What are the factors that affect the blasting effect?

Question 1: What are the main factors affecting blasting? 30 minutes 1 explosive performance and charge

1. 1 Influence of explosive performance

The performance of explosives has a great influence on blasting. The performance of explosives mainly refers to the explosive force and crushing force of explosives. Generally, explosives with high crushing capacity such as TNT and rubber explosives should be used in superhard rocks. After blasting, the rock is broken to a large extent and scattered far away, but the damage range is relatively small. Explosives with greater blasting power and less crushing power, such as ammonium nitrate, should be used in sub-hard rocks, soft rocks and rocks with large cracks, as well as in loose blasting. Explosives such as black powder should be used when mining stones.

1.2 charge quantity and the influence of charge and blockage

The amount of explosives directly affects the blasting effect. The dosage is small, and the expected effect cannot be achieved; Excessive charge will not only cause unnecessary waste, but also destroy the parts that should not be blasted, and increase the blasting vibration force, widen the vibration range, increase and expand the cracks, and even cause the slope to collapse and fly rocks to go too far, endangering the stability and construction safety of subgrade slope. This purpose should be avoided.

1.3 charging and plugging 1.3. 1 charging

The charging method adopts manual transfer stacking charging. Before charging, conduct a comprehensive inspection of the medicine room. If there is water seepage, drainage and waterproof measures should be taken. When charging and disassembling drugs in the centralized drug chamber, charge them one by one from inside to outside and put them in the back drug chamber first. According to its length, each gun bore is reserved with a primer and an auxiliary primer. Battery miner's lamp is used for lighting when charging, and naked lamp is prohibited.

1.3.2 blockage

The function of blocking is to prevent the loss of blasting energy, reduce flying stones and make the cavern blasting achieve the expected effect. When blocking, the medicine room should be sealed with a wall first, and then the wall should be made every once in a while. Stone slag or loess shall be used for compaction between walls, and the filling length is generally required to be greater than the maximum/] resistance line.

L-shaped pilot tunnel layout: the excavation section of the pilot tunnel is 2 m3-3 m3, and the plugging length is 80% of the tunnel length. The plugging materials are covering soil and stone slag. T-shaped pilot hole plugging arrangement: firstly, the connecting parts between chambers are completely blocked, and the passage for * * * is more than 3 m ~ 5 m ..

Ways to improve congestion: zigzag arrangement of channels; A tunnel near the chamber of secrets

Reduce the cross section; The joint between the cavern and the pilot hole is 3 m-5 m, which is compacted with soil.

2 the influence of terrain conditions

Topographic conditions refer to the shape and change of the ground. The characteristics and effects of blasting are different in different terrains. Mud terrain in blasting engineering can be divided into four categories: flat terrain, inclined terrain, convex mountain bag and concave track. Inclined terrain is divided into gentle slope terrain and steep slope terrain according to the slope angle of natural ground. When the natural ground slope is less than 15, it belongs to a flat terrain. The steeper the slope, the more blasting quantity and the more explosives can be saved. This is because when the terrain is flat, the explosive charge explodes upwards, and the explosive force must overcome the self-weight of the rock. Broken rocks are thrown upward, only part of them are thrown out of the funnel, and the rest still fall back into the funnel, so the actual throwing amount is very small. When the ground is inclined, the direction of blasting action (that is, the direction of minimum resistance) is inclined to the gravity direction of the rock, so the self-weight resistance of the rock is very small, so the dosage can be reduced and the throwing amount of the rock can be increased. Moreover, the rock above the blasting is loose and cracked due to vibration, and then it breaks away from the rock mass and collapses under the action of its own weight, thus expanding the scope of the blasting funnel and increasing the blasting amount. Therefore, with the same explosive, more rocks can be found on sloping terrain than on flat terrain.

Under the terrain conditions, the number of free surfaces of gun emplacement also has a great influence on the blasting effect, because the blasting energy can be fully exerted, so the more free surfaces, the better the blasting effect will be. Therefore, in production practice, because the terrain is transformed first, the flat or gentle slope terrain is transformed into steep slope, step or open terrain, so it is necessary to choose appropriate methods as appropriate to improve work efficiency.

