The birth and fall of the tragic figure Li Ling

In the long history of China, there are countless loyal ministers, who either turned their backs or died generously, which makes people respect and admire; Of course, there are also many treacherous villains who betray the national interests for their own selfish interests, fear death and frame Zhongliang, and are reviled by thousands of people.

? In that feudal era, there was a man who was deeply sympathetic although he defected to the enemy. This man is Li Ling, the general of the Western Han Dynasty.

(1) Li Ling

Hanshu records:

When Li Ling was young, he had the legacy of his grandfather Li Guang. He was a flying general. He is good at bowing horses and is a polite corporal, which has won high praise. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once assigned him to carry out reconnaissance missions with 800 Qingqi, and he came and went freely.

In the autumn of 99 BC, Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty sent Li Guangli, the brother of his favorite concubine and general of the Second Division, to crusade against the Huns. At this time, Li Ling served as the captain of the ride and was ordered to escort the trench.

? In fact, in the view of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Li Ling bears the original sin, that is, his grandfather General Guang.

During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion happened, and Emperor Jing sent the then general Li Guang to send troops to comment on the rebellion. Later, Liu Wu, the younger brother of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, awarded the rank of General Li Guang in order to reward Li Guang for his outstanding military exploits, which was accepted by Li Guang, who was inexperienced in politics. However, as a general of the Han Dynasty, accepting military posts from subordinate countries is an act of trespassing. Therefore, the suspicious Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty has always had a bad feeling towards Li Guang because of this incident.

? In 1 19 BC, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing commanded an army to crusade against the Huns. Wei Qing blamed Li Guang, and Li Guang got angry and committed suicide. After that, Li Guang's son Li Gan (Li Ling's uncle) was shot and killed by Huo Qubing for wounding Wei Qing.

? The emperor of the Han Dynasty was always mean to heroes, and the Li Guang family made outstanding achievements, but they were always excluded by the emperor's consorts. Therefore, Li Ling wants to revive her family style and is eager to make contributions. But Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted to give the young man some color to see. So Li Ling was arranged to be Li Guangli's assistant, who was only responsible for escorting the trench. In fact, it was the provocation of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

? Li Ling was really dissatisfied. He was eager to donate money to make the threshold bigger, so he volunteered. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty said,' I won't ride on you'. The emperor knows very well that you can lead troops and have no cavalry for you. Infantry can be used against Xiongnu cavalry.

? So Li Ling led 5,000 infantry and went north to Khan Wang Ting. Thirty days later, he met 80,000 Xiongnu fighters in Xunji Mountain. Li Ling used the terrain to station troops between two mountains and killed more than 10,000 people in tarquin in ten days. According to the prior arrangement, they fought and retreated, and led the Xiongnu army to the Sino-Hungarian border. But something strange happened, and the scheduled reinforcements led by Lord Lourdes did not arrive. Finally, Li Ling's army ran out of ammunition and food, and was in a desperate situation.

? After being besieged, Li Ling sighed,' I was defeated in this way, but I just want to die'. His subordinates advised him: "General, Your Majesty will not let you die. You can find another way to go back. " . ''

? Li Ling waved his hand and said,' I won't die, not for a strong man', and said with regret,' I can break through with dozens of arrows, but now I can only give in easily.' '

? Li Ling took advantage of the night to lead a dozen strong men out of the encirclement, but was bitten by thousands of tarkan. Li Ling sighed:' I have no face to see your majesty! Then dismount and surrender.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was furious when he heard that Li Ling was defeated and captured. But strangely, although he himself said that Rupert, the main commander who didn't satisfy him, was a veteran who was treacherous, he didn't cure him. It seems that the real treachery is not the veteran but the Emperor Wu himself.

? Li Ling fought the Xiongnu 80,000 fighters with 5,000 infantry for more than ten days, and annihilated more than 10,000 people. It was neither futile nor brave, but in the end it was labeled as a traitor.

? A year later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Gong Sun 'ao to the Huns to negotiate, intending to take Li Ling back. Gongsun Ao, a native of Li Guangli, has always been at odds with Li Ling. When I came back, I reported:' Listen to the scouts, Li Ling was heavily used by Huns Khan, and now he is teaching Khan the art of war, training for him and preparing to attack our dynasty. ''

? Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty didn't ask random questions or make any investigation. Just because of Sun Ao's one-sided words, he ordered the destruction of the Li Ling family. Li Ling's mother, wife, children and brothers are all guilty. The Li family used to be loyal to the monarch for several generations, but now it is ruined. The road of Li Ling's return to Han was completely cut off by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

(2) Sima Qian was punished for corruption due to remonstrance.

? After Li Ling was defeated by the enemy, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once asked his ministers how to punish him. Seeing that Emperor Wu was angry, ministers protested and demanded that Li Ling be punished.

According to Ban Gu's Biography of Li Hanguang Su.

All the ministers were guilty of the crime of Ling. They asked Sima Qian, the official of Taishi, and Qian Sheng said,' Ling is filial and loyal, and always gives himself up for his country. Its stock is also accumulated, with the wind of a national scholar. ..... and Lingbu pawn less than five thousand, went deep into the army, exterminated tens of thousands of teachers, and Lu saved the prisoners without a mutiny, knowing that he was attacked by the archer. Fighting thousands of miles, the arrows are exhausted, people are empty-handed, taking the white blade, and fighting the enemy in the first battle in the north is the mortal strength of people. Although the ancient generals were so much. Although the body is defeated, what it promotes is enough to be violent to the world. He didn't die, so he wanted to repay Han well.' '

Sima Qian, who is not good at reading, wants to be fair. He said that Li Ling was filial to his parents, loyal to his friends and loyal to the soldiers. He fought alone and made great achievements. He didn't die, must be hoping to find a chance to repay the Han family again.

