringing and belonged to the Brahmin caste. In 1913, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his religious lyric poem "Gitanjali" (English version, Gitanjaei, "Ode to Sacrifice", published in 1911). He was the first Indian to win the Nobel Prize for Literature (and the first Asian). He is as famous as the Lebanese poet Jiha Gibran and is known as "the two giants standing on the bridge between Eastern and Western cultures"

Tagore was a great figure in introducing Indian culture to the West and introducing Western culture to India. Influenced people.

Life: Born in Calcutta, West Bengal on May 7, 1861, died in the same place on August 7, 1941. The family belonged to the Brahmin caste, a merchant and landowner. Both his grandfather Devaganath Tagore and his father Devendranath Tagore were social activists and supported social reforms. Tagore attended Oriental College, Normal School and Bengal College, but did not complete formal studies. Most of his knowledge came from the advice of his father, brother, tutor, and his own hard work. His talent emerged in his childhood. He began writing poetry at the age of 13. At the age of 14, he published his first long poem "Wild Flowers" and his patriotic poem "Dedicated to the Hindu Temple Fair". In 1878, he followed the wishes of his father and brother and went to England to study. He initially studied law, and then transferred to the University of London to study English literature and Western music. He returned to China in 1880 and specialized in literary creation. In 1884, he left the city and went to the countryside to manage his ancestral property. In 1901, a school was founded in Sandiniketan near Bolpur, Bangladesh. In 1921, the school developed into an international university for the exchange of Asian cultures. After 1905, the national liberation movement reached its climax. The people of Bengal and all of India opposed the decision to partition Bengal, forming a vigorous anti-imperialist and patriotic movement. Tagore went to Calcutta to join the movement, filled with righteous indignation, and wrote a large number of patriotic poems. However, he soon had differences of opinion with other leaders of the movement. He did not agree with the "direct action" of the masses burning British goods and insulting the British, but advocated doing more "constructive" work, such as going to the countryside to develop industry and eliminate poverty and ignorance. He quit the movement in 1907 and returned to the Holy Land of Niketan, where he lived in seclusion and devoted himself to creation. In 1913, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature and became famous in the world of literature. The University of Calcutta awarded him a doctorate. The British government knighted him. Met Gandhi in 1915. After the outbreak of the First World War, he traveled across the ocean more than 10 times, visited dozens of countries and regions, spread peace and friendship, and engaged in cultural exchanges. In 1919, the Amritsar massacre occurred, and British troops shot and killed more than 1,000 Indian civilians. Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest. In 1930, he visited the Soviet Union and wrote "Russian Letters". He denounced the Italian fascist invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Support the Spanish communist government against fascist leader Franco. After the outbreak of World War II, he wrote articles denounced Hitler's unjust acts. He has always been concerned about world politics and the destiny of the people, and supported the just cause of mankind. Many critics say that poets are "human children." Because they are all innocent and kind. Among many modern poets, Rabindranath Tagore is even more of a "child's angel". His poems are like the face of this innocent angel; looking at him, one "can know the meaning of everything", feel peace, comfort, and know the true love. S. Radhakrishnan, the author of "Tagore's Philosophy" said: The popularity of Tagore's works and the ability to arouse the interest of people all over the world are partly due to the superb idealism in his thoughts and partly to the solemnity and beauty of literature in his works. Tagore was from Bengal, India. India is a "land of poetry".

Poetry is a part of daily life in India. In this "land of poetry", it is not surprising that the great poet Rabindranath Tagore was born. Tagore's literary activities began very early. He began to write plays when he was fourteen years old. His works were initially written in Bengali. Wherever Bengali is spoken, no one does not sing and recite his poems every day. Later, he and his friends successively translated many poems into English, including "Gardener's Collection", "New Moon Collection", "Fruit Gathering Collection", "Bird Collection", "Gitanjali", "Gift of the Lover" ", and "Qidao"; scripts include: "Sacrifice and Others", "Post Office", "King of the Dark Room", "Cycle of Spring"; collections of essays include: "The Realization of Life", "Personality", and miscellaneous books include: "My Memories", "Hungry Stone and Others", "Family and the World", etc. In Bengali, according to Indians: What makes his poems more beautiful than those written in English is that he is the first of our saints: He does not reject life, but can express life itself. This is why we love him.