3 color sound of geological conditions

Geological conditions refer to rock properties and stratum structure. Rock properties refer to the physical and mechanical properties of rocks, which is the main basis for determining the unit charge of rocks and whether large-scale blasting can be used. When the rock is dense, tough, complete and time-consuming and difficult to break, the unit charge is high, which is beneficial to the stability of blasting slope. This kind of rock can be blasted by big blasting; When the rock has low density and low mechanical strength, and joints and strata are developed, it is easy to be broken, so the unit charge consumption is low, and this kind of rock is generally not suitable for large-scale blasting.

Rock structure also has great influence on blasting effect. In the rock strata existing in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, its occurrence often affects the blasting scope and blasting funnel. & gt

Question 2: What is the relationship between series connection and parallel connection in blasting? How will it affect the blasting effect? Based on this, it is speculated that you should use electric detonators, and there will be individual misfires, such as blind fires, mainly due to unreasonable network design and connection, resulting in uneven resistance of parallel branches. After understanding the detonation mechanism, reasonable design can avoid this situation. I suggest you study books on electric explosion network.

Question 3: What are the factors affecting safety in blasting operation? It may not be correct to say what happened to you.

Landslides, collapses, mudslides, floods, and time spent in the wild are all possible;

Everywhere I go, the main means of transportation are cars, and I often walk by the river, where there are wet shoes and car accidents;

Wild monsters can't meet, and it's normal to meet poisonous snakes in remote areas;

In order to prevent wild boar and bear, local villagers may encounter the trap of not knowing the local situation;

The climate in the disease transfer area may be abnormal, and long-term physical labor may be too much for the body;

When local villagers see that you are a foreigner and don't understand your work, they think that you are a liar, a thief and a poacher, and may be malicious to you.

Other factors may be their own reasons. Running outside for a long time, homesickness, great pressure, poor psychological quality, is also very dangerous.

I thought of these for the time being.

Question 4: What are the factors affecting directional blasting? It's time to answer questions for the construction industry seminar. Please wait a moment, and someone will answer it for you later. If you don't answer for a long time, please increase the reward. Jian Yanqun-Sunshine

Question 5: What is the reason for the poor smooth blasting effect in tunnel? Smooth blasting is based on the disturbance of surrounding rock, with less under-excavation and over-excavation. The effect is related to surrounding rock properties, hole density in section, initiation mode and charge! The blasting parameters of smooth blasting in Danxia area are well designed, and good results can be obtained after many tests. At present, smooth blasting still stays at the basic level of engineering analogy, and the so-called empirical formula can only be used for reference! Generally, it is done according to the engineering analogy method, referring to other projects in the same area. I hope it helps you!

Question 6: What should the blaster check? 1 Subject content and scope of application.

1. 1 This standard specifies the contents of safety technical assessment for blasting operators, including blasting design, construction, organization and management, and storage, storage, processing, transportation, inspection and destruction of blasting equipment.

1.2 This standard is applicable to blasting operators, units and competent departments except military engineering.

1.3 The blasting operators referred to in this standard include blasting engineering and technical personnel, blasting workers, blasting equipment keepers, safety officers and escorts.

2 reference standard

GB6722 blasting safety regulations

GB5306 Management Rules for Safety Technical Examination of Special Operators

3 training assessment content and scale

3. 1 Contents and scale of training and assessment for blasting engineering technicians

3. 1. 1 Blasting engineers and technicians should know:

A. the present situation and development direction of blasting safety technology;

B. Safety requirements and methods for storage, transportation, inspection and destruction of blasting equipment;

C. Basic contents and methods of blasting safety management.

3. 1.2 blasting engineering technicians should master:

A, blasting engineering geology, blasting object properties, blasting principle and blasting technology;