Obviously, Sima Qian's outspokenness meant that Li Guangli, a relative of Liu Che, had an unshirkable responsibility for Li Ling's defeat, which made Emperor Wu very unhappy and was punished for corruption.

Sima Qian endured great humiliation. Later, he said: ugliness precedes humiliation, filth is greater than prison, which means that the biggest mistake you can make in this world is to insult your ancestors; The biggest thing you are accused of is that you are imprisoned.

Facing the cruel punishment and enduring great humiliation, Sima Qian completed Historical Records with a strong will.

(3) Su Wu

Su Wu was a corps commander of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In 100, it was sent to Xiongnu by Emperor Wu. At that time, the relationship between Han Dynasty and Xiongnu was ups and downs. When Su Wu was about to return from his mission, civil strife broke out at the top of Xiongnu. Su Wu and his entourage 100 people were detained and demanded to surrender to Khan.

? Khan promised to be a high official and generous, but Su Wu refused. At this time, during the severe winter, Su Wu was imprisoned in an open-air crypt, with no water or food. Eat a few mouthfuls of snow when you are thirsty; When he is hungry, he chews his sheepskin coat. Khan thought that with the passage of time, Su Wu would defect and surrender, but Su Wu died unyielding.

? Khan didn't want to kill Su Wu and let him go, so he decided to exile him to Lake Baikal in Siberia to graze.

? Before he left, Khan summoned Su Wu alone, and promised high-ranking officials a generous salary, but Su Wu refused. Khan said,' Since you don't want to surrender, you can go and herd sheep. When these sheep give birth to lambs, you can go back!' '

Su Wu went to the lonely Lake Baikal and found that all he put were rams. He knew there was no hope of going home. He went through hardships and stayed there for 19 years. He dreamed that one day he could return to the motherland with a historical festival representing the Han Dynasty. As a result, all the ornaments on the yak's tail disappeared, and Su Wu became an old man with white hair and beard.

In 85 BC, civil strife occurred within the Huns, and the Huns showed their kindness to the Han Dynasty. At this time, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty was dead and Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty was in office. At the repeated request of the Han government, Su Wu finally returned to his long-cherished motherland.

(4) What did Li Ling say to Su Wushu?

In 8 1 BC, after Su Wu returned to the Han Dynasty, he wrote a letter to Li Ling urging him to return to the Han Dynasty. Li Ling wrote back to Su Wu, and Li Ling wrote:

(excerpt)

Qing Zi's first step:

? It's a great honor to ask you to take a break, because you are diligent in publicizing virtue and are well-known in your policy.

? Far away in a foreign country, the past is unbearable, and I look forward to it. Can I part with it?

Don't give up the past, still answer from a distance, comfort the sea and be diligent, there is something like flesh and blood. Although Ling is not sensitive, can she be generous?

From the beginning, even today, I was poor and lonely. I didn't see it all day, but I saw something different. ……

Look up and smile, who enjoys it? ..... September is cool in autumn, and the grass is withered outside the Great Wall. I can't sleep at night, give ear and listen far away, Hu Jia interacts, herding horses whine, whistling in groups, and sounds are everywhere. Sitting and listening in the morning, I feel no tears. Well, I don't care about purple. What does Ling care about? Can you not be sad?

After parting from them, I became bored, went to my mother and was killed the next year. The wife is innocent, a whale. It is sad that the world owes its country. What will my life be like if I stay in bring disgrace to oneself? ……

Well, what can you say about Ziqing? When you are far away from Wan Li, you will find yourself in a dead end. People born in other worlds are ghosts when they die in foreign countries. The dragon and the first step are friends of life and death. Thanking old friends and encouraging wise people. Don't think that the first step is innocent. Strive for self-love, because of the north wind, after Germany returned, Li Ling nodded.

If Li Ling dies or commits suicide, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty will give him a high honor. If he dedicated himself to the Huns, it would be easy. Xiongnu Khan betrothed his daughter to him and made him the king of the right school, so he could live a good life in Xiongnu. However, Li Ling has embarked on a road of no return.

When Li Ling surrendered to the Huns, he was so angry that he felt sorry for himself, but later Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed all his family and was actually homeless.

There are too many entanglements in Li Ling's life: family and country, betrayal and chastity, literati and soldiers. After he regarded himself as a loyal minister, he was bent on getting back the lintel, but he was beheaded under the door; Although he lived a superior life in Xiongnu, his heart will never be solved.

? In 74 BC, Li Ling died alone in Hu Bing.

? Li Ling's life is a tragedy. In fact, he is a patriot, but he was forced to commit treason by the ruler. What persecuted him was the social system in which kingship was above all else.

Mr. Lu Xun said: There are very few heroes who failed in China (Xiang Yu), few who resisted tenaciously (Wu Zixu), few warriors who fought alone (Li Ling), and few followers who dared to help a traitor cry (Sima Qian). When they see a good omen, they gather in succession, and when they see a bad omen, they flee in succession. Europeans and Americans who are better at fighting than us, Huns, Mongols and Manchus who are not necessarily better at fighting, are like nobody's business. The word falling apart is really self-aware.

Li Ling, a tragic figure destined by the society at that time.