Tagore was born in a well-educated and wealthy family in Calcutta, India. His father was a local. A Hindu religious leader. In foreign countries, Tagore is regarded as a poet and rarely as a philosopher, but in India the two are often the same in his poems. Insights. For Tagore, his poetry was his gift to God and he himself was a suitor of God. His poetry enjoyed an epic status in India and he was regarded as a saint by many Hindus. Tagore led the Renaissance movement in India. In addition to poetry, Tagore also wrote novels, essays, travel notes, plays and more than 2,000 songs. His poems are mainly written in Bengali and are very popular in Bengali-speaking areas.

The content of his prose is mainly social, political and educational. In addition to the religious content, his poetry mainly describes nature and life. In Tagore's poetry, life itself and its nature. Diversity is the cause of joy. At the same time, the love he expressed (including patriotism) is also one of the contents of his poetry.

The national anthem of India and Bangladesh are all using Tagore's poems. It is "The Will of the People" (selected from "Gitanjali"). Wilford Owen and William Butler Yeats were deeply moved by his poem. With the encouragement of Yeats, Tagore personally wrote his poem "Gitanjali" (meaning "Poetry") was translated into English for which he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913, but he later distanced himself from the movement in protest of the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre. , he refused the knighthood granted by the King of England. He was the first person to refuse the honor granted by the King of England.

His major works include the poem "Gitanjali", the novel "Two Acres of Land" and "Shipwreck". "And so on. In 1913, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his work "Gitanjali - The Hungry Stone". Reason for winning: "For his extremely sensitive, fresh and beautiful poetry; Expressing it in English himself, his poetic thoughts have become part of Western literature."

He opposed the education system established by the British in India and opposed this "artificial" and completely obedient education system. , a school that was not in contact with nature. For this reason, he established a school designed according to his vision in his hometown, which was the predecessor of Visva-Bharati University.

Tagore made many trips, which enabled him to learn about many different cultures and the differences between them. His descriptions of Eastern and Western cultures are among the most nuanced of their kind to date.

Tagore was born in Calcutta into a family rich in philosophy, literature and art. He started writing poetry at the age of 8 and showed extraordinary talent. At the age of 13, he was able to compose long poems and ode-style poetry collections. He went to England to study in 1878 and returned to China in 1880 to specialize in literary activities. He served as the secretary of the Vatican Society from 1884 to 1911, and founded the International University in the 1920s. In 1941, he wrote the famous last words "Crisis of Civilization", which accused British colonial rule and believed that the motherland would be independent and liberated. Tagore is a writer with great influence on the world.

He wrote more than 50 collections of poems and was known as the "Saint of Poetry". He has written 12 novels, more than 100 short stories, more than 20 screenplays and a large number of literary, philosophical and political treatises. He has also created more than 1,500 paintings and countless songs that are difficult to count. The fields of literature, history, philosophy, art, politics, and economics are almost all-encompassing and comprehensive. His works reflect the strong desire of the Indian people to change their destiny under the oppression of imperialism and the feudal caste system. They describe their indomitable resistance struggle and are full of distinctive patriotism and democratic spirit. At the same time, they are full of national style and nationality. It has unique characteristics, has high artistic value and is deeply loved by the people. His important poems include the poetry collections "Collection of Stories and Poems" (1900), "Gitanjali" (1910), "New Moon Collection" (1913), "Collection of Flying Birds" (1916), "Collection of Flowing Fireflies" (1928), "Gardener" Collection" (1913), "Margin Collection" (1938), "Birthday Collection" (1941); important novels include the short stories "Repaying Debt" (1891), "Rejection" (1893), "Suba" (1893), "People" Alive or dead? "(1892), "Mahamaya" (1892), "The Sun and the Clouds" (1894), the novella "Four People" (1916), the novel "The Shipwreck" (1906), "Gora" (1910), " "Family and the World" (1916), "Two Sisters" (1932); important plays include "The Stubborn Fortress" (1911), "Mokdotara" (1925), and "The Red Oleander" (1926); Important essays include "The Trade of Death" (1881), "Conversations in China" (1924), "Russian Letters" (1931), etc. His works were introduced to China as early as 1915, and a 10-volume Chinese version of "Works of Rabindranath Tagore" has been published. His prose poem "Golden Flower" was selected into the Chinese textbook of the People's Education Press for the first grade of junior high school, and his short story "Golden Fragrant Wood Flower" was selected into the Chinese textbook for the third grade of elementary school.

