Why is the natural geographical condition of Shandong Province one of the best in the world?

Shandong Province is located in the east coast of China, in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with the latitude of 34 22.9 ′-38 24.01′ and the longitude of114 47.5 ′-122 42.3 ′. The territory includes peninsula and inland. Shandong Peninsula stands out among the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, and is far opposite to Liaodong Peninsula. The inland part borders Hebei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces from north to south. Shandong is 72 1.03 km long from east to west and 437.28 km long from north to south, with a land area of155800km2.

topography

In Shandong province, the mountains in the middle are protruding, the southwest and northwest are low-lying and flat, and the east is gentle and hilly, forming a general trend of topography with mountains and hills as the skeleton and plain basins criss-crossing. Mount Tai is the highest peak in Shandong Province, with an altitude of 1532.7 meters. The Yellow River Delta is generally 2- 10 meters above sea level, which is the lowest land in Shandong Province.

Shandong Province is endowed with unique natural endowments, with a mountainous area of 22,726.80 square kilometers, accounting for 14.59% of the province's area, a water surface area of 6,988.92 square kilometers, accounting for 4.49% of the province's area, and a woodland area of 24,894.46 square kilometers, accounting for 15.98% of the province's area. The cultivated land area is 83,845.42 square kilometers, accounting for 53.82% of the province's area; Lake area 1348.55 square kilometers, accounting for 0.87% of the province.

The landform in the territory is complex, which can be roughly divided into nine basic landform types, such as Zhongshan, low mountains, hills, platforms, basins, piedmont plains, alluvial fans of the Yellow River, Yellow River plains and Yellow River Delta. The plain area accounts for 65.56% of the whole province, mainly distributed in parts of northwest and southwest Shandong. The platform area accounts for 4.46% of the province, mainly distributed in the eastern region. The hilly area accounts for 15.39% of the whole province, mainly distributed in the east and parts of southwest Shandong. The mountainous area accounts for 14.59% of the whole province, mainly distributed in parts of central Shandong and southwestern Shandong.

The main mountains in the territory are concentrated in the mountainous areas of central and southern Shandong and the hilly areas of Jiaodong. It belongs to the mountainous area of central and southern Shandong, and is mainly composed of gneiss and granite gneiss. It belongs to the hilly area of Jiaodong and consists of granite. Mount Tai, Mengshan, Laoshan, Lushan, Yi Mountain, Culai Mountain, Kunyu Mountain, Jiuding Mountain and Daze Mountain have an absolute height of over 700 meters and an area of over 150 square kilometers.

climate

Shandong's climate belongs to warm temperate monsoon climate type. Precipitation is concentrated, rain and heat are in the same season, spring and autumn are short, winter and summer are long. The annual average temperature is 1 1℃- 14℃, and the regional difference of temperature in Shandong province is greater than that in the north and south. The frost-free period of the whole year increases from the northeast coast to the southwest, with 180 days in northern Shandong and Jiaodong and 220 days in southwestern Shandong.

Shandong province is rich in light resources, with an average light of 2290-2890 hours, and the heat condition can meet the needs of double cropping of crops a year. The average annual precipitation is generally between 550-950 mm, decreasing from southeast to northwest. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is very uneven. 60%-70% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in summer, and it is prone to waterlogging and drought in winter, spring and late autumn, which has the greatest impact on agricultural production.

hydrology

Shandong province belongs to the Yellow River, Huaihe River and ocean. The main rivers in Shandong Province are Nansi Lake, Dongping Lake, Baiyun Lake, Qingsha Lake and Mada Lake. Except the Yellow River, the Grand Canal runs through the north and south.

Water resources in Shandong Province mainly come from atmospheric precipitation, with an average annual precipitation of 676.5 mm, an average annual natural runoff of 22.29 billion cubic meters and an average annual groundwater resource of 65.438+0.526 billion cubic meters. After repeated calculations, the average annual freshwater resource is 30.58 billion cubic meters. In addition, the average annual inflow of the Yellow River was 38.58 billion cubic meters, which was reduced to 22.2 billion cubic meters due to drought in the 1990s.

natural resource

fresh water resource

Shandong belongs to the Yellow River, Huaihe River and the sea. According to the analysis of the measured data of Shandong province 1956 ~ 2000, the average annual precipitation in Shandong province is 679.5mm, and the total average water resources for many years is 30.307 billion cubic meters, including surface water resources 1983 billion cubic meters and groundwater resources 1654 billion cubic meters (surface water and groundwater are calculated repeatedly for 5.98 billion cubic meters). Yellow River water is the main available passenger water resource in Shandong, and the amount of water entering Shandong every year is 35.95 billion cubic meters. According to the water allocation plan of the Yellow River approved by the General Office of the State Council, Shandong can use 7 billion cubic meters of Yellow River water in a general water consumption year.