B. Characteristics and applicable conditions of various blasting methods;

C. Types, performance, use conditions and detection methods of blasting equipment, principles, performance and operation methods of blasting instruments;

D. analysis and prevention of explosion and blasting accidents.

3. 1.3 blasting engineering technicians must master:

A. blasting safety regulations and relevant national laws and regulations;

B. Design, construction plan, organization and management of project discharge;

C. Management and safety technology in the whole blasting process;

D prevention and treatment of premature explosion, misfire and smoke poisoning;

E. blasting accident rescue technology.

3.2 Contents and scale of training and assessment of blasting workers

3.2. 1 Blasters should know:

A. General knowledge of blasting engineering geology and properties of blasting objects and basic concepts of blasting action;

B. General requirements of engineering blasting and main factors affecting blasting safety and effect;

C. Types, performance, use conditions and safety requirements of blasting equipment

D. Basic knowledge of various blasting methods;

E. calculation of charge and determination of safe distance.

3.2.2 Blasters should master:

A. blasting safety regulations;

B. Key points of blasting design and blasting instructions;

C. Prevention technology of early explosion, misfire and cannon smoke poisoning.

3.2.3 Blasters must master:

A. The clauses related to operation and detailed rules for safe operation in Blasting Safety Regulations;

B. Processing and initiation methods of explosive charge;

C. Blasting techniques and operation techniques such as charging, stuffing, netting, warning, signaling and initiation;

D provisions on collection, handling, appearance inspection, on-site storage and return of blasting equipment;

E. Performance, service conditions and safety requirements of commonly used blasting equipment;

F. Prevention and rescue of blasting accidents;

G. safety inspection and blind shooting after injury.

3.3 Contents and scale of training and assessment for the storekeepers and escorts of blasting equipment:

3.3. 1 The keeper and escort of blasting equipment should know:

A. Type and structure of blasting equipment warehouse;

B. Types, performance and use conditions of blasting equipment;

Explosion performance test of blasting equipment.

3.3.2 The storekeeper and escort of blasting equipment should master:

A. transport blasting equipment; Basic knowledge and regulations of warehouse management;

B. Safe distance and requirements of blasting equipment warehouse;

C. safety inspection in the reservoir area;

D. security system.

3.3.3 Custodians and escorts of blasting equipment must be able to climb;

A. Communication, lighting, temperature and humidity of blasting equipment warehouse; Ventilation, fire prevention, electricity prevention and lightning protection requirements;

B. Appearance inspection, storage, storage, statistics and distribution of blasting equipment;

C. Scrapping and destruction methods of blasting equipment;

D. rescue technology for accidental explosion.

3.4 The training and assessment of security personnel shall be conducted with reference to the contents and scoring standards in Articles 3.2 and 3 of this standard.

4 training methods

4. 1 blasting engineering and technical personnel

4. 1.65438+

4. 1.2 The current middle and senior blasting engineering technicians can also register with the assessment team of the Ministry of Industry and learn the training textbook "Blasting Engineering" recommended by this standard by themselves.

4. 1.3 Primary blasting engineers and technicians must participate in the training course for blasting engineers and technicians sponsored by the Ministry of Industry or the assessment team of its authorized unit for unified training.

4.2 Blaster

4.2. 1 The starting time for the license issuing agency to participate in the accreditation shall not be less than? Last month's police training course.

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Question 7: What are the factors that affect the slope stability (1)? The structural plane at the bottom of the slope affects the stability of the slope. The stability of broken bottom directly affects the stability of the whole mountain.

(2) The influence of external force on the slope. Such as blasting, earthquake, water pressure and other natural and human factors lead to slope failure.

(3) Influence of slope shape on slope stability. For example, the erosion of rivers, reservoirs, lakes and oceans has changed the shape of bank slopes, leading to the destruction of these slopes. This is mainly due to the erosion of the weak structural plane at the bottom of the cut slope, which makes the slope in an empty state, or the erosion of the cut slope falls to the weak layer, which makes the slope out of balance and eventually leads to failure.

(4) The influence of deterioration of mechanical properties of rock mass on slope stability. For example, the influence of weathering on slope stability is mainly due to the fact that weathering reduces the strength and stability of slope and intensifies the deformation and failure of slope. Moreover, the deeper the weathering, the worse the slope stability and the smaller the stable slope angle.

Question 8: What are the occupational hazards of blasting (1)? The main occupational hazards in acid-base industrial production are: sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, ammonia and other toxic and harmful gases can be produced in the roasting, refining and drying process of sulfuric acid industrial production; Dust can be produced in the process of crushing, conveying and screening, and dust can also be produced around the roaster, which can produce high temperature. Toxic and harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide and ammonia gas will be produced in the industrial production of soda ash. Chlorine is the main occupational hazard factor in chlor-alkali industry production, but mercury vapor will still exist when mercury electrode electrolyzer is used for production.

(2) The main occupational hazards in chemical fertilizer production are ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen fluoride and phosphine. For example, in the process of nitrogen fertilizer production, the production of synthetic ammonia such as urea, ammonia water and ammonium bicarbonate is mainly divided into four parts: gasification, conversion, synthesis and processing, among which, except the gasification section, it is basically assembly line production. The toxic and harmful gases in the production process of gas-making section and shift section mainly include carbon monoxide and a small amount of hydrogen sulfide; There will be ammonia gas during the synthetic production in the synthetic section and when liquid ammonia is loaded; The gasification section will produce high temperature and pulverized coal; The shift gas compressor in the shift section and the gas compressor in the synthesis section will generate strong noise.

(3) In the industrial production of dyes, coatings and organic synthetic solvent additives, the main occupational hazards are toxic and harmful gases and some compounds with carcinogenic effects. For example, raw materials for producing dyes (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, etc. ) is mostly extracted from coal tar. Most of these raw materials are nitrated, reduced, halogenated, sulfonated, diazotized and oxidized into various intermediates, and then polymerized to synthesize various dyes. The toxic and harmful gases produced in the production process mainly include benzene, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia; Dye materials such as benzene, naphthalene and anthracene and some intermediates belong to fat-soluble aromatic compounds, which can be absorbed by the skin. Some dye intermediates, such as benzidine or naphthylamine compounds, have carcinogenic effects; In addition, heating boilers and pipelines such as reaction boilers will release heat to generate high temperature; And the dust hazard that may occur when drying and grinding into fine materials without wet operation. For another example, the occupational hazards involved in paint production mainly include phosgene, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, benzene and so on. For another example, the occupational hazards involved in the production of organic synthetic solvent additives mainly include chlorine, hydrogen chloride, formaldehyde, organic fluorine, aldehydes, benzene, sulfur dioxide, phosphorus trichloride, acrolein and so on.

(4) The main occupational hazards in the plastic production process are toxic and harmful gases. For example, chlorinated polyether can decompose hydrogen chloride, methyl chloride, aldehydes, carbon monoxide and so on. At high temperature; The raw materials for producing polyphenylene ether are benzene, methanol, phenol, etc. Acrylic resin can contact with hydrocyanic acid, acetone cyanohydrin, methyl methacrylate, methanol, acetone, etc. These toxic and harmful gases or chemicals have different degrees of harm.

(5) The main occupational hazards in the production of chemical pesticides are various chemical poisons in raw materials, intermediates and finished products and occupational poisoning caused by these poisons. For example, the main poisons causing acute occupational poisoning in the production process are phosphorus trichloride, chloral trichloride, chlorine gas, nitrogen oxides, phosphorus trichloride, phosphine, hydrogen chloride, phosgene, hydrogen sulfide and so on. There are also organophosphorus pesticides, carbamate pesticides, chlordimeform pesticides, methyl bromide pesticides and pyrethroid pesticides that contact and absorb a certain concentration of finished products in production and use, which can cause organophosphorus poisoning, carbamate poisoning, chlordimeform poisoning, methyl bromide poisoning and pyrethroid poisoning respectively.