On May 7, 1861, Rabindranath Tagore was born into a wealthy aristocratic family in Calcutta, India. His father, Debindernath Tagore, was a famous philosopher and social activist. My brother and sister are also celebrities. Under the influence of such a literary family, Tagore began writing poetry at the age of 8 and scripts at the age of 12. He published his first long poem "Wild Flowers" at the age of 15 and the narrative poem "The Poet's Story" at the age of 17. The talented Tagore embarked on the path of literary creation since he was a child.

In 1886, he published "The New Moon Collection", which became a must-select literature textbook in Indian universities, middle schools and primary schools. During this period, he also wrote many political articles criticizing American colonial rule.

In 1901, Rabindranath Tagore founded a school for children's education experiments in Sandiniketan. The school developed into an international university for Asian cultural exchange in 1912.

In 1905, Tagore devoted himself to the national independence movement and composed patriotic songs such as "Flood". In 1910, Tagore published the novel "Gola". In 1916, he published the novel "Family and the World", which enthusiastically praised the patriotism spirit of fighting for national independence. In 1912, Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his collection of lyric poems "Gitanjali". In 1913, he published the well-known "Collection of Birds" and "Collection of Gardeners". Tagore visited China in 1924. After returning to China, Tagore wrote many articles expressing his friendship with the Chinese people.

Tagore’s life was spent during the years when India was under British colonial rule. The fall of the motherland, the humiliation of the nation, and the miserable life of the colonial people were all deeply imprinted in Tagore's soul, and the idea of ??patriotism was strongly expressed in his works from the beginning. Although he was born into a wealthy family and lived in a society with complicated contradictions, his love and hatred are clear, his creative ideas are clear, and he has always kept up with the pace of the times. At the height of the national independence movement, he wrote to the British Governor to express his protest against colonial rule, and led demonstrations by singing patriotic poems he wrote. He also resolutely abandoned the titles and privileges granted by the British government.

The Indian people respect him and love him, calling him the saint of poetry, the conscience of India and the soul of India.

Tagore was not a narrow-minded patriot. He has always expressed deep sympathy and strong support for the people of various countries under imperialist aggression and oppression. In the 1920s, Tagore visited abroad many times and organized anti-war peace groups with cultural celebrities from around the world. In the 1930s, when the German, Italian, and Japanese fascists launched a war of aggression, Tagore stood up and shouted to the world: "Before I leave, I appeal to every family - prepare to fight and resist those people wearing robes." "The beast with skin." This world-famous and versatile writer has written more than 50 collections of poems, 12 novels, more than 100 short stories, and two novels in his long creative career of more than 60 years. There are more than a hundred scripts and many papers on literature, philosophy, politics, memoirs, travel notes, letters, etc. Among them, the famous collection of poems "Gitanjali" published in 1921 won Tagore the Nobel Prize for Literature. "Story Poem" and "Two Acres of Land" are immortal poems that the Indian people love to hear and read widely. The popular "People of Kabul", "Suba" and "Mahamaya" are all masterpieces of short stories in the world. "Atonement", "The Stubborn Fortress", "Red Oleander", etc. are all famous drama scripts that ruthlessly exposed and flogged the social reality of India at that time.

Tagore was not only an accomplished writer and poet, but also an accomplished composer and painter. He composed more than 2,000 exciting, beautiful and melodious songs throughout his life. Among them, many of his passionate patriotic songs composed during the period of the rise of the Indian national liberation movement became powerful weapons to inspire the Indian people to fight against colonial rule. "The Will of the People" was adopted as the national anthem of India in 1950. Tagore learned painting when he was 70 years old, and the 1,500 paintings he painted have been exhibited as art treasures in many famous places around the world.

Tagore passed away in 1941 at the age of 80.

Tagore’s Creation

1. Main Works

In his nearly 70 years of creative activities, Rabindranath Tagore wrote more than 50 collections of poems. He has 12 novels, more than 100 short stories, more than 20 plays, a large number of treatises on literature, philosophy, and politics. He has also created more than 1,500 paintings and more than 2,000 songs, one of which is the Indian national anthem.

In 1913, Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature. After 1913, Tagore published long poems such as "Wild Flowers" and "The Poet's Story". From 1881 to 1885, he published the collections of lyric poems "Evening Songs" and "Evening Songs". "Morning Song", "Pictures and Songs", as well as plays and novels. Dramas and novels are mostly based on epics and Puranas, and poetry is full of romanticism. In 1886, the collection of poems "Hardness and Softness" was published, marking his entry into a period of facing life and real life in his creative path. The collection of poems "Longing in the Heart" was his first mature work, and his unique style began to take shape. The plays "King and Queen" and "Sacrifice" were also written during this period, opposing the restoration of the privileges and backward customs of Brahmin priests. The 1890s was a prosperous period for Tagore's creation. Since 1891, he has published more than 60 short stories such as "Mahamaya" in the "Satana" magazine he edited, mainly to oppose feudal oppression and expose unreasonable phenomena in real life. He published five collections of lyric poems: "Golden Sail", "Colorful Collection", "Harvest Collection", "Dream Collection" and "Moment Collection", a collection of short philosophical poems "Micro Thoughts" and a "Collection of Story Poems". The narrative poem "Two Acres of Land" included in "Colorful Collection" is the highest expression of the author's democratic thoughts. From the "Shadow Samhita" onwards, he began to write poems in Bengali spoken language. Most of the poems in his second collection of English-translated poems, The Gardener, are selected from works of this period.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Tagore encountered misfortune in his personal life. The grief and sadness of being widowed, losing his daughter, and losing his father were truly recorded in the collections of poems "Memories", "Children" and "The Ferry". He also has two novels "Little Sand" and "Shipwreck".

In 1910, the novel "Gola" was published. It reflected the complex phenomena in Indian social life and created the image of warriors fighting for national freedom and liberation; it eulogized the patriotism and enthusiasm of new Hindus and their confidence in the freedom of their motherland. At the same time, He also criticized their ideas of safeguarding old traditions and also lashed out at some people in the Brahma Society for their dogmatism and admiration for foreign countries. During this period, he also wrote the symbolic dramas "The King" and "The Post Office" and the satirical drama "The Stubborn Fortress". In 1910, the Bengali poetry collection "Gitanjali" was published. Later, when Tagore lived in London, he translated some poems in "Gitanjali", "The Ferry" and "The Collection of Dedication" into English. In 1913, "Gitanjali" "The English translation was published, and Tagore became the first Asian writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. He entered another creative climax and published the poems "Wreath of Songs", "Ode", "White Crane", "Escape", and the novels "Four People" and "Family and the World". In the 1920s, Tagore continued to write and published the plays "Mokdotara" and "Red Oleander", the novel "The Dispute", "The Last Psalm" and some poems. In the 1930s, he successively published the novels "Two Sisters", "Flower Garden" and "Four Chapters"; the dramas "The Wheel of Time" and "Kingdom of Cards"; the poetry collections "Once Again", "The Edge Collection" and the political lyric poem "Li Buddha". "wait. In April 1941, he wrote his last words, the famous "Crisis of Civilization", indicting British colonial rule and expressing his firm belief in national independence. Among them, "Golden Flower", "Farewell" and "Banyan Tree" were selected as seventh grade textbooks. "Crescent Moon Collection" was selected as a fifth-grade textbook.

2. Ideological development and artistic achievements

Tagore was born in an era of rapid change and was influenced by traditional Indian philosophical thought and Western philosophical thought. But the most basic and core part of his worldview is the traditional Indian pantheistic thought, that is, "the unity of Brahma and me." In "Colorful Collection", he first proposed the concept of "God of Life". His devotion to God was integrated with his love for life, country and people. But this gave his poetry a strong mystical color. In addition, he promoted the spiritual civilization of the East without obliterating the material civilization of the West. All these make his thoughts full of contradictions, which are reflected in his creations. An overview of Tagore's ideological and creative development throughout his life can be roughly divided into three stages: ① From his childhood until around 1910, he actively participated in anti-British political activities, praising national heroes, promoting patriotism, and advocating the great unity of the Indian nation. ② He lived in seclusion until he actively participated in the national movement again in 1919. His patriotic passion faded slightly, and poems with strong political content were replaced by poems with a mysterious meaning. He was also influenced by Western symbolism and aesthetic poetry, which promoted Love and harmony. ③From the time of the Amritsar massacre in 1919 until his death, he began to care about politics again and actively participated in the national liberation struggle. The content of his works was full of political passion, his vision was broadened, and he was very concerned about the world and mankind. It can be said that Tagore's creations throughout his life include both "Bodhisattva's kind eyebrows" and "Vajra's angry eyes". His poems are influenced by Indian classical literature, Western poetry and Bengali folk lyric poetry, and are mostly unrhymed and uncarved free verse and prose poems; his novels are influenced by Western novels and are innovative, especially the incorporation of poetry and painting. Among them, a unique style is formed.

Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) was an Indian Bengali poet, writer, artist, and social activist. Born in Calcutta into a family with profound cultural upbringing, his father was a famous religious reformer and social activist, and his six brothers were all dedicated to social reform and the Renaissance movement. Tagore hated formal school education since he was a child, and relied on family education and hard self-study to spend his youth. In 1878, he went to England to study law, and later transferred to the University of London to study English literature and Western music.

Tagore's poetic talent emerged in his childhood. He was only 14 years old when his patriotic poem "Temple Festival for Hindus" (1875) was published. In 1880, 19-year-old Tagore became a professional writer.

From 1881 to 1885, he published the collections of lyric poems "Evening Song" (1882) and "Morning Song" (1883), as well as plays and novels. These early works are characterized by more fantasy than reality and are rich in romanticism.

The 1990s was a period of vigorous creation for Tagore. The collection of poems "Longing in the Heart" (1890) was his first mature work. The publication of the famous poem "Two Acres of Land" (1894) marked the beginning of Tagore's creative career. From religious mysticism to profound humanism. Poems from this period include "The Golden Sailboat" (1894), "Colorful Collection" (1896), a fifth collection of lyric poems, and a "Collection of Story Poems" (1900). In addition, he also wrote more than 60 short stories, including "Subha" (1893), "Mahamaya" (1892), "Alive or Dead?" "(1892) and so on are listed among the world's outstanding short story masterpieces.

In 1901, Tagore founded a school to transform society and conduct experiments in children's education. In 1912, the school became the International University for Asian Cultural Exchange. Due to the British's separatist policy in Bengal, India set off the first upsurge of the national liberation movement in 1905. Tagore actively participated in the movement and wrote many patriotic poems. This period was the most glorious period of his creation. He published 8 Bengali poetry collections and 8 English poetry collections, among which "Gitanjali" won the poet world-wide reputation. Important poetry collections during this period include "The Gardener's Collection" (1913), "The New Moon Collection" (1915), "The Flying Birds Collection" (1916), etc. In 1910, Tagore published the epic novel "Gora" and the symbolic drama "The King".

In 1919, India set off the second climax of the national liberation movement. In order to seek the path of national liberation, he traveled to five continents and delivered many famous speeches. The outstanding achievements of this period were political lyric poems, which were collected in works such as "Africa Collection" (1937), "Border Collection" (1938), and "Birthday Collection" (1941).

Tagore created more than 50 collections of poetry, 12 novels and novels, more than 100 short stories, more than 20 plays, and a large number of treatises and travel notes on literature, philosophy, and politics. , Letters, etc. In addition, he is also an accomplished musician and painter. He has created more than 2,000 songs and more than 1,500 paintings, among which the song "The Will of the People" has been designated as the national anthem of India.

In his more than 60 years of artistic career, he inherited the excellent traditions of classical and folk literature, absorbed the rich nutrition of European romanticism and realism literature, reached the level of proficiency in creation, and achieved brilliant achievements. Achievements and become a cultural giant of a generation. In 1913, "his poetic thoughts have become part of Western literature because of his extremely sensitive, fresh and beautiful poetry, which was produced with superb skill and expressed by himself in English." Won the Nobel Prize for Literature. The British government knighted him.

In April 1941, this extraordinary genius and the founder of modern Indian literature wrote his last words "Crisis of Civilization". On August 7 of the same year, Tagore died at his ancestral home in Calcutta.