Yangtze River water is another big passenger water resource that can be used in Shandong Province after the completion of the East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project. According to the water resources planning of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, Shandong Province has transferred 654.38+467 million cubic meters of water in the first phase and 34.52 million cubic meters in the second phase. The main characteristics of water resources in Shandong province are: the total amount of water resources is insufficient; Small per capita and per mu; The regional distribution of water resources is uneven; The change between years is drastic; Surface water and groundwater are closely related. The total water resources in Shandong Province only account for 1.09% of the total water resources in China, and the per capita water resources are 334 cubic meters, which is only 14.9% of the national per capita water resources (less than 1/6) and 4.0% of the world's per capita water resources (1/25).

ocean resources

Shandong coastal waters account for 37% of the total area of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, and the tidal flat area accounts for 15% of the whole country. There are more than 260 species of fish and shrimp that inhabit and migrate in the offshore, including more than 40 species of main economic fish, nearly 20 species of shrimps and crabs with high economic value and a certain yield, more than 20 species of shellfish 100 in shallow waters and beaches, and more than 20 species with high economic value. Among them, the output of marine treasures such as shrimp, scallop, abalone, sea cucumber and sea urchin ranks first in the country. Algae 13 1 species, and nearly 50 species have high economic value. Among them, kelp, Undaria pinnatifida and cauliflower are important breeding varieties. Shandong is one of the four major salt producing areas in China, and the rich underground brine resources provide unique conditions for the development of salt industry and salinization industry in Shandong. In addition, Shandong inland waters cover an area of 267,000 hectares, with more than 40 species of freshwater plants and 70 species of freshwater fish and shrimp, among which more than 20 species are mainly economic fish and shrimp. [2 1]

land resources

According to the first-class classification, Shandong land use types can be divided into eight categories: cultivated land, garden land, woodland, grassland, urban and rural residential areas, industrial and mining land, traffic land, water area and unused land, which are characterized by high reclamation rate and few reserve resources. Affected by biological, climatic, geographical and other factors, there are many kinds of soils in Shandong Province, including 15 soil types, 36 subtypes, 85 soil genera and 257 soil types. There are 65,438+05 soil types suitable for farmland and gardens, including fluvo-aquic soil, brown soil, cinnamon soil, black soil in Jiang Sha, paddy soil and coarse bone soil. [2 1]

The total land area of Shandong Province is 157 12600 hectares, accounting for about 1.63% of the total land area in China, ranking 19 in China. Among them, agricultural land 1 1566000 hectares, accounting for 73438+0% of the total land area; The construction land is 25 1. 1 ,000 hectares, accounting for15.98% of the total land area; The unused land is 6.5438+0.636 million hectares, accounting for 654.38+0.4438+0% of the total land area. Among the agricultural land, the cultivated land is 7510.5 million hectares, accounting for 47.8% of the total land area; Garden/kloc-0.007 million hectares, accounting for 6.40%; 1.357 million hectares of forest land, accounting for 8.6%; 34,000 hectares of grassland, accounting for 0.2%; Other agricultural land is 6.5438+0.653 million hectares, accounting for 654.38+0.5% of the total area. Among the construction land, residential areas and industrial and mining land are 2.093 million hectares, accounting for13.3%; The traffic land is 6.5438+0.63 million hectares, accounting for 654.38+0.0%; The land for water conservancy facilities is 255,000 hectares, accounting for 1.6%. The per capita arable land in Shandong Province is 0.08 hectares (1.20 mu).

mineral resources

By the end of 20 10, Shandong Province had discovered 150 kinds of minerals (shell sand, pebbles and colored stones were not included in the national statistics) and 8/kloc-0 kinds of resources, including 7 kinds of energy minerals such as oil, natural gas, coal and geothermal. 25 kinds of metal minerals such as gold, iron, copper, aluminum and zinc; 46 kinds of nonmetallic minerals such as graphite, gypsum, talc, diamond and sapphire; There are three kinds of water and gas minerals, such as groundwater and mineral water. 2560 mineral reserves have been identified (excluding associated mineral reserves).

Shandong is rich in mineral resources and occupies an important position in the country. There are 44 species in the top 5 in China, and 69 species in the top 10 in China, most of which are non-metallic minerals. There are 15 kinds of pillar minerals on which the national economy depends, and all of them have been determined. Among them, petroleum, iron, aluminum, gold, potassium salt, salt mine, limestone and other mineral reserves rank among the top 10 in China. According to the statistics of national total reserves at the end of 20 10, Shandong ranks 1 for planting gold, hafnium, natural sulfur, gypsum and other mineral resources. Ranked second in the country is 10 magnesite and diamond; Ranked third is 10 petroleum, cobalt and zirconium; The fourth place is refractory clay, talc and alunite; Ranked fifth are 8 kinds such as oil shale and iron ore; In the sixth place, there are barite and potassium salt. Ranked seventh are bauxite and andalusite; In the eighth place are five kinds, such as salt mine and feldspar; Ranked ninth are calcite and asbestos; Rank 10, with 1 kind of coal.

Biological resources

There are more than 3 100 species of plants in Shandong, including 645 species of wild economic plants. There are more than 600 species of trees, belonging to 74 species and 209 genera, mainly conifers and broad-leaved trees in the north temperate zone. There are 90 species of fruit trees belonging to 16 family and 34 genera, so Shandong is called "the kingdom of deciduous fruit trees in the north". There are more than 800 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines and more than 700 kinds of plants.

Shandong is a key producing area of grain crops and cash crops in China, and is known as "the storehouse of grain, cotton and oil, and the hometown of fruits and aquatic products". Wheat, corn, sweet potato, soybean, millet, sorghum, cotton, peanuts, flue-cured tobacco, hemp and other crops are all very large, occupying an important position in the country.

There are 500 species of terrestrial wild vertebrates, including 73 species of mammals, 406 species of birds (including subspecies), 28 species of reptiles and 0/0 species of amphibians. There are many kinds of terrestrial invertebrates, especially insects, ranking first among similar species in China. Among the animals in Shandong Province, there are 7 1 species of rare animals under national first-class and second-class protection, among which 16 species are under national first-class